1. The document discusses various types of eye injuries including blunt trauma, penetrating injuries, chemical burns, minor injuries like abrasions and lacerations, and orbital fractures.
2. It also provides details on symptoms, causes, and characteristics of specific injuries like subconjunctival hemorrhages, corneal abrasions, and eyelid burns.
3. Finally, it recommends healthy foods for eye health like carrots, leafy greens, eggs, citrus fruits, berries, almonds, and fatty fish which contain nutrients like lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids that can reduce the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.
4. There are a great variety of possible eye injuries but they
tend to fit into the following basic types.
1. Blunt ocular traumas
2. Penetrating ocular traumas
3. Chemical eye injuries
4. Minor superficial eye injuries:
i. Corneal abrasions
ii. Corneal and conjunctival foreign bodies
iii. Conjunctival lacerations
iv. Eyelid injuries
v. Orbital injuries and fractures
vi. Burns of cornea and eyelid
7. Penetrating Ocular Traumas
Penetrating eye injuries are caused by
sharp and pointed Instruments like
needles, sticks, pencils,
knives, arrows , pens and glass.
In this eye injury objects penetrate
through the globe without
an exit wound.
The major types are:
1.Eye lid lacerations
2.Corneal lacerations
3.Corneoscleral
8. 1. Eye lid lacerations:
-These are cuts to the eyelid.
-They are caused by
trauma.
2. Corneal laceration:
-This can be partial or full
thickness injury to cornea.
-A partial thickness injury does
not violate the globe
of the eye( abrasion).
- A full thickness injury penetrates
completely through the
cornea, causing a ruptured globe
9. 3. Corneoscleral
laceration:
-This is an injury involving
the cornea and
sclera.
-It is more likely to
occur
in an eye that has
undergone a
previous
surgery, such
as
Extracapsular cataract
surgery.
4. Perforating trauma:
- It includes occult foreign
body penetration
10. An alkali burn to human cornea can cause
ocular surface failure with
neovascularisation, opacification and
blindness resulting from LESC (Limbal
Epithelial Stem Cells)deficiency.Chemical eye
injury or chemical burns to eye are due to
either an acidic or alkali substance getting
into the eye.Alkalis are typically
worse than acidic burns.
CHEMICAL EYE INJURIES
An alkali burn to eye
11. Hughes classification about chemical
injuries:
-Mild:
. Erosion of corneal epithelium.
. Faint haziness of cornea.
. No ischemic necrosis of conjunctiva
or sclera
-Moderately severe:
Corneal opacity blurring iris details.
Minimal ischemic necrosis of conjunctiva
and
sclera.
Very severe:
. Blurring of pupillary outline
. Blanching of conjunctival
12. BURN TO CORNEA
Define:
A corneal flash burn is when your cornea
is burned by too much ultraviolet(UV) light.
The cornea is the clear layer of tissue
that covers the front of your eye.
The burn may be from:
- Sunlight
- Sun reflection
- Tanning beds
- Welding tools
- Bright lights
Symptoms:
-Eye pain or pain when u look at light
- Watery eyes
-Swollen or twitching eyelid
-Hazy or cloudy eye
-Eyesight becomes worse
-Red eye or red skin around your eye
13. BURN TO EYELID
Define:
Eyelid involvement is common in facial burns.
Burns results in the release of
multiple mediators that result in vasodilation,
pain and edema. Eyelid skin is thin that
leads to deeper burns than a
similar exposure to skin elsewhere.
The depth of burn depends on:
-Intensity of heat exposure
-Duration of exposure
-Thickness of epidermis and dermis
14. The three zones of burn as described by Jackson in 1947:
1. Zone of coagulation:
Centre area of wound,
where all tissues are damged.
2. Zone of stasis:
Surrounds the coagulation
area some tissues are damaged.
3. Zone of hyperaemia:
Unburned area surrounds the
stasis but it is red due to inflammation
Symptoms:
-Pain
-Redness
-Irritation
-Tearing
-Inability to keep the eye open
-Swelling of eyelid
-Blurred vision
18. Corneal And Conjunctival Foreign
Bodies
Definition:
Metallic or organic material under the upper or lower lid
Symptoms:
- Foreign body sensation, Tearing
- Foreign body in eye with and without a rust ring
-Conjunctival injection
-Mild upper lid edema
Causes:
Metallic material blown in the eye from drilling
or grinding metal. Patient generally not
wearing safety glasses at time of injury.
19. CONJUNCTIVAL LACERATION
Define:
The conjunctiva is the thin
mucous membrane lining the eyelid.
This may be isolated or part
of more severe intraocular injuries.
Symptoms:
-Ocular irritation
-Pain
-Foreign body sensation.
-Chemosis
-Subconjunctival haemorrhage
-Torn conjunctiva
20. EYELID INJURIES
Define:
Eyelid injuries are cuts to the eyelid.
They are caused by trauma.
Causes:
The most common causes in children
include dog bites and handlebar injuries.
They also include collisions with
sharp objects while running.
Sharp objects can include sticks,
thorns, retail display hooks and nails.
In teens the most common causes include
trauma from fist fights, eye gouging
and ball sports
Males are more likely to get this injury than females.
21. Symptoms:
- Some injuries affect the eyelid.
- Bleeding
- Other lacerations may affect the
eye itself.
22. ORBITAL FRACTURES AND INJURIES
Define:
An orbital fracture is a traumatic injury to the bone of the eye socket.
These injuries are usually the result of blunt force trauma to the eye.
Symptoms:
-Blurry, decreased or double vision
- Decreased ability to look left, right, up or down
- Black and blue eye
- Swelling of forehead or cheek
- Flattened cheeks
- Intense cheek pain when opening the mouth
- Bulging or sunken eyeballs
- Facial numbness on the side of the injury
- Bloated skin under the eye
- Blood in the white part of eye
23. Types of orbital fracture:
1. Orbital rim fracture:
This occur in the bony outer edges of the eye socket. The rim is the
thickest part of the socket, so rim fractures require a great deal of force to
occur . Car accidents are a primary cause of orbital rim fractures. Because
of this many other injuries are often sustained
at the same time , including facial trauma and
optic nerve damage.
2. Blowout fractures:
This occur when the rim stays intact, but a
crack forms in the wafer thin bone that makes up
the floor of the eye socket. The crack on the floor can pinch the
eye muscles and nearby anatomy preventing the eyeball from moving freely
within the eye socket.
24. 3. Direct orbital floor fractures:
These are the rim fractures that
have extended into the floor.
Blowout fracture
Direct orbital floor fracture
These fractures
are usually caused by an object
larger than the eye opening,
such as baseball.
26. Carrot and other orange
coloured fruits and vegetables
promote eye health and
protect eye vision.
Beta-carotene, a type of
vitamin A that gives these
foods their orange hue, helps
the retina and other parts of
eye to function smoothly.
Carrots
27. They are packed with lutein and
zeaxanthin-antioxidants that studies show
lowers the risk of developing macular
degeneration and cataracts .Macular
degeneration is the leading cause of
severe vision loss in people over age 60.
It occurs when the small central
portion of retina, known as macula,
deteriorates. Cataract is clouding
of lens in the eye which leads to a
decrease in vision. It develop
slowly and can affect one or both
the eyes.
Leafy Green Vegetab
28. The yolk is a primary
source of lutein and
zeaxathin- plus zinc,
which also helps
reduce your
macular degeneration
risk, according to
Paul Dougherty.
Egg:
29. CITRUS AND
BERRIES:
These fruits are
powerhouses of
vitamin C,
which has been
shown to reduce the
risk of developing
macular degeneration
and cataract.
30. ALMONDS:
They are filled with
vitamin E which slows
macular degeneration,
research shows that
one handful of almonds
provides about half of
your daily dose of vitamin E.
31. Fatty Fish…
Tuna, salmon, mackerel, anchovies and trout
are rich in Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA),an
omega-3 fatty acid That is a primary componen
of retina, brain and Skin - low levels of which
have been linked to dry eye syndrome. Dry eye
known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is the
condition of having dry eyes. It occurs
when either the eye does not
produce enough tears or when the
tears evaporate too quickly.
