US3811067A - Ultrasonic imaging tube - Google Patents
Ultrasonic imaging tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3811067A US3811067A US00258635A US25863572A US3811067A US 3811067 A US3811067 A US 3811067A US 00258635 A US00258635 A US 00258635A US 25863572 A US25863572 A US 25863572A US 3811067 A US3811067 A US 3811067A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- screen
- capacitance
- amplifier
- tube
- collector electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H3/00—Measuring characteristics of vibrations by using a detector in a fluid
- G01H3/10—Amplitude; Power
- G01H3/12—Amplitude; Power by electric means
- G01H3/125—Amplitude; Power by electric means for representing acoustic field distribution
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
- H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
- H01J31/495—Pick-up tubes adapted for an input of sonic, ultrasonic, or mechanical vibrations and having an electric output
Definitions
- ABSTRACT An improved ultrasonic imaging tube having a piezoelectric face plate or conversion plate, a controlling screen adjacent thereto and a collector electrode back of the screen for receiving current generated by the conversion plate.
- the collector current is utilized to control a video tube synchronized with the ultrasonic tube, and is shunted in feedback fashion to the screen to control terminal admittance thereof and thereby in crease the signal to noise ratio of the system as well as to raise the effective signal level.
- This invention pertains to an improved ultrasonic tube which is equipped with a piezoelectric face plate or conversion plate capable of converting ultrasonic to electric signals and vice versa.
- the electric signals picked up by the ultrasonic tube can be displayed on a cathode ray tube acting as a video tube.
- the signal current output from the'high conductance ultrasonic converter tube has been obtained directly from a screen closely spaced to-theconversion plate.
- This screen when swept by a cathode ray beam, establishes the electric field at the conversion plate surface necessary for the high conductance path between the electron beam landing point and the screen.
- the capacitance of the screen to ground sets a lower limit on the termination-admittance, and hence, the signal level, achievable" for a given bandwidth; the capacitance between the conversion plate surface and the screen introduces an extraneous signal current that must be removed by signal processing; and the small percentage of the primary electron beam intercepted by the screen produces a signicant amount of tube noise.
- the present invention avoids the defects of priordevices by the use of a high transparency screen and'a separate collector electrode which draws the signal current therethrough.
- the electrode is so positionedat a distance from the screen that the capacity coupled signal and primary noise are eliminated;
- 'th'e* signal on the collector electrode' is amplified in a circuit that balances out electrode capacitance.an'disthenap plied to the screen in feedback to produce a potential which increases the electric field at the conversion plate.
- the effective termination admittance is thus reised by the factor of current multiplication, increasing the degree of conversion plate element control and' raising the output signal level.
- the principal object of the'invention is toiprovide an improved ultrasonic-electronic video system havinga:
- a further object of the invention is to provide'an im aging tube equipped with a collector electrode'in'addb tion to the customary screen.
- a still further object isto make an'output connection from the aforesaid collector electrode to an amplifier, to feed said amplified signal to the'video phase of a-system, and to shunt said signal to the screen to lower the admittance margin of the imaging tube.
- Still another object of the invention is to modify the geometry of an image tube so as to permit the use of a separate collector electrode independently of the screen adjoining the piezoelectric face of the tube, in receiving mode of its operation.
- FIG. 1 is a partial diagrammatic showing of a high conductance image. tube preceding this invention.
- FIG. 2 is'a'partial. analog circuit depicting properties of the tube-in terms of electrical components, and including a coupling networkutilized to balance out capacitive components thereof.
- FIG. 3 is a partial cross-section of the image tube of this invention.
- FIG. 4- is a diagrammatic circuit showingithe several components and novel coupling employed in the outputiphase of the. subject'invention.
- FIG. 5* is a diagrammatic representation of a video projection system to display the signal from the output of the tube of the invention.
- the highconductance image tube disclosed'in applicants U.S. Pat. No; 3,600,936, referred to above consists of an-envelope,.cathode ray gunand sweep plates (as in FIG. 3) and employs a piezoelectric face plate or conversion plate sealed to'the envelope.
- the plate is covered by a grounded, thin, protective membrane generally designated-8wh'ich is in contact with a suitable ultrasonic transmitting: medium such as water.
- the other side of the plate.1*(within the envelope) carries arr-insulated target surface 3 which-h'as' a high secondary emission yield'(greater than unity).
- an alternating potential should appearon landing area tions ofanimagingtube 'in' receiving and transmittingmod'es, respectively.
- theelectron beam2 sweeping over target'surface '3' forms a conductive (or resistive) link from the beam landing area to the screen 4 which provides for alternating current flow between them in opposite directions depending on operational mode.
- FIG. 2 depicts, in dotted rectangle a, an analog of three discrete transducer elements (landing areas) 5 of plate 1, which may be impinged by cathode ray beam 2 in a predetermined, desired sequence.
- Each such transducer comprises the following equivalent electrical'components: a capacitance (C being the electrical capacitance of the element; a conductance 11 (0,) being the radiation conductance of the element when the front face of the conversion plate is coupled to an ultrasonic transmission medium 9 such as water; and a current generator 12 (1]) being the electrical analog of ultrasonic energy entering the element through the transmission medium.
- the result of such excitation is an alternating potential on the landing area.
- an internal excitation of the element by an alternating current impressed upon the landing area will cause current to flow into the radiation admittance, and hence a conversion into ultrasonic energy that is projected into the transmission medium.
- A is the space charge area, L, the spacing from the emission surface to the capture electrode, L,., the distance from the emission surface to the plane of minimum electron velocity, V,, the capture electrode potential, V, the emission surface potential, and V the average secondary emission velocity in electron volts.
- the relation between the current and the potential difference from the beam landing point to the capture electrode can be defined as a small signal conductance.
- the action of the electron beam can be represented as a conductive (or resistive) link from the beam landing point to the screen. This provides a bilateral path for alternating current flow between the beam landing point and the screen.
- a negative capacitance network 16 is employed with the above high conductance image tube to improve performance. This is a class of network described in detail by H. W. Bode in his book Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design.” This network exhibits at its terminals a negative capacitance 17 (C,) in parallel with a termination conductance 18 (G). The negative capacitance must be sustained over a frequency bandwidth sufficient to include the important sidebands of the electrical signal. In cancels the stray capacitances l4 and terminating on the screen, and under certain circumstances can also act through the beam conductance 13 to cancel the capacitance 10 of the beam landing point element only.
- B is the susceptance of the element capacitance 10 (C,). Since B is a small quantity, G, must also be limited in value if the required value of G, is to be realizable. 6,, however. is limited in minimum value by a network realizability relation derived by Bode and given approximately as,
- the beam conductance can be increased by reducing the spacing between the screen and the conversion plate surface. This, however, increases the capacitative coupling 14 between the conversion plate and the screen through which extraneous signal current flows from the remaining ultrasonically excited plate areas, and also increases the capacitance to ground for the screen, further limiting the minimum value of the termination conductance 8 (6,).
- the beam conductance can be increased by increasing the primary beam current 2. Higher beam currents result in an increased spreading of the electron beam through space charge repulsion, and hence a lessening of electronic resolution. More important, however, is the noise associated with the small proportion of primary beam current intercepted by the screen 4. Since this beam noise current is a significant component of total tube noise, as beam current is increased, this resulting noise source can cancel the effectiveness of any signal current improvement.
- the invention herein discloses a method of signal extraction and feedback that significantly changes the limitations on tube geometry, termination network character, and operating parameters so that improved image tube performance is possible.
- the fundamental departure from my prior imaging systems resides in the use of a separate collector electrode for signal current collection.
- the new imaging tube employs the usual conversion plate 1, having a grounded membrane 8 for contact with an ultrasonic conductive medium, and a secondary emission surface 3 impacted by cathode ray beam 2.
- the construction of the capture screen 4 is essentially unchanged from the prior high conductivity tube, except that its spacing from the conversion plate surface may be decreased.
- the current output or collector electrode 20 is located behind the screen.
- the electrode 20 is generally annular in configuration and may be formed as a conductive coating on the side wall of the image tube.
- the change in electrostatic fields within the image tube to effect signal current diversion to the new electrode 20 is effected by reducing the DC bias potential on screen 4 to an intermediate value, and applying a higher potential to the electrode 20.
- the potential of screen 4 need only be sufficiently high with respect to grounded sections of the tube wall to cause it to act as a control and to assure that all secondarily emitted electrons 7 will pass through the screen rather than terminate upon grounded areas adjacent to the emission surface.
- the bias potential on the electrode 20 must then be sufficient to divert the electrons to electrode 20 before axial velocity has carried the electrons beyond the electrode 20 to other portions of the tube.
- the block diagram shows a circuit for current 1 amplification with capacitance compensation, and includes the feedback connection described next below.
- Capacitance 23 (C,,) is the total capacitance associated with the electrode, and conductance 24 (G is the total conductance.
- the amplifier is selected for high input impedance, low shunt input capacitance, and low equivalent input noise. lts output is fed back to screen 4 from junction 30 viaterminal 19.
- the signal for the inverse phase to the amplifier is a voltage derived from a current transformer 25 shunted by capacitance 26 (C and conductance 27 (G Assuming a unity ratio transformer, the ratio of current is given by the equation.
- Output A is through the negative capacitance network 16 connected to the junction 30.
- An output signal at this point would contain capacitatively coupled signal and primary beam noise but these would be reduced in their effect by the signal current multiplication.
- the second output B is from tap 28 on the feedback line.
- the signals from outputs A or B can be displayed by passingthe output through appropriate video processing circuits 34 for display on a video tube 36,. as shown in FIG. 5.
- the alternating potential applied to the screen is given by,
- the effective termination is the actual admittance of the screen to ground including stray capacitance and the effect of the termination network, divided by the net current multiplication.
- the small fraction of i terminating on the screen is ignored in this analysis as being insignificant in relation to 1'
- the current arising from capacitative coupling to the screen, and the noise current intercepted from the primary beam are regarded as insignificant in comparison to i if a large value is used for G, and A.
- An ultrasonic imaging tube system comprising an envelope, a cathode ray gun, a cathode ray beam generated by said gun, a conversion plate sealed to the envelope, an electric transparent screen mounted within the envelope in close proximity to the conversion plate, a collector electrode mounted within the envelope between the screen and the gun, the beam generated by said gun passing through the screen and impacting on the plate whereby an AC potential applied to the screen causes generation of ultrasonic signals by the plate, an amplifier, the input of the amplifier being electrically connected to the collector electrode, and a feedback connection from the output of said amplifier to the screen, wherein the feedback to the screen lowers the effective ac termination admittance of the screen.
- a device including output terminals in series with the feedback connection to the screen to transmit amplified signals from the collector electrode to a video projection system.
- a device in which the amplifier input comprises a capacitance conductance network for balancing the capacitance of the collector electrode, and in which the amplifier output is coupled to a negative capacitor conductance network which serves to balance out the capacitance of the screen to ground.
- a device wherein the negative-capacitance conductance network is in shunt with the feedback and output terminals, and a further set of output terminals across said last network.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00258635A US3811067A (en) | 1970-10-08 | 1972-06-01 | Ultrasonic imaging tube |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US7913570A | 1970-10-08 | 1970-10-08 | |
US00258635A US3811067A (en) | 1970-10-08 | 1972-06-01 | Ultrasonic imaging tube |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3811067A true US3811067A (en) | 1974-05-14 |
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Family Applications (1)
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US00258635A Expired - Lifetime US3811067A (en) | 1970-10-08 | 1972-06-01 | Ultrasonic imaging tube |
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Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2668190A (en) * | 1947-07-05 | 1954-02-02 | Rca Corp | Television image pickup system |
US2775719A (en) * | 1953-06-30 | 1956-12-25 | Hughes Aircraft Co | X-ray image intensifier system |
US2899580A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Electron tube | ||
US2903617A (en) * | 1957-06-20 | 1959-09-08 | William R Turner | Electronic ultrasonic image converter |
US2957340A (en) * | 1956-03-15 | 1960-10-25 | Gen Electric | Ultrasonic image detector |
US3197661A (en) * | 1960-02-22 | 1965-07-27 | English Electric Valve Co Ltd | Signal storage tubes |
US3213675A (en) * | 1961-04-21 | 1965-10-26 | Gen Electric | Pulsed ultrasonic image converter |
US3236944A (en) * | 1962-07-16 | 1966-02-22 | Univ Northwestern | Ultrasound visualization systems |
US3290674A (en) * | 1959-03-27 | 1966-12-06 | Thomas G Calhoon | Electronic storage for atran |
US3577171A (en) * | 1968-09-03 | 1971-05-04 | Vitro Corp Of America | System using a modified ultrasonic imaging tube |
US3718032A (en) * | 1970-09-18 | 1973-02-27 | Hoffmann La Roche | Ultrasonic visualization |
-
1972
- 1972-06-01 US US00258635A patent/US3811067A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2899580A (en) * | 1959-08-11 | Electron tube | ||
US2668190A (en) * | 1947-07-05 | 1954-02-02 | Rca Corp | Television image pickup system |
US2775719A (en) * | 1953-06-30 | 1956-12-25 | Hughes Aircraft Co | X-ray image intensifier system |
US2957340A (en) * | 1956-03-15 | 1960-10-25 | Gen Electric | Ultrasonic image detector |
US2903617A (en) * | 1957-06-20 | 1959-09-08 | William R Turner | Electronic ultrasonic image converter |
US3290674A (en) * | 1959-03-27 | 1966-12-06 | Thomas G Calhoon | Electronic storage for atran |
US3197661A (en) * | 1960-02-22 | 1965-07-27 | English Electric Valve Co Ltd | Signal storage tubes |
US3213675A (en) * | 1961-04-21 | 1965-10-26 | Gen Electric | Pulsed ultrasonic image converter |
US3236944A (en) * | 1962-07-16 | 1966-02-22 | Univ Northwestern | Ultrasound visualization systems |
US3577171A (en) * | 1968-09-03 | 1971-05-04 | Vitro Corp Of America | System using a modified ultrasonic imaging tube |
US3718032A (en) * | 1970-09-18 | 1973-02-27 | Hoffmann La Roche | Ultrasonic visualization |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PCC TECHNICAL INDUSTRIES, INC. Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AUTOMATION INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004661/0558 Effective date: 19850823 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: VITRO CORPORATION, 14000 GEORGIA AVENUE, SILVER SP Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PCC TECHNICAL INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004661/0369 Effective date: 19861013 Owner name: VITRO CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE., MARYLAND Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PCC TECHNICAL INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004661/0369 Effective date: 19861013 |