WO2014058335A1 - Method and apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014058335A1
WO2014058335A1 PCT/RU2012/000825 RU2012000825W WO2014058335A1 WO 2014058335 A1 WO2014058335 A1 WO 2014058335A1 RU 2012000825 W RU2012000825 W RU 2012000825W WO 2014058335 A1 WO2014058335 A1 WO 2014058335A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
borehole
ultrasound
cement
signal
casing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/RU2012/000825
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ivan Vladimirovich Nikolin
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority to PCT/RU2012/000825 priority Critical patent/WO2014058335A1/en
Publication of WO2014058335A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014058335A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2418—Probes using optoacoustic interaction with the material, e.g. laser radiation, photoacoustics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/005—Monitoring or checking of cementation quality or level
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/023—Solids
    • G01N2291/0232—Glass, ceramics, concrete or stone

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole according to the preamble of claim 6.
  • Productive oil and gas wells are stabilized by inserting a metal casing into the borehole and filling the space between the casing and the surrounding formation rock, the so called annulus, with cement, to provide zonal isolation between the geologic strata and the casing.
  • the cement has to be stable and free of cracks over the lifetime of the well, which can exceed 30 years, while exposed to the high pressure and temperature and geomechanical stress within the formation.
  • the mechanical properties of the cement develop during hydration, which reduces the hydrostatic pressure and leads to formation of a bond between the cement and the casing and formation. During this phase, shrinkage or expansion of the cement can happen as a result of contact with mobile formation water. Further influences on cement quality relate to stresses imposed on the wellbore by drilling and completion practices and to later changes in the lithostatic pressure and temperature by production and injection of gas and liquids, as well as to subsidence of the formation in reaction to resource extraction.
  • the cement can develop cracks or connected pores impeding its barrier function. This can lead to the formation of micro-annuli between cement and casing or formation, which allow for the flow of liquids outside the casing itself. A large fraction of connected pores can furthermore lead to a significant bulk permeability of the cement. Cracks can also lead to a connection between the inside of the casing to the formation rock, allowing liquids and gas to flow from the wellbore into the formation. Such defects can lower the performance of the well and, in the worst case, lead to an uncontrolled outflow of oil or gas into the environment.
  • Cement quality therefor has to be monitored.
  • a widely used method is the insertion of an ultrasound transceiver into the wellbore
  • the transceiver consists of a transducer and two receivers in a distance of 3 and 5 foot from the transducer.
  • the return signal the so called cement bond log
  • the signal at 5 foot usually called variable density log, yields information about the cement to formation bond. In both cases, a small signal amplitude indicates proper bonding.
  • a further method is known from US 6 123 935 A.
  • pressure monitoring devices are placed on the outside of the casing prior to cementing at predetermined distances. Comparison of the recorded pressures after cementing with the maximum formation pressure is used as an indicator whether the cement has set to strength sufficient to maintain an effective formation-to-casing seal across the annulus.
  • Such a method is, however, not suited to detect cracks and can only reflect the cement quality at the position of the individual monitoring devices.
  • Such a method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole consists of applying an ultrasound signal to the cement from inside a borehole casing and recording the signal with at least one ultrasound receiver.
  • the at least one receiver is an optical fiber placed within the annulus between casing and formation rock and embedded in the cement.
  • Optical fibers can be used for the detection of vibrations in the ultrasonic as well as in other ranges.
  • optical fibers running parallel to the casing can provide information about cement status over the whole borehole, thereby providing particularly detailed information. Since optical fiber sensors can detect vibrations over their whole length, one is not limited to the 3-foot and 5 -foot measuring points of conventional ultrasonic probes, which again improves the information yield of the method.
  • the signal is recorded using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). To this end, short pulses of about 10 to 100 ns length of light are sent into the fiber.
  • OTDR optical time domain reflectometry
  • Inhomogeneities in the fiber cause Rayleigh backscattering, while interactions of the photons with lattice vibrations in the fiber lead to so called Brillouin backscattering.
  • the coherence length of the pulses is larger than the spatial resolution of the instrument recording the scattered signal, conditions for interference can be set up, so that the system becomes sensitive to external influences such as vibrations, which can be positionally resolved.
  • This provides a sensitive and flexible way to detect the signals provided by the ultrasound transducers and the signals refracted from the cement-casing and cement-formation boundaries, and to determine the position of any irregularities exactly. Furthermore, cracks and connected pores also can be reliably detected.
  • Brillouin OTDR can be used to extract distributed information about strains and temperature in the fiber, allowing for monitoring of ground movements during the whole lifetime of the well. Data quality can be further enhanced, if the ultrasound signal contains at least two different wavelengths. This allows for the cross-verification of data gathered at different wavelengths, thereby increasing the reliability of the measurements.
  • the ultrasound signal is produced by at least two different ultrasound transducers moved along the borehole at a given distance of each other. This is particularly advantageous when used in combination with multiple optical fibers embedded in the cement, ideally surround the casing equidistantly.
  • the invention further relates to an apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole, which comprises at least one ultrasound transducer to be lowered into the borehole and at least one ultrasound receiver for recording an ultrasound signal emitted from the at least one ultrasound transducer.
  • the at least one ultrasound receiver is an optical fiber embedded within the cement in the annulus of the borehole and coupled to an optical sender-receiver unit.
  • Such an apparatus is suited to perform the method detailed above and carries the same advantages.
  • the apparatus comprises at least two ultrasound transducers coupled by a cable for lowering them into the borehole at a predetermined distance to each other, in order to reach an especially good signal quality.
  • Fig. 1 a schematic representation of a borehole with an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 a schematic representation of a borehole with an alternative embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention.
  • a borehole 10 for the extraction of oil or gas is stabilized by a metal casing 12.
  • the space between the outer wall of the casing 12 and the formation rock 14, the so-called annulus 16, is filled with cement in order to provide zonal isolation.
  • optical fibers 26 are placed in the annulus 16 prior to cementing and subsequently embedded in the cement.
  • the optical fibers are connected to an interrogation unit 28, which can send short pulses of light with a length of 10-100 ns into the optical fibers 26.
  • the temperature and strain of the optical fiber determines the thermal lattice vibrations (phonons) within the glass of the optical fiber 26. Photon-phonon interaction leads to Brillouin scattering, if the optical wavelength of the photon matches the acoustical wavelength of the phonons.
  • Backscattered light is detected by the interrogator unit 28 and analyzed by a computer 30.
  • the frequency distribution and runtime of the backscattered pulses yields a spatially resolved picture of the temperature and strain within the cement along the whole length of the optical fiber 26.
  • Such analyses can be performed regularly over the whole lifetime of the well 10, in order to monitor well health and detect formation movements caused by subsidence or similar processes.
  • the optical fibers 26 can also be employed to measure cement quality.
  • the interrogator unit 28 is set up to perform coherent Rayleigh optical time domain reflectometry.
  • the light source generating the pulses must have a coherence length above the spatial resolution of the detector.
  • Rayleigh scattering due to external vibrations transmitted to the optical fiber 26 can be detected and spatially resolved.
  • at least one ultrasound transducer 32 is lowered into the borehole 10 with a cable 34. Problem zones containing cracks 18, micro-annuli 20 or large amounts of connected pores influence the propagation and refraction of the generated ultrasound within the cement and thereby the properties of light scattered back to the interrogator unit 28. This allows for reliable identification of zones with poor zonal isolation, so that proper repair actions can be undertaken.
  • Fig. 2 shows, more than one ultrasound transducer 32 can be fixed to the cable 34. Data quality can be improved if multiple transducers working at different ultrasound wavelengths are employed and a plurality of optical fibers 26 is embedded in the cement. If an ultrasound transducer 32 is coupled to another geophysical tool used in the borehole 10, the method may also be used to exactly determine the tool's position.
  • a new method for recording cement bond logging is provided, which allows for a precise localization of problem zones in wells and which can also be used for distributed temperature and shear stress measurements along the wellbore, as well as for the precise localization of geophysical tools within the wellbore.

Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole (10) by applying an ultrasound signal to the cement from inside a borehole casing (12) and recording the signal with at least one ultrasound receiver (26), wherein the at least one receiver (26) is an optical fiber placed within the annulus (16) between casing (12) and formation rock (14) and embedded in the cement.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EVALUATING THE CEMENTING
QUALITY OF A BOREHOLE
DESCRIPTION
The invention relates to a method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole according to the preamble of claim 6.
Productive oil and gas wells are stabilized by inserting a metal casing into the borehole and filling the space between the casing and the surrounding formation rock, the so called annulus, with cement, to provide zonal isolation between the geologic strata and the casing.
The cement has to be stable and free of cracks over the lifetime of the well, which can exceed 30 years, while exposed to the high pressure and temperature and geomechanical stress within the formation.
The mechanical properties of the cement develop during hydration, which reduces the hydrostatic pressure and leads to formation of a bond between the cement and the casing and formation. During this phase, shrinkage or expansion of the cement can happen as a result of contact with mobile formation water. Further influences on cement quality relate to stresses imposed on the wellbore by drilling and completion practices and to later changes in the lithostatic pressure and temperature by production and injection of gas and liquids, as well as to subsidence of the formation in reaction to resource extraction.
As a consequence of such stresses or as a consequence of improper setting, the cement can develop cracks or connected pores impeding its barrier function. This can lead to the formation of micro-annuli between cement and casing or formation, which allow for the flow of liquids outside the casing itself. A large fraction of connected pores can furthermore lead to a significant bulk permeability of the cement. Cracks can also lead to a connection between the inside of the casing to the formation rock, allowing liquids and gas to flow from the wellbore into the formation. Such defects can lower the performance of the well and, in the worst case, lead to an uncontrolled outflow of oil or gas into the environment.
Cement quality therefor has to be monitored. A widely used method is the insertion of an ultrasound transceiver into the wellbore In most cases, the transceiver consists of a transducer and two receivers in a distance of 3 and 5 foot from the transducer. At 3 foot, the return signal, the so called cement bond log, is dominated by refraction at the cement to casing bond. The signal at 5 foot, usually called variable density log, yields information about the cement to formation bond. In both cases, a small signal amplitude indicates proper bonding.
A further method is known from US 6 123 935 A. In this case, pressure monitoring devices are placed on the outside of the casing prior to cementing at predetermined distances. Comparison of the recorded pressures after cementing with the maximum formation pressure is used as an indicator whether the cement has set to strength sufficient to maintain an effective formation-to-casing seal across the annulus. Such a method is, however, not suited to detect cracks and can only reflect the cement quality at the position of the individual monitoring devices.
It is therefore the objective underlying the current invention to provide a method according to the preamble of claim 1 and an apparatus according to the preamble of claim 6 which allow for an improved evaluation of cement quality in the annulus of boreholes. This objective is reached by a method according to claim 1 and an apparatus according to claim 6.
Such a method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole consists of applying an ultrasound signal to the cement from inside a borehole casing and recording the signal with at least one ultrasound receiver. According to the invention, the at least one receiver is an optical fiber placed within the annulus between casing and formation rock and embedded in the cement.
Optical fibers can be used for the detection of vibrations in the ultrasonic as well as in other ranges. In contrast to the use of several distinct pressure sensors, optical fibers running parallel to the casing can provide information about cement status over the whole borehole, thereby providing particularly detailed information. Since optical fiber sensors can detect vibrations over their whole length, one is not limited to the 3-foot and 5 -foot measuring points of conventional ultrasonic probes, which again improves the information yield of the method. In a further embodiment of the invention, the signal is recorded using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). To this end, short pulses of about 10 to 100 ns length of light are sent into the fiber. Inhomogeneities in the fiber cause Rayleigh backscattering, while interactions of the photons with lattice vibrations in the fiber lead to so called Brillouin backscattering. If the coherence length of the pulses is larger than the spatial resolution of the instrument recording the scattered signal, conditions for interference can be set up, so that the system becomes sensitive to external influences such as vibrations, which can be positionally resolved. This provides a sensitive and flexible way to detect the signals provided by the ultrasound transducers and the signals refracted from the cement-casing and cement-formation boundaries, and to determine the position of any irregularities exactly. Furthermore, cracks and connected pores also can be reliably detected.
Apart from this coherent Rayleigh OTDR method, Brillouin OTDR can be used to extract distributed information about strains and temperature in the fiber, allowing for monitoring of ground movements during the whole lifetime of the well. Data quality can be further enhanced, if the ultrasound signal contains at least two different wavelengths. This allows for the cross-verification of data gathered at different wavelengths, thereby increasing the reliability of the measurements.
In order to provide such multi-channel data, the ultrasound signal is produced by at least two different ultrasound transducers moved along the borehole at a given distance of each other. This is particularly advantageous when used in combination with multiple optical fibers embedded in the cement, ideally surround the casing equidistantly.
The invention further relates to an apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole, which comprises at least one ultrasound transducer to be lowered into the borehole and at least one ultrasound receiver for recording an ultrasound signal emitted from the at least one ultrasound transducer. According to the invention, the at least one ultrasound receiver is an optical fiber embedded within the cement in the annulus of the borehole and coupled to an optical sender-receiver unit.
Such an apparatus is suited to perform the method detailed above and carries the same advantages.
As already explained, it is preferable if the apparatus comprises at least two ultrasound transducers coupled by a cable for lowering them into the borehole at a predetermined distance to each other, in order to reach an especially good signal quality.
Below the invention and its embodiments are explained in detail with reference to the drawings which show:
Fig. 1 a schematic representation of a borehole with an exemplary embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention; and
Fig. 2 a schematic representation of a borehole with an alternative embodiment of an apparatus according to the invention. A borehole 10 for the extraction of oil or gas is stabilized by a metal casing 12. The space between the outer wall of the casing 12 and the formation rock 14, the so-called annulus 16, is filled with cement in order to provide zonal isolation.
To make sure that the cement has set properly under the demanding conditions within the borehole, without forming cracks 18, connected pores or micro-annuli 20 at the cement-casing boundary 22 or the cement-formation boundary 24, optical fibers 26 are placed in the annulus 16 prior to cementing and subsequently embedded in the cement.
The optical fibers are connected to an interrogation unit 28, which can send short pulses of light with a length of 10-100 ns into the optical fibers 26. The temperature and strain of the optical fiber determines the thermal lattice vibrations (phonons) within the glass of the optical fiber 26. Photon-phonon interaction leads to Brillouin scattering, if the optical wavelength of the photon matches the acoustical wavelength of the phonons. Backscattered light is detected by the interrogator unit 28 and analyzed by a computer 30. The frequency distribution and runtime of the backscattered pulses yields a spatially resolved picture of the temperature and strain within the cement along the whole length of the optical fiber 26. Such analyses can be performed regularly over the whole lifetime of the well 10, in order to monitor well health and detect formation movements caused by subsidence or similar processes.
Immediately after the cement has set, the optical fibers 26 can also be employed to measure cement quality. To this end, the interrogator unit 28 is set up to perform coherent Rayleigh optical time domain reflectometry. The light source generating the pulses must have a coherence length above the spatial resolution of the detector. By this method, Rayleigh scattering due to external vibrations transmitted to the optical fiber 26 can be detected and spatially resolved. To create such external vibrations, at least one ultrasound transducer 32 is lowered into the borehole 10 with a cable 34. Problem zones containing cracks 18, micro-annuli 20 or large amounts of connected pores influence the propagation and refraction of the generated ultrasound within the cement and thereby the properties of light scattered back to the interrogator unit 28. This allows for reliable identification of zones with poor zonal isolation, so that proper repair actions can be undertaken.
As Fig. 2 shows, more than one ultrasound transducer 32 can be fixed to the cable 34. Data quality can be improved if multiple transducers working at different ultrasound wavelengths are employed and a plurality of optical fibers 26 is embedded in the cement. If an ultrasound transducer 32 is coupled to another geophysical tool used in the borehole 10, the method may also be used to exactly determine the tool's position.
In summary, a new method for recording cement bond logging is provided, which allows for a precise localization of problem zones in wells and which can also be used for distributed temperature and shear stress measurements along the wellbore, as well as for the precise localization of geophysical tools within the wellbore.

Claims

1. Method for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole (10) by applying an ultrasound signal to the cement from inside a borehole casing (12) and recording the signal with at least one ultrasound receiver (26), characterized in that the at least one receiver (26) is an optical fiber placed within the annulus (16) between casing (12) and formation rock (14) and embedded in the cement.
2. Method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the signal is recorded using optical time domain reflectometry.
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ultrasound signal contains at least two different wavelengths.
4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the ultrasound signal is produced by at least two different ultrasound transducers (32) moved along the borehole (10) at a given distance of each other.
5. Method according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the recorded signal is used to determine the position of a geophysical tool within the borehole (10).
6. Apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole (10) comprising at least one ultrasound transducer (32) to be lowered into the borehole (10) and at least one ultrasound receiver (26) for recording an ultrasound signal emitted from the at least one ultrasound transducer (32), characterized in that the at least one ultrasound receiver (26) is an optical fiber embedded within the cement in the annulus (16) of the borehole (10) and coupled to an optical sender-receiver unit (28).
7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the apparatus comprises at least two ultrasound transducers (32) operating at different wavelengths.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the ultrasound transducers (32) are coupled by a cable (34) for lowering them into the borehole at a predetermined distance to each other.
PCT/RU2012/000825 2012-10-11 2012-10-11 Method and apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole WO2014058335A1 (en)

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PCT/RU2012/000825 WO2014058335A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2012-10-11 Method and apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole

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PCT/RU2012/000825 WO2014058335A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2012-10-11 Method and apparatus for evaluating the cementing quality of a borehole

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107725030A (en) * 2017-11-20 2018-02-23 中国石油大学(华东) The lower well cementation second interface maintenance of stratum water disturbance and bonding quality evaluating apparatus and method
EP3543457A1 (en) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-25 Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam - Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Stiftung des Öffentlichen Rechts des Lands Brandenburg Method and system for monitoring a material and/or a device in a borehole using a fiber optic measurement cable
US11512581B2 (en) * 2020-01-31 2022-11-29 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fiber optic sensing of wellbore leaks during cement curing using a cement plug deployment system

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4703427A (en) * 1984-08-24 1987-10-27 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method for evaluating the quality of cement surrounding the casing of a borehole
US6123935A (en) 1997-04-14 2000-09-26 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Air freshener dispenser device with disposable heat-activated cartridge
US20120013893A1 (en) * 2010-07-19 2012-01-19 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Communication through an enclosure of a line
US20120111560A1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2012-05-10 Qinetiq Limited Fracture Monitoring
US20120205103A1 (en) * 2011-02-16 2012-08-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Cement Slurry Monitoring

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4703427A (en) * 1984-08-24 1987-10-27 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method for evaluating the quality of cement surrounding the casing of a borehole
US6123935A (en) 1997-04-14 2000-09-26 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Air freshener dispenser device with disposable heat-activated cartridge
US20120111560A1 (en) * 2009-05-27 2012-05-10 Qinetiq Limited Fracture Monitoring
US20120013893A1 (en) * 2010-07-19 2012-01-19 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Communication through an enclosure of a line
US20120205103A1 (en) * 2011-02-16 2012-08-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Cement Slurry Monitoring

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107725030A (en) * 2017-11-20 2018-02-23 中国石油大学(华东) The lower well cementation second interface maintenance of stratum water disturbance and bonding quality evaluating apparatus and method
CN107725030B (en) * 2017-11-20 2023-05-26 中国石油大学(华东) Device and method for evaluating two-interface maintenance and cementing quality of well cementation under disturbance of formation water
EP3543457A1 (en) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-25 Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam - Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Stiftung des Öffentlichen Rechts des Lands Brandenburg Method and system for monitoring a material and/or a device in a borehole using a fiber optic measurement cable
US11512581B2 (en) * 2020-01-31 2022-11-29 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Fiber optic sensing of wellbore leaks during cement curing using a cement plug deployment system

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