WO1990009650A1

WO1990009650A1 - A method of and means for producing musical note relationships

Info

Publication number: WO1990009650A1
Application number: PCT/GB1990/000263
Authority: WO
Inventors: Peter Max Crofts Davies
Original assignee: Peter Max Crofts Davies
Priority date: 1989-02-17
Filing date: 1990-02-16
Publication date: 1990-08-23
Also published as: JP2859736B2; GB2245409B; ATE115316T1; DE69014862D1; AU5082890A; CA2048658A1; GB8903672D0; EP0458836B1; DE69014862T2; JPH04506872A; US5415071A; EP0458836A1; GB2245409A; CA2048658C; AU640632B2; GB9116880D0; ES2067736T3

Abstract

In a method of and means for producing musical note relationships there is provided an array of staggered lines or rows (1) of symbols, in which each symbol represents a musical note. Each line (1) comprises a repeated series of twelve symbols forming a musical series of semi-tones known as a chromatic scale, and each line is staggered with respect to adjacent lines such that groups of the symbols which represent the same musical note relationship, such as intervals, scales, chords, etc, form the same visual configuration, for example diagonal configurations (6 to 9) or vertical configurations (14 to 19), at respective locations in the array. In one embodiment, a device including means bearing such an array may be used as a learning aid comprising two overlapping members slidably movable relative to each other. Alternatively the contact positions of a keyboard of a keyboard musical instrument or a fingerboard of a stringed musical instrument may be arranged in accordance with the array.

Description

A METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING

MUSICAL NOTE RELATIONSHIPS This invention relates to a method of and means for producing musical note relationships, and in particular to such relationships which consist of groups of musical notes forming musical intervals, scales, chords, etc in different musical keys.

To become a competent musician, it is necessary to learn and remember all musical note relationships, whose interactions together form the rudiments of musical theory. Such note relationships are conventionally taught in an audible manner, with scant visual information to aid understanding. For those students who are naturally musically orientated, such learning may be relatively easy. However, for those students who are not so fortunate, it can prove to be extremely difficult to remember individual note relationships and understand how they are interconnected.

Furthermore, while all the note relationships are being learnt, it is necessary to learn how these are applied in the playing of a particular musical instrument. For example, it is necessary to learn all the finger positions on a keyboard of the piano or a fingerboard of a guitar, which must be used to make the instrument play the required note relationships in all musical keys. Not only are such finger positions generally different for different types of instrument, but they also vary from one key to another on any one instrument, so that the playing of each key has to be mastered separately. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of and means for producing musical note relationships, which enables such relationships to be understood and learnt more easily than has been possible hitherto and which may also be used to simplify the playing of many musical instruments.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing musical note relationships comprising the steps of; arranging a plurality of symbols, each representing a musical note, into an array, wherein groups of said symbols, which represent the same musical note relationship in different musical keys each form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array, and identifying the configurations thus formed for each musical note relationship.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided means for producing musical note relationships comprising an array of symbols, in which each symbol represents a musical note and the symbols are arranged such that groups of said symbols, which represent the same musical note relationship in different musical keys, form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array.

In a preferred embodiment, the array consists of lines of symbols, each representing a note positioned in the order of a musical series of semi-tones. The symbols of each line may be staggered with respect to the symbols of an adjacent line. The symbols are preferably arranged such that each note of a line of semi-tones is placed between its major and minor third note in an adjacent line, i.e. between the fourth and fifth semi-tone in the adjacent line counting in a predetermined direction from the same semi-tone in that adjacent line, that semi-tone being counted as the first.

The lines may be arranged in horizontal rows with the symbols arranged such that each semi-tone of a row is positioned between the fourth and fifth semi-tone in the row immediately above it when counting in a direction to the right from the same semi-tone in that row, this semi-tone being counted as the first, and is positioned between the fourth and fifth semi-tone in the row immediately below it when counting in a direction to the left from the same semi-tone in that row.

In this way, three clearly defined rows of notes, i.e. horizontal rows of semi-tones, diagonal rows of minor thirds and diagonal rows of major thirds are produced, which all cross one another at approximately 60º. All other intervals, scales, chords, etc., used in music theory appear, in particular configurations, at specific locations within the array in relation to every note.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a musical instrument comprising a plurality of contact positions, each for use in producing an audible musical note, said contact positions being arranged in an array wherein groups of said contact positions, which produce the same musical note relationship in different musical keys, form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array.

The musical instrument may be for example a stringed instrument with the contact positions being defined by a number of strings tensioned across a fingerboard of the instrument. In another example, the instrument may be a keyboard instrument with the contact positions being defined by the Keys of the keyboard.

In a preferred embodiment, the array consists of lines of the contact positions, which are each capable of producing a musical note positioned in the order of a musical series of semi-tones, the contact positions of each line being staggered with respect to the contact positions of an adjacent line. The contact positions are arranged such that each note of a line of semi-tones is placed between its major and minor third note in an adjacent line, i.e. between the fourth and fifth note in the adjacent line of semi-tones counting m a predetermined direction from the same note repeated in that adjacent line.

The lines may be arranged in horizontal rows of semi-tones with the contact positions arranged such that each note of a line of semi-tones is positioned between the fourth and fifth note in the row of semi-tones immediately above it when counting in a direction to the right from the same note in that row and is positioned between the fourth and fifth note in the row immediately below it when counting in a direction to the left from the same note in that row The present invention may be utilised in many different forms, for example written or printed charts, computer software, or mechanical devices such as slide rules, which can indicate the specific configurations, within the array, which provide the musical note relationships. Thus, as a learning aid, the present invention provides easy access to musical information which is often hard to absorb and understand in a conventional manner. The shifting frames of reference which characterise musical harmony are a constant source of confusion which the present invention clarifies by its symmetry. Furthermore, when applied to a musical instrument, it provides a way of positioning notes on a keyboard or fingerboard, for example, in such a way that the player of an instrument can easily see all the harmonic possibilities and play them with equal ability in all musical keys. The visual arrangements of the notes on these instruments clarifies the learning process and, because there is no bias towards a particular musical key, the present invention facilitates more flexible playing than on conventional instruments where up to twelve musical keys need to be learnt separately before flexible playing is possible.

The invention will now be further described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:-

Figures 1 to 6 show an array of symbols, each representing a musical note and being arranged in accordance with one embodiment of the invention,

Figures 7 and 8 show two embodiments of keyboard of a musical instrument, to which the array, in Figures 1 to 6, has been applied.

Figure 8a shows a keyboard instrument incorporating the keyboard shown in Figure 8,

Figures 9 to 12 show three embodiments of a fingerboard of a guitar, to which the array,in Figures 1 to 6, has been applied,

Figure 13 shows schematically a complete guitar having a fingerboard in accordance with that shown in Figure 10,

Figures 14 to 18 show four embodiments of a fingerboard of a bass, to which the array in Figures 1 to 6 has been applied,

Figures 18a to 18c show parts of a device, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, in the form of a slide rule.

Figure 19 shows schematically another example of a device as shown in Figures 18a to 18c, and

Figures 20 to 23 show schematically four further examples of keyboards incorporating the present invention.

Figures 1 to 6 show a two-dimensional array of well known musical symbols, which each represent a musical note in known manner. The array consists of a number of horizontal rows, for example as shown by reference 1, with each row including repeated series of twelve symbols from A to G#/AD , which each represent a musical note and together form a musical series of semi-tones, otherwise known as a chromatic scale, giving rise to twelve different musical keys. It can be seen that each note is placed between its major and minor third notes in the row immediately above it. For example, the note A in the second row from the top of the array is positioned between the notes C and C#/Db in the top row of the array. In other words, each note is placed between the fourth and fifth note in the adjacent row immediately above it, when counting in a direction to the right from the same note in that adjacent row, or is placed between the fourth and fifth note in the adjacent row immediately below it, when counting in a direfction to the left from that same note in that adjacent row. In both cases, the same note in the adjacent row is counted as the first note. For example, note A in the second row from the top of the array is between the notes C and C#/DP in the top row, which are the fourth and fifth notes to the right of note A in the top row. Similarly, note A in the second row is also between the notes F#/GD and F in the third row of the array, which are the fourth and fifth notes to the left of note A in the third row.

In Figure 1, it can be seen that four horizontal configurations 2 to 5 respectively show four scales of semi-tones starting with the notes A#/BD , F#/GD , D#/ED, and B, respectively. Similarly, diagonal configurations 6 to 9, slanting to the right of the array determine major thirds starting with the notes C, C# / D P , D, D#/Eb, respectively, and diagonal configurations 10 to 1$ slanting to the left of the array determine minor thirds starting with the notes G, G#/Ab , A, A#/Bb, respectively. Also, in Figure 1, the vertical configurations 14 to 19 each show fifths from D to A, B to F#/Gb, D#/Eb to A#/BD , etc, and the diagonal configurations 20 to 28 each show fourths from G to C, D#/Eb to G#/Ab to C#/Db , etc.

In a similar manner. Figure 2 shows examples of interconnecting configurations within the array, which each determine a different musical interval. Figure's, shows examples of configurations, which determine chords in specific musical keys. In Figure 4, the" top half of the array shows examples of configurations, which respectively determine natural minor, harmonic minor, and augmented scales in specific musical keys. These configurations are each read in horizontal pairs from the bottom left of the configuration to top right, i.e. the harmonic minor scale in the key of E consists of E, F#/Gb, G, A, B, C, D#/Eb, E. The lower half of the array in Figure 4 snows an example of a configuration forming a major scale with its seven modes and eight chords derived from this scale.

It can be seen from Figure 5 that a configuration in the form of a parallelogram at any location within the array shows three diminished and four augmented chords in crossing rows of major and minor thirds, and every parallelogram thus formed contains the complete series of twelve semi-tones shown in the connected horizontal line at the bottom of the array in Figure 5.

The configurations of Figure 6 form connected unisons and octaves, which, for any given note, in this example : A, form a grid dividing the array into equal sections, each containing the same notes in the same positions.

In all of Figures 1 to 6. the geometrical configurations showing the musical note relationships are shown in particular musical keys as examples only. However, it can be envisaged that such configurations can be repeated at other specific locations within the array to determine a particular relationship in other musical keys. In theory, the number of notes in each row and the number of rows in the array are infinite. However, in practice the shape and dimensions of the array are determined by its particular application.

The array as shown in Figures 1 to 6 can oe used in many different forms as, for example, an aid to learning the musical note relationships in all musical keys. For example, the array may be incorporated into:- 1. Written or printed charts.

2. Pocket sized computers where the pressing of labelled buttons make particular configurations appear with the array being displayed on a computer screen in a fixed or scrolling form.

3. A teaching programme of music theory in disc or cassette form for use with home computers.

4. A programme which enables the keys of a computer keyboard to be used to sound notes arranged by pitch in accordance with the invention.

5. A magic slate with the array printed on it, where the configurations can be drawn over the array to indicate the note relationships and then erased.

6. A musical slide rule, which can be double-sided, where the configurations provided on a transparent material, such as a cursor, move across a background array, to show intervals, scales and chords, etc. within the array. Alternatively, the array is provided on the movable transparent material and the configurations are provided on the background.

7. Musical instruction or demonstration onvideo tape recordings.

Figures 7 to 18 illustrate how the array can be applied to an electronic keyboard (Figs. 7, 8 and

8a) or a fingerboard of a guitar (Figs. 9 to 13) or a fingerboard of a bass guitar (Figs. 14 to 18).

The keyboard shown generally at 30 in Figure 7 has several horizontal rows of contact positions, in the form of keys, such as at 31, with each key being capable of being used to produce a separate audible note, and the notes being arranged by pitch in a series of semi-tones, in the same arrangement as the symbols of the array shown in Figures 1 to 6. The keys are each hexagonal in shape, to produce the staggered arrangement within the array, and form two sets of crossing diagonal rows, one of minor thirds and one of major thirds. This arrangement thus determines ail intervals, chords, scales, etc. which each form a particular visual configuration in ail musical keys in the same way as shown in Figures 1 to 6, which is not possible on a conventional keyboard. Furthermore, because each configuration of the keys on the keyboard is the same for each chord, scale, etc in all musical keys, the arrangement of notes on the keyboard also enables all scales, chords, etc and even melodies, to be clayed in all twelve keys without altering the fingering pattern for each key, thus enabling the player to modulate through the keys far more easily. Furthermore, the player may play equally well from any position around the instrument.

A seven octave expanded keyboard can have sixteen rows and, by the present invention, can be smaller in overall size than a conventional keyboard instrument. Larger and smaller versions, with differing numbers of keys, can be produced, and the shapes of the keys can be other than hexagonal, for example circular, without altering their alignment with each other. The sound can be reproduced in the same way as on any conventional or other electronic keyboard or synthesizer.

Rather than labelling each key as shown in Figure 7 to indicate the positioning of the notes, it may be preferable to show the notes as black or white as on a conventional piano keyboard. One particular example is shown in Figure 8, wherein the keys of the keyboard has been coloured black or white to show octaves and unisons. Alternatively, all sharps and flats may be coloured blank with the remaining keys white, as in conventional piano keyboards.. Figure 8a shows an example of an electronic keyboard instrument including a keyboard 51, in accordance with the keyboard shown in Figure 8, and a number of control switches or buttons 52, an L.E.D. 53, a number of control key pads 54 and a back-lit L.C.D. 55 arranged around the keyboard 51. The instrument in this example may have a five octave range and can be worn with a shoulder strap or be placed on a stand. A suitable standard interface (not shown) may be used to connect the instrument with other sound modules, etc. There may also be a facility for a built-in system of key matrix connection, whereby each key of the keyboard will have a unique code.

Figures 9 to 12 show different embodiments of a fingerboard of a guitar, to which the array, as shown in Figures 1 to 6 has been applied. Figure 9 illustrates the position of the notes and Figures 10 to 12 illustrate three examples of different embodiments of the fingerboard.

It can be seen that the fingerboards shown in Figures 10 to 12 each have seven strings, which define contact positions and which are set closer together than on a conventional six stringed guitar fingerboard. This number of strings gives the guitar, in accordance with the invention, the same pitch range (approximately four octaves) as a conventional guitar, because the interval from string to string is shorter. In order to create an arrangement of notes, in accordance with the array (where each note is at the centre of three crossing rows of notes), contact positions at the semi-tone intervals for each string are midway between contact positions on the neighbouring strings. The fingerboard 32 in Figure 10 has frets 33, which slant at predetermined angles relative to the strings, to provide the contact positions along the strings to obtain the arrangement of the array. Two different embodiments to this are shown in Figures 11 and 12. In Figure 11, fingerboard 34 has a moulded formation 35 shaped to provide the necessary contact positions along the strings to obtain the array. In Figure 12 fingerboard 36 is provided with studs 37, which provide the contact positions along the strings and each consist of a section of metal rod set into and protruding from holes in the fingerboard and shaped in such a way that the string can be precisely stopped on it, as well as being pushed or pulled sideways onto another protruding stud. A nut 38 is shaped so as to set up the staggered contact positions. The nut is divided to produce one scale length for the first, third, fifth and seventh strings and another scale length, half a fret space shorter, for the second, fourth and sixth strings.

Figure 13 shows schematically an electric guitar having a body 40 and a neck with a fingerboard 32. The fingerboard is the same arrangement as that shown in Figure 10 with slanting frets 33 and seven strings tensioned across the frets. The end of the neck is provided with a headstock carrying tuning pegs 41, for adjusting the tension of the strings. Alternatively, these may be mounted on the body end of the instrument in a way similar to existing 'headless' guitars and basses.

The neck width and scale length of each embodi ment of the fingerboard can be similar to conventional guitars thus giving the instruments of the present invention a familiar feel to players of conventional guitars. The staggered arrangement of notes from string to string provides more finger room in spite of the closer spacing of the

strings, and also enables the player to hold down a major triad with one finger. A slight backward movement of the same finger on the fingerboard will change it to the minor triad. Two fingers laid across the fingerboard can hold down a seven note chord and the playing of any diagonal rows produces diminished and augmented chords. All chords and single note passages can be played with the same finger positions throughout, without the alteration necessary on conventional guitars when allowing for the (differently tuned) third string.

As shown in Figures 14 to 16, the array may be applied in a similar manner to the fingerboard of a bass, rather than a guitar. In these embodiments, the fingerboards have only five strings and, in addition, as shown in Figure 15, a fretless bass fingerboard 39 may be used.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a device comprising two overlapping

members slidably movable relative to each other, one of the members having an array of symbols each representing a

musical note and being arranged in accordance with the

second aspect of the present invention, and the other member being arranged to indicate on the array each musical note relationship in different musical keys as the members are slidably moved relative to each other.

Referring now to Figures 18a to 18c, there is shown a slide rule device including an outer sleeve 42, which acts as a cursor, having two opposite sides 43,44, within which the inner member 45 can be slid. The slide rule provides a reference to the musical note content, in any key, of

intervals, of varying types of chords, and of scales, including the modes of the major scale. The outer sleeve 42 carries connecting bands, such as at 46 to indicate intervals and chords, and block shapes such as 47 to

indicate scales and modes. The inner member 45 is folded along line 48 before insertion into the sleeve 42 and each side of the folded inner member 45 carries the array of musical notes as shown in Figures 1 to 6. Also marked on this member are connecting bands to indicate a useful chord progression, the "cycle of fifths" and a shape indicating augmented and diminished chords. These markings are visible only when the inner member is removed from the outer sleeve. The outer sleeve 42 is formed on each side with holes or transparent windows, such as those shown at 48, through which the notes of the array on the inner member 45 are visible, as shown in Figures 18a and 18b. The notes visible through the holes or windows are thus changed as the inner member 45 is slid within the slevve 42.

The slide rule can also be made in a disc form, with the array of notes in a pattern such as is shown schematically in Figure 19, wherein each row of semitones follows a

circular path.

Other possible forms for slide rules based on the same array include three dimensional ones such as prismatic, cylindrical and conical.

Whilst particular embodiments of the present invention have been described, various modifications may also be envisaged without departure from the scope of the invention. For example, the array may be formed by vertical, rather than horizontal, lines. The lines of semitones may be curved instead of straight, and can even form concentric circles or semicircles. Figure 20 shows a circular keyboard with concentric circles of hexagonal keys 49. The

relationship between musical notes from one circle to the next is the same as that described for the keyboard with straight rows of semitones. Any degree of curvature is possible, from none at all to slight or extreme. Figure 21 shows another circular keyboard with the rows of hexagonal keys 50 arranged in straight lines forming the radii of a circle. The fingering of such an instrument would be reversed from the left hand to the right hand, and if the hands were then crossed, the music itself would be harmonically reversed, e.g. a low note to a high note would become high to low. It may also be applied to many other musical instruments, such as the Chapman stick, lute, mandolin, banjo, accordion, violin and viola, as well as synthesizers and controllers of sound-generating podules, of any shape or size, which may have keys of any shape or size and may be floor standing or supported by a strap worn by the player like a guitar. Any form of the array may also be incorporated into an existing instrument or offered in combination with a conventional instrument. Also kits and accessories may be provided to adapt conventional musical instruments to those, in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 23 shows another example comprising a seven octave keyboard wherein all the "A" keys are shaded and with the lines of semi-tones, such as the one shown at 56, being rotated 60º anti-clockwise with respect to the horizontal lines shown for example in Figure 8. This arrangement thus produces octaves, such as at 57 and 58, minor 3rds as at 59, 4ths as at 60, 5ths as at 61, and major 3rds as at 62. Figure 24 shows yet another example of a seven octave keyboard, again with all "A" keys shaded, but. with the lines of semi-tones, such as the one shown at 63, rotated 90º anti-clockwise and turned upside down so that the semi-tones increase in pitch from the bottom of the keyboard upwards. This then produces octaves, such as at 64, minor 3rds as at 65, 4ths as at 66, 5ths as at 67, and major 3rds as at 68.

Furthermore, the symbols arranged to produce the array may take the form of any visual representation, which can be used to represent different musical notes. For example, the symbols may consist of different colours, letters, numbers or any other design.

Claims

1. A method of producing musical note relationships characterised in that it comprises the steps of : - arranging a plurality of symbols each representing a musical note into an array, wherein groups of said symbols which represent the same musical note relationship in different musical keys each form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array; and

identifying the configurations thus formed for each musical note relationship.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the array consists of generally parallel lines of said symbols, each line comprising successively ordered symbols representing the musical notes of a chromatic scale with the notes increasing in pitch in the same direction in all of said lines .

3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the symbols are arranged such that each symbol in a given line lies between two symbols on a line adjacent said given line, the two symbols representing notes which form musical intervals with the note represented by said symbol of a major third and a minor third respectively.

4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the symbols are arranged such that the symbol representing any given musical note in any given line is positioned between two symbols in a first line immediately to one side of said given line, said two symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note represented by said symbol and increasing in pitch, and is positioned between two further symbols in a second line immediately to the other side of said given line, said two further symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note and decreasing in pitch.

5. A device for producing musical note relationships characterised in that it comprises means bearing an array of symbols, each symbol representing a musical note and the symbols being arranged such that groups of said symbols, which represent the same musical note relationship in different musical keys, form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array.

6. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the array consists of generally parallel lines of said symbols, each line comprising successively ordered symbols representing the musical notes of a chromatic scale with the notes increasing in pitch in the same direction in all of said lines.

7. A device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the symbols are arranged such that each symbol in a given line lies between two symbols on a line adjacent said given line, the two symbols representing notes which form musical intervals with the note represented by said symbol of a major third and a minor third respectively.

8. A device as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the symbols are arranged such that the symbol representing any. given musical note in any given line is positioned between two symbols in a first line immediately to one side of said given line, said two symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note represented by said symbol and increasing in pitch, and is positioned between two further symbols in a second line immediately to the other side of said given line, said two further symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note and decreasing in pitch.

9. A learning aid for producing musical note relationships, characterised in that it comprises means bearing an array of symbols, each symbol representing a musical note and the symbols being arranged such that groups of said symbols, which represent the same musical note relationship in different musical keys, form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array, and means for identifying the configurations thus formed for each musical note relationship.

10. A learning aid as claimed in claim 9, wherein the array consists of generally parallel lines of said symbols, each line comprising successively ordered symbols representing the musical notes of a chromatic scale with the notes increasing in pitch in the same direction in all of said lines .

11. A learning aid as claimed in claim 10, wherein the symbols are arranged such that each symbol in a given line lies between two symbols on a line adjacent said given line, the two symbols representing notes which form musical intervals with the note represented by said symbol of a major third and a minor third respectively.

12. A learning aid as claimed in claim 11, wherein the symbols are arranged such that the symbol representing any given musical note in any given line is positioned between two symbols in a first line immediately to one side of said given line, said two symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note represented by said symbol and increasing in pitch, and is positioned between two further symbols in a second line immediately to the other side of said given line, said two further symbols representing the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note and decreasing in pitch.

13. A learning aid as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 12, including two overlapping members slidably movable relative to each other, one of said members comprising said means bearing said array of symbols and the other of said members comprising said means for identifying said configurations on said array.

14. A learning aid as claimed in claim 13, wherein, said other member comprises an outer sleeve within which said one member is slidable, said outer sleeve being formed with apertures through which the symbols of the array are visible.

15. A learning aid as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 12, including two overlapping disc-shaped members rotatably movable relative to each other, one of said members comprising said means bearing said array of symbols, said symbols being arranged in concentric circular lines, and the other of said members comprising said means for identifying said configurations on said array.

16. A musical instrument comprising a plurality of contact positions each for use in generating an audible musical note, characterised in that said contact positions are arranged in an array wherein groups of said contact positions which may be used to generate the same musical note relationship in different musical keys form the same visual configuration at respective locations within the array.

17. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 16, wherein the array consists of generally parallel lines of the contact positions, the contact positions of each line being arranged such that successive contact positions generate a musical chromatic scale increasing in pitch in the same direction in all of said lines.

18. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 17, wherein each contact position of a given line lies between two contact positions on a line adjacent said given line, the two contact positions being for generating audible musical notes which form musical intervals with the musical note generated by the said contact positions of a major third and minor third respectively.

19. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 18, wherein the contact positions are arranged such that the contact position for generating any given musical note in any given line is positioned between two contact positions in a first line immediately to one side of said given line, said two contact positions being for generation of the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note generated by said contact position and increasing in pitch, and is positioned between two further contact positions in a second line immediately to the other side of said given line, said two further contact positions being for generation of the fourth and fifth musical notes in a chromatic scale starting with the given musical note and decreasing in pitch.

20. A musical instrument as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the instrument is a stringed instrument with the contact positions being defined by a number of strings tensioned along a fingerboard of the instrument.

21. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 20, wherein the contact positions are further defined by a fret arrangement provided on the fingerboard.

22. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 21, wherein the fret arrangement comprises a plurality of frets which each slants at a predetermined angle relative to the strings .

23. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 21, wherein the fret arrangement comprises a moulded configuration shaped to provide the contact positions along the strings.

24. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 21, wherein the fret arrangement comprises a plurality of studs located along the strings so as to define the contact positions.

25. A musical instrument as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the instrument is a keyboard instrument with the contact positions each comprising a contact key.

26. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 25, wherein each of the keys is hexagonal in shape to produce an arrangement of generally parallel lines of keys which are staggered relative to each other.

27. A musical instrument as claimed in claim 26, wherein the lines form concentric circles.