US3624401A

US3624401A - Ultraviolet target hit scoring system

Info

Publication number: US3624401A
Application number: US864083A
Authority: US
Inventors: Milton Stoller
Original assignee: US Department of Navy
Current assignee: US Department of Navy
Priority date: 1969-10-06
Filing date: 1969-10-06
Publication date: 1971-11-30
Anticipated expiration: 1988-11-30

Abstract

A scoring system for a nonmaterial target is provided by directing ultraviolet light across the face or front of the target in such manner that a projectile striking the target must pass through the ultraviolet light. Photoelectric sensors are arranged to detect ultraviolet light reflected from projectiles passing through the light and striking the target. The light passes through coded masks associated with each sensor. The coding of the masks is such that the sensors respond discretely to indicate the position of the projectile with respect to the target and thus a ''''hit'''' or a ''''miss.

Description

l ite ates Inventor Milton Stoller West Hartford, Conn. App]. No. 864,083 Filed Oct. 6, 1969 Patented Nov. 30, 1971 Assignee The United States 01 America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy ULTRAVIOLET TARGET 111T SCORING SYSTEM 3 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs.

US. Cl 250/83.3 UV, 89/4l.7, 250/83.3 H, 250/222 R, 250/237 R, 273/1022, 340/25, 340/228 S int. Cl G01j 1/06 Field of Search 250/83.3 UV, 83.3 H, 83.3 R, 222 R, 237 R; 73/167;

340/25, 258 B, 228 S; 89/41.7 L; 343/15; 324/178, 706; 273/1072 X [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,237,193 4/1941 Mobsby ..89/41.7(L)(UX) 3,205,361 9/1965 Albus 250/237 X 3,475,029 10/1969 Hyman 250/222 X Primary Examiner-James W. Lawrence Assistant ExaminerMorton J. Frome Altomeys-R. S. Sciascia, John W.-Pease and John F. Miller ABSTRACT: A scoring system for a nonmaterial target is pro vided by directing ultraviolet light across the face or front of the target in such manner that a projectile striking the target must pass through the ultraviolet light. Photoelectric sensors are arranged to detect ultraviolet light reflected from projectiles passing through the light and striking the target. The light passes through coded masks associated with each sensor. The coding of the masks is such that the sensors respond discretely to indicate the position of the projectile with respect to the target and thus a hit or a miss."

PATENTEUNUV 30 I9?! 8, 624,401 SHEEI 2 0F 2 INVENTOR.

Maw

ULTRAVIOLET TARGET I-IIT SCORING SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention is in the field of target scoring. In the past various devices have been used to score hits on targets. Various mechanical and electronic arrangements including sonic, photoelectric, capacitive, inductive. and infrared devices have been developed which will register and in some cases evaluate hits on conventional targets. Recently a great deal of experimentation with nonmaterial targets has taken place. Prior art scoring devices have not proven completely suitable for use with nonmaterial targets for various reasons. The present in vention avoids the difficulties encountered in scoring non material targets with prior art devices by using scoring techniques which are independent of target structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Ultraviolet light of a selected wavelength is directed across an area or a plane adjacent a nonmaterial target in such manner that a projectile striking the target must pass through the ultraviolet light. A plurality of lens are arranged to focus light reflected from a projectile passing through the light on respective digitally coded masks. Filters are provided to reject light energy of other than the selected wavelength. Light passing through particular slots in a mask activates a photoelectric sensor. Output signals from the sensors are decoded to indicate the path of the projectile with respect to the target. The phrase ultraviolet light" is commonly used in the art and is used here for convenience. Ultraviolet radiation is outside the visible spectrum.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 shows the invention.

FIG. 2 shows the several elements comprising a viewing station such as station 1 in FIG. 1.

FIG 3 shows one example ofa coded mask which is one element ofa viewing station.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a more complex coded mask usable with a viewing station.

. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The apparatus of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. Two

ultraviolet light sources

4 and 6 are arranged to illuminate a plane in front of a nonmaterial" or nonsolid target which may be formed by, for example, a sheet of colored liquid 16, or a lighted area on sheet 16 such as might be formed by a spot of light. Two

viewing stations

1 and 2 comprise photoelectric sensors having respective coded masks la and 2a interposed between the sensors and the ultraviolet light in front of target 16. The masks la and 20 contain slots which are arranged to pass light reflected from a projectile such as 22 or 24 when the projectiles pass through the areas defined by angles 6, and originating at each of stations l and 2. A hit area shown as the shaded area 18 on target 16 is formed by the intersection of the projections of angles 0,. A projectile such as 22 passing through the shaded area 18 will be sensed at the

viewing stations

1 and 2 and registered as a hit. A projectile passing out side of the area 18 but inside the area bounded by the sides of 0 such as projectile 24, would be sensed to register a miss or a lower valued hit. A projectile passing outside the area 6 would not register. The nonmaterial target may be of any description but is shown here as a sheet of colored liquid 16. The liquid may be pumped by a pump not shown through a perforated pipe or nozzle 14 to create the sheet of liquid 1 which is visible as a target. A tank catches the liquid and forms a reservoir for the pump. Nonmaterial is used to distinguish targets of liquid, smoke, light, etc., from conventional targets made from solid materials such as wood, cloth, paper, etc., which require replacement after receiving a number of hits. All of the elements shown in FIG. I are protected from hits by being placed in a pit below ground level, as shown.

Light sources

4 and 6 are offset in a different plane to avoid blocking

viewing stations

1 and 2.

The elements in a viewing station such as I and 2 are shown in FIG. 2. An imaging lens 1d and a filter ll are interposed in the optical path between a projectile and mask 1a. Slots in la pass light to the photoelectric sensor, photomultiplier tube lb. A high voltage input is processed in a dynode voltage divider circuit 12 to supply tube lb. The video output of tube lb is buffered by emitter follower circuit If. The output of emitter follower if is taken through an amplifier to an indicating counter not shown, to register hits.

Lens 1d is used to focus a reflected projectile image at mask la. Filter 11' is used to filter out sunlight and skylight which, if permitted to reach tube lb, would produce high photocurrents with considerable random noise due to shot effect. This can be expressed as i,,,,,,,.=k /i -F-F is the system bandwidth and I}. is the cathode photocurrent. Because of the high speed of pro jectiles such as bullets which may have speeds of up to 5,000 feet per second, a relatively high bandwidth of about 20,000 Hertz is required. This value is obtained by considering the rise time of reflected light from a bullet as it passes an edge. A one inch bullet traveling at 5,000 feet per second (60,000 inches per second) would pass an edge in 16.7 microseconds. From the relationship F=0.35/T where T is the rise time and F is the bandwidth, a bandwidth of about 20,000 Hertz is obtained. While the photomultiplier can accommodate this bandwidth, the value of i must be kept low if noise is to be minimized.

Since the target scoring system is designed to be used in daytime, filter lc is especially designed to block ambient light comprising sunlight and skylight and to admit ultraviolet light of a selected wavelength. It comprises a first order interference filter, a second order interference filter, and a blocking filter, and is designed to pass a maximum ofenergy at a wavelength of 253.7 millimicrons. This is the wavelength of

UV light sources

4 and 6.

Sources

4 and 6 were selected after lengthy analysis of the spectrum of sunlight, testing of the effectiveness of various filters for various wavelengths, and test ing the responsiveness of various sensors. It was found that the spectral output of the sun effectively starts at wavelengths of around 300 millimicrons, rises rapidly to about 450 millimicrons, then falls off gradually to 1.4 microns, where water vapor absorption has a considerable effect. Therefore a light source is used having a frequency outside this spectrum to ob tain a maximum signalto-noise ratio. The infrared region was rejected because of a lack of suitable infrared detectors. A known germicidal lamp which generates ultraviolet light hav ing a wavelength of 253.7 millimicrons was selected for

light sources

4 and 6.

Sources

4 and 6 are provided with DC current to avoid flicker in the light output. Filter lc transmits 6.7 percent of the available light energy having a wavelength of 254 millimicrons and effectively blocks light energy of other frequencies. Therefore it is possible to obtain a good signal-tonoise ratio in the output of photomultiplier tube lb even when the target system is operated in sunlight.

A simple example of a mask such as 1a or 2a is shown in FIG. 3. Here mask 1a is shown containing a short slot 30 and a longer slot 40, arranged as shown. A projectile passing within the angle 0, and projecting an image along path A'B', will reflect light through

slots

30 and 40. A projectile passing within the angle 0 but outside of angle 6 and projecting an image along the path CD will reflect light through slot 40 only. Photoelectric sensor lb is positioned to respond to light passing through

slots

30 and 40 and will therefore develop two output pulses when a projectile such as 22 passes through angle 6,. These output pulses can be counted by a counter to indicate a hit. Thus if the counters for

stations

1 and 2 each receive two pulses a projectile such as 22 of FIG. I has passed within the angle 6, of both viewing stations, shown as target area 18, to score a hit. A projectile such as 24 which is within angle 6, of viewing station 2 but outside of 6, and inside of 0 of viewing station 1 would cause one pulse to be registered on the station 1 counter and two pulses to be registered on the station 2 counter to indicate a miss or a lower valued hit. A lesser number of pulses can indicate a miss. A projectile passing outside of both angles 6 would not register. The opti cal axes of

stations

1 and 2 are at a known angle to each other, e.g., a right angle, therefore two viewing stations make it possible to locate a projectile path by triangulation.

The coded mask la of FIG. 3 is shown by way of example only. In practice a more complex coded mask having a plurality of coded slots could be employed. in some cases, depending on the nature of the coded masks. a plurality of photoelectric sensors might be required to handle the inputs from the several slots. FIG. 4 shows one example of a coded mask which might be used. A more complex mask makes it possible to pinpoint the location of a hit within the target area and to assign a range of values to hits nearer to or farther from the center of the target. The two counters associated with

viewing stations

1 and 2 could be interconnected with a decoding circuit to indicate the value of a particular hit. Such a decoding circuit could form an input to a register or recorder arranged to add the values of several hits and store the sum to keep the scores of several marksmanship trainees. Circuitry for decoding coded masks is well known and commercially available. See for example chapters 8 and 9 of Digital Techniques for Computation and Control," by Klein, Morgan, and Anderson, published by Instruments Publishing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Chapter 8 discusses theory of conversion. Chapter 9 lists manufacturers and briefly describes several decoders. See also chapter 1 l of Digital Computer Components and Circuits" by Richards, published by D. Van Nostrand Co., lnc., New York. The synthesization of a mask and decoder to digitize a particular quantity is within the skill of the art.

lclaim:

1. In a target scoring system, the improvement comprising:

a target, means for lighting a space adjacent said target, said lighted space being positioned so that a projectile striking said target must pass through said lighted space, and sen sor means responsive to reflected light for detecting the passage of a projectile through said lighted space,

said target comprising nonmaterial target means,

said sensor means being arranged to respond to the passage of a projectile through said lighted space in a manner determined by the path of said projectile with respect to said target, whereby the area of said target struck by said projectile may be identified,

said means for lighting comprising ultraviolet light sources for generating ultraviolet light energy of a selected wavelength. filter means positioned before sensor means in a light path between a projectile and said sensor means, said filter means being adapted to permit light energy of said selected wavelength to reach said sensor means and to prevent light energy of other wavelengths from reaching said sensor means,

coded mask means located between said filter means and said sensor means, whereby said sensor means are caused to respond discretely to the passage of a projectile through a particular area of said lighted space,

lens means for focusing light reflected from a passing projectile on said coded mask,

said coded mask containing a plurality of slots for transmitting light from a passing projectile to said sensor means, said slots being arranged to pass light in accordance with the position of said passing projectile, whereby said sensor means are caused to produce a number of output signals determined by the location of the path of said passing projectile.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, said sensor means comprising photoelectic means arranged to subtend an area in said lighted space in such manner that light will be reflected from a projectile passing through said area to more than one of said photoelectric means through a respective coded mask, the arrangement being such that said photoelectric means produce a number of output signals peculiar to the position of said projectile in response to said reflected light.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, said selected wavelength being about 253.7 millimicrons.

Claims

1. In a target scoring system, the improvement comprising: a target, means for lighting a space adjacent said target, said lighted space being positioned so that a projectile striking said target must pass through said lighted space, and sensor means responsive to reflected light for detecting the passage of a projectile through said lighted space, said target comprising nonmaterial target means, said sensor means being arranged to respond to the passage of a projectile through said lighted space in a manner determined by the path of said projectile with respect to said target, whereby the area of said target struck by said projectile may be identified, said means for lighting comprising ultraviolet light sources for generating ultraviolet light energy of a selected wavelength. filter means positioned before said sensor means in a light path between a projectile and said sensor means, said filter means being adapted to permit light energy of said selected wavelength to reach said sensor means and to prevent light energy of other wavelengths from reaching said sensor means, coded mask means located between said filter means and said sensor means, whereby said sensor means are caused to respond discretely to the passage of a projectile through a particular area of said lighted space, lens means for focusing light reflected from a passing projectile on said coded mask, said coded mask containing a plurality of slots for transmitting light from a passing projectile to said sensor means, said slots being arranged to pass light in accordance with the position of said passing projectile, whereby said sensor means are caused to produce a number of output signals determined by the location of the path of said passing projectile.