US3125418A - Radioactive diamond composition - Google Patents
Radioactive diamond composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3125418A US3125418A US3125418DA US3125418A US 3125418 A US3125418 A US 3125418A US 3125418D A US3125418D A US 3125418DA US 3125418 A US3125418 A US 3125418A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- radioactive
- diamond
- present
- reaction vessel
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 title claims description 182
- 230000002285 radioactive Effects 0.000 title claims description 166
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 146
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 156
- 230000001464 adherent Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 86
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 86
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 58
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 42
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium Chemical compound [Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 description 24
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000001131 transforming Effects 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005296 abrasive Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 chromates Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000001419 dependent Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000036499 Half live Effects 0.000 description 4
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical class [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atoms Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Arsenate Chemical class [O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L Cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Molybdic acid Chemical class O[Mo](O)(=O)=O VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052781 Neptunium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L Nickel(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 210000004940 Nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Rhenium Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SANRKQGLYCLAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-H Uranium hexafluoride Chemical class F[U](F)(F)(F)(F)F SANRKQGLYCLAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- MXQFUMUIEZBICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ra+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O Chemical class [Ra+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O MXQFUMUIEZBICJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atoms Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010437 gem Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron-sulfur Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 description 2
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N neptunium Chemical compound [Np] LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001264 neutralization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940053662 nickel sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- NPDODHDPVPPRDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N permanganate Chemical compound [O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O NPDODHDPVPPRDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon(0) Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/06—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies
- B01J3/062—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies characterised by the composition of the materials to be processed
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/25—Diamond
- C01B32/26—Preparation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2203/00—Processes utilising sub- or super atmospheric pressure
- B01J2203/06—High pressure synthesis
- B01J2203/065—Composition of the material produced
- B01J2203/0655—Diamond
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2203/00—Processes utilising sub- or super atmospheric pressure
- B01J2203/06—High pressure synthesis
- B01J2203/0675—Structural or physico-chemical features of the materials processed
- B01J2203/068—Crystal growth
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
Definitions
- This invention relates to radioactive diamond material and to the preparation thereof. More particularly, this invention is concerned with diamonds containing a surface coating of a radioactive metal and to the preparation thereof.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a diamond material which does not retain a charge of static electricity for any substantial period of time.
- Another object of the present invention is to synthesize diamond material of the type described from non-diamond carbon.
- a radioactive diamond material comprising a diamond having a radioactive metal in adherent relation to the surface thereof.
- This radioactive diamond material is formed by a method which comprises subjecting non-diamond carbon to a pressure of at least 40,000 atmospheres, e.g. from 55,000 to 110,000, and preferably about 65,000 atmospheres, at a temperature of from 1200 to 2200 C.
- the radioactive material preferably a radioactive metal
- the radioactive material preferably a radioactive metal
- radioactive metal is used in the present application in its usual sense to refer to a metal which has the property of spontaneously emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays by the disintegration of the nuclei of the atoms of the metal.
- the radiation emitted by radioactive elements causes ionization of the medium surrounding the radioactive material or the medium through which the alpha, beta, or gamma rays pass. It is further understood that when, for example, air is ice ionized by rays from a radioactive material, the ionized air becomes, to some extent, a conductor of electricity.
- the radioactivity of the surface layer of the diamond material causes ionization of the air or other medium surrounding the diamond material and this ionized air or other material carries away the static charge from the surface of the diamond material, rendering the diamond material electrically neutral.
- the diamond material of the present invention is free from the problems associated with natural diamonds.
- the diamonds of the present invention do not retain a static charge, they may be sorted Without the difficulty caused by any static charges on the material.
- the diamonds of the present invention when used as bearings, they will have no tendency to attract dust or other abrasive particles to their surface.
- the diamond material of the present invention when employed as abrasive material in abrasive wheels, there is again no tendency for any static charge to accumulate on the diamonds and therefore there is no tendency for the grinding wheel to attract particles of metal which may interfere with the accurate use of the grinding wheel.
- the process of the present invention may be carried out in ⁇ any type of apparatus capable of producing the pressures required at the temperature required.
- the disclosure of this Hall patent is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
- the apparatus disclosed in the aforementioned Hall patent is a high pressure device for insertion between the platens of a hydraulic press.
- the high pressure device consists of an annular member defining a substantially cylindrical reaction area, and two conical, piston-type members designed to fit into the substantially cylindrical portion of the annular member from either side of said annular member.
- a reaction vessel 33 which fits into the annular member may be compressed by the two piston members to reach the pressures required in the practice of the present invention.
- the temperature required is obtained by any suitable means, such as, for example, by induction heating, by passing an electrical current through the reaction vessel, or by winding heating coils around the reaction vessel.
- the reaction vessel or cylinder 33 described in the Hall patent referred to above may be formed of any of the conventional materials of construction or of graphite.
- the reaction vessel is constructed of a metal, it is convenient to employ one of the metals which acts as a catalyst in the present invention.
- This vessel may then be filled with non-diamond carbon and a radioactive material and compressed so that the metal present in the vessel will serve as a catalyst for the transformation to diamond.
- the reaction chamber or vessel is formed of graphite, it may be filled with a mixture of the catalyst material and the radio-active material and the compression of the graphite vessel with the catalyst and radioactive material at the pressures and temperatures required by the present invention results in the transformation of the nondiamond carbon into the radioactive material of the present invention.
- the reaction vessel or chamber may also be formed of a radioactive metal, where this is the case, the reaction vessel is filled with non-diamond carbon and catalyst material and compression of the reaction vessel at the proper pressure and temperature causes transformation of the non-diamond carbon into the radioactive material of the present invention.
- the non-diamond carbon, the catalyst, and the radioactive material may be admixed inside the vessel.
- mixtures of powdered non-radioactive graphite, powdered catalyst, and powdered radioactive material may be employed as a charge in the reaction vessel and the compression of the vessel and charge at the required temperature effects transformation to radioactive diamond material.
- reaction vessel 33 comprising a cylinder of graphite having a hollowed out cylindrical center portion, the axis of the center portion being coaxial with the axis of the reaction vessel.
- cylinders or disks of graphite Into this graphite reaction vessel are placed cylinders or disks of graphite, the catalyst, and the radioactive material.
- T his reaction vessel is sealed at its ends by metallic disks which may be formed of any material of construction inert under the conditions of the reaction or it may be formed of a catalyst metal or a radioactive material. If desired, plugs of non-diamond carbon or metal may be placed in the ends of the reaction vessel before sealing.
- This reaction vessel is then placed in the apparatus described in the above-mentioned Hall patent and subjected to the elevated temperature and pressure required to effect the transformation to radioactive diamond material.
- a reaction vessel instead of employing a reaction vessel, a cylinder of carbonaceous material, such as graphite, may be sandwiched between two disks, each formed of a radioactive metal, this sandwich in turn being sandwiched between two other disks formed of a metal which acts as a catalyst for the transformation. The sandwich is then placed in the high pressure apparatus and subjected to the conditions required to cause the transformation to radioactive diamond material.
- a metallic reaction vessel may be filled with carbonaceous material in powder or solid form and the catalyst and radioactive material for the reaction may be supplied by admixing it with the powdered carbon or by forming end disks of either of these materials to seal the reaction vessel. This assembly is then subjected to the pressures and temperatures required.
- a reaction vessel may also be formed by compressing a mixture of nondiamond carbon, catalyst, and radioactive material until a cylinder is formed which fits into the substantially cylindrical aperture described in the above-mentioned Hall apparatus. Again, this latter apparatus may be employed in the usual manner at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the transformation to radioactive diamond material.
- the temperature in the reaction vessel may be measured by a thermocouple located adjacent the reaction vessel previously mentioned.
- the time of reaction required to convert the reaction mixture into radioactive diamond material may vary from a few seconds up to several minutes or more depending on the particular charge to the reaction vessel. However, regardless of the charge to the reaction vessel, I have found that the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is formed within two to five minutes. Instead of observing the time which the reaction vessel is maintained at the reaction temperature, I may alternatively observe the progress of the reaction by the method described in Hall Patent 2,947,608 issued August 2, 1960, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. This latter Hall patent is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
- the mixture of non-diamond carbon, catalyst, and radioactive material is first subjected to a pressure of at least 5 0,000 to 75,000 atmospheres (depending on whether a metal or alloy is used as catalyst) and subsequently sufficient heat is applied to the mixture for sufficient time to cause an inflection in the electrical resistance of the mixture.
- a pressure of at least 5 0,000 to 75,000 atmospheres depending on whether a metal or alloy is used as catalyst
- sufficient heat is applied to the mixture for sufficient time to cause an inflection in the electrical resistance of the mixture.
- the radioactive materials which may be employed in the practice of the present invention include all of the naturally occurring radioactive metals such as uranium, thorium, bismuth, rhenium, lutecium, samarium, indium, rubidium and potassium. Also included within the radioactive metals employed in the practice of the present invention may be mentioned the deacy products of naturally radioactive materials as Well as all of the well known radioactive isotopes of metals. Included within these latter two groups of radiocative materials may be mentioned, for example, the radioactive isotopes of protactinium, actinium, neptunium, plutonium, radium, francium, radon, cobalt, etc.
- the proportions of the three ingredients employed are not critical, and I have found that suitable radioactive diamond material has been formed regardless of the relative concentration of the non-diamond carbon, the catalyst, and the radioactive metal. However, in the preferred embodiment of this invention, it is preferred to have the ingredients present in the proportions of about six parts by volume of non-diamond carbon, six parts by volume of catalyst, and one part by volume of the radioactive metal. Regardless of the proportions of ingredients and the physical location of the various ingredients in the reaction vessel, it has been found that the resulting product comprises diamond having in adherent relation to the surface thereof a radioactive metal.
- the thickness of the radioactive layer on the outside of the diamond varies to a minor extent with the proportions of ingredients employed in the reaction. However, regardless of the proportions employed, I have found that the thickness of the radioactive metal layer lies within the range of about 0.5 to 5.0 microns.
- the relative weight of the diamond to the radioactive layer is dependent upon a number of factors, including the density of the radioactive material, the concentration of the reactants employed in forming the diamond material, and the size and shape of the diamonds. Because of these variables, it is impossible to specify an exact ratio of the weight of the carbon in the diamond to the weight of the radioactive metal. However, I have obtained satisfactory products where the ratio of the weight of diamond to the weight of radioactive metal varied from about 10 to 20.
- the type and intensity of radiation emitted from the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is, of course, dependent upon the type of radioactive material employed.
- the radiation from the radioactive diamond material is that well known radiation emitted by thorium.
- the radioactive material is a material other than thorium, the radioactivity is that charcteristic of that other radioactive material.
- the half life of the radiation from the radioactive diamond materials is also dependent on the radioactive metal employed and is the same as the half life of the radioactivity commonly observed from said radioactive metal.
- radioactive materials of the present invention are similar to other radioactive materials, some degree of care is necessary in handling the products of the present invention.
- the degree of care required in handling theradioactive diamond materials is similar to that degree required in handling the radioactive metals themselves.
- the reaction vessel consisted of a cylindrical graphite member having a cylindrical aperture therethrough, the axis of the aperture being coaxial with that of the cylinder.
- the walls of the cylindrical graphite member were approximately one-sixth as thick as its diameter and the length of the cylinder was approximately three to five times its outside diameter.
- Example 1 Into the reaction vessel described were placed two nickel cylinders to act as a catalyst for the reaction, two thorium disks as the radioactive metal, and one graphite cylinder which was to be converted to diamond. These reactants were assembled in the reaction vessel in the following order: a nickel cylinder, a thorium disk, the carbon cylinder, the second thorium disk, and the second nickel cylinder. The diameters of each of these rods were substantially equal to the internal diameter of the reaction vessel and the length of each rod was selected so that there was present in the reaction vessel about 12 parts by volume of carbon, 12 parts by volume of nickel, and one part by volume of thorium.
- the reaction vessel was then sealed at each end with a tantalum disk and subjected to a pressure of about 95,000 atmospheres at a temperature of about 1500 C. for about six minutes. At the end of this time the reaction vessel was allowed to cool, the pressure was released, and the radioactive diamond material was separated fromthe matrix in which it was formed by solution of the matrix in fuming red nitric acid. From a measurement of the radioactivity of the diamond material, it was determined that the thorium content of the radioactive diamond material was approximately 5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the diamond material. This is equivalent to about 2.5 thorium atoms per thousand carbon atoms and represents a film about 0.75 micron thick of thorium on the surface of the diamond.
- Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the ratio of the volume of the various reactants was as follows: 6 parts by volume of carbon, 6 parts by volume of nickel, and one part by volume of thorium. After the reaction vessel had been exposed to a pressure of about 95,000 atmospheres at a temperature of about 1500 C. for five minutes, the resulting radioactive diamond material was isolated and found to have a radioactivity corresponding to 10 percent thorium by weight, which is equivalent to 5 thorium atoms per thousand atoms and represents a film of thorium about 1.5 microns thick.
- compounds of the catalyst and of the radioactive metal which decompose into pure metal under the conditions of the reaction include, for example, the carbides, sulfides, carbonyls, cyanides, ferrotungstates, ferritungstates, oxides, nitrides, nitrates, hydrides, chlorides, molybdates, arsenates, acetates, oxalates, carbonates, borates, chromates, phosphates, phosphides.
- decomposable compounds usable as catalysts in the present invention include ferrous sulfide, iron carbonyls, palladium chloride, chromium carbide, tantalum hydride, sodium fluoride, nickel perman ganate, cobalt acetate, nickel sulfate, etc.
- alloys are found in the aforesaid US. Patent 2,947,609.
- radioactive compounds which may be employed include, for example, uranium fluorides, thorium carbides, radium sulfates, etc.
- the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is useful for all of those uses to which diamonds are commonly put.
- this radioactive diamond material is particularly useful as the abrasive medium in an abrasive wheel.
- the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is particularly suitable for use as a bearing surface in applications where the bearing must withstand an extremely high load and where the dust which would be attracted by an ordinary diamond bearing would ruin the effectiveness of the bearing action.
- the radioactive diamond materials of the present invention are particularly suitable as jewels for use in clocks, timers, and the like where dust might interfere with the accuracy of the device.
- a manufactured radioactive diamond material comprising a diamond having a radioactive adherent metallic surface of from about 0.5 to 5 microns in thickness.
- a composite article comprising manufactured diamond having a radioactive metallic surface layer of from about 0.5 to 5 microns in thickness.
Description
United- States Patent C) 3,125,418 RADIOACTIVE DIAMOND COMPOSITIGN Robert H. Wentorf, Jr., Schenectady, N.Y., assignor to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed Mar. 20, 1961, Ser. No. 96,702 2 Claims. (Cl. 23209.1)
This application is a continuation-in-part of my earlier application Serial No. 562,585, filed January 31, 1956, now U.S. 2,996,763, issued August 2.2, 1961, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
This invention relates to radioactive diamond material and to the preparation thereof. More particularly, this invention is concerned with diamonds containing a surface coating of a radioactive metal and to the preparation thereof.
As is well known in the art, natural diamonds, particularly natural diamonds of the industrial variety, readily acquire and retain a charge of static electricity. This generally occurs when natural industrial diamonds come into contact with each other or with some other surface. The static charge on industrial diamonds, results in a number of problems in their use. Thus, when an attempt is being made to sort industrial diamonds, it is found that the static charge seriously interferes with the segregation of the diamonds into various size groups and interferes with the moving of the diamonds from one location to another. In addition, when natural diamonds are applied in uses such as in bearings or in grinding tools, the charge on the surface of the diamond tends to attract dust or other undesirable particles of matter to the surface of the diamond. When diamonds are used as bearing materials such as in time pieces and other delicate mechanisms, the dust or other particles attracted by the static charge on the surface causes abrasion of the surface supported by the bearing and, therefore, reduces or destroys the efiiciency of the bearing. Where diamonds are used in industrial grinding tools, it is found that the static charge on the diamond surface causes particles of dust and of metal to adhere to the surface of the diamond and interfere with proper and accurate grinding.
An object of the present invention is to provide a diamond material which does not retain a charge of static electricity for any substantial period of time.
Another object of the present invention is to synthesize diamond material of the type described from non-diamond carbon.
These and other objects of my invention are accomplished by providing a radioactive diamond material comprising a diamond having a radioactive metal in adherent relation to the surface thereof. This radioactive diamond material is formed by a method which comprises subjecting non-diamond carbon to a pressure of at least 40,000 atmospheres, e.g. from 55,000 to 110,000, and preferably about 65,000 atmospheres, at a temperature of from 1200 to 2200 C. or higher in the presence of (1) the radioactive material, preferably a radioactive metal, and (2) at least one metal selected from the class consisting of group VIII metals of the periodic table, and chromium, tantalum, manganese, and compounds of these metals which decompose to the metallic state under the conditions of the reaction, as well as alloys of these metals.
The termradiactive metal is used in the present application in its usual sense to refer to a metal which has the property of spontaneously emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays by the disintegration of the nuclei of the atoms of the metal. As is well known, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements causes ionization of the medium surrounding the radioactive material or the medium through which the alpha, beta, or gamma rays pass. It is further understood that when, for example, air is ice ionized by rays from a radioactive material, the ionized air becomes, to some extent, a conductor of electricity. Thus, where the diamond material of the present invention acquires -a static charge, the radioactivity of the surface layer of the diamond material causes ionization of the air or other medium surrounding the diamond material and this ionized air or other material carries away the static charge from the surface of the diamond material, rendering the diamond material electrically neutral.
As can be seen from the description of the ionization of the medium surrounding the diamond materials of the present invention and the discharging of the static charge on the diamond material, the diamond material of the present invention is free from the problems associated with natural diamonds. Thus, since the diamonds of the present invention do not retain a static charge, they may be sorted Without the difficulty caused by any static charges on the material. In addition, when the diamonds of the present invention are used as bearings, they will have no tendency to attract dust or other abrasive particles to their surface. Furthermore, when the diamond material of the present invention is employed as abrasive material in abrasive wheels, there is again no tendency for any static charge to accumulate on the diamonds and therefore there is no tendency for the grinding wheel to attract particles of metal which may interfere with the accurate use of the grinding wheel.
In U.S. Patents 2,947,609 and 2,947,610, issued August 2, 1960, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, there are described methods for making diamonds in which non-diamond carbon is subjected to a pressure of at least 50,000 atmospheres and preferably from 65,000 to 110,000 atmospheres, at a temperature of from 1200 to 2000 C. in the presence of a catalyst which is a metal or alloy of said metal selected from the class consisting of group VIII metals of the periodic table, and chromium, sodium, tantalum, aluminum, manganese, and compounds of these metals which decompose to a metallic state under the conditions of the reaction. The process of the present invention is carried out by the same method as that described in the aforementioned two patents except that the reaction is carried out also in the presence of a radioactive material.
The process of the present invention may be carried out in \any type of apparatus capable of producing the pressures required at the temperature required. However, I prefer to employ apparatus of the type described in Hall, U.S. Patent 2,941,248, issued June 21, 1960, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. The disclosure of this Hall patent is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application. The apparatus disclosed in the aforementioned Hall patent is a high pressure device for insertion between the platens of a hydraulic press. The high pressure device consists of an annular member defining a substantially cylindrical reaction area, and two conical, piston-type members designed to fit into the substantially cylindrical portion of the annular member from either side of said annular member. A reaction vessel 33 which fits into the annular member may be compressed by the two piston members to reach the pressures required in the practice of the present invention. The temperature required is obtained by any suitable means, such as, for example, by induction heating, by passing an electrical current through the reaction vessel, or by winding heating coils around the reaction vessel.
The reaction vessel or cylinder 33 described in the Hall patent referred to above, may be formed of any of the conventional materials of construction or of graphite. Where the reaction vessel is constructed of a metal, it is convenient to employ one of the metals which acts as a catalyst in the present invention. This vessel may then be filled with non-diamond carbon and a radioactive material and compressed so that the metal present in the vessel will serve as a catalyst for the transformation to diamond. Where the reaction chamber or vessel is formed of graphite, it may be filled with a mixture of the catalyst material and the radio-active material and the compression of the graphite vessel with the catalyst and radioactive material at the pressures and temperatures required by the present invention results in the transformation of the nondiamond carbon into the radioactive material of the present invention. The reaction vessel or chamber may also be formed of a radioactive metal, where this is the case, the reaction vessel is filled with non-diamond carbon and catalyst material and compression of the reaction vessel at the proper pressure and temperature causes transformation of the non-diamond carbon into the radioactive material of the present invention. Regardless of the material of construction of the reaction vessel, the non-diamond carbon, the catalyst, and the radioactive material may be admixed inside the vessel. Thus, mixtures of powdered non-radioactive graphite, powdered catalyst, and powdered radioactive material may be employed as a charge in the reaction vessel and the compression of the vessel and charge at the required temperature effects transformation to radioactive diamond material.
In the preferred embodiment of my invention, I employ a reaction vessel 33 comprising a cylinder of graphite having a hollowed out cylindrical center portion, the axis of the center portion being coaxial with the axis of the reaction vessel. Into this graphite reaction vessel are placed cylinders or disks of graphite, the catalyst, and the radioactive material. T his reaction vessel is sealed at its ends by metallic disks which may be formed of any material of construction inert under the conditions of the reaction or it may be formed of a catalyst metal or a radioactive material. If desired, plugs of non-diamond carbon or metal may be placed in the ends of the reaction vessel before sealing. This reaction vessel is then placed in the apparatus described in the above-mentioned Hall patent and subjected to the elevated temperature and pressure required to effect the transformation to radioactive diamond material. Alternatively, instead of employing a reaction vessel, a cylinder of carbonaceous material, such as graphite, may be sandwiched between two disks, each formed of a radioactive metal, this sandwich in turn being sandwiched between two other disks formed of a metal which acts as a catalyst for the transformation. The sandwich is then placed in the high pressure apparatus and subjected to the conditions required to cause the transformation to radioactive diamond material. As -a further alternative, a metallic reaction vessel may be filled with carbonaceous material in powder or solid form and the catalyst and radioactive material for the reaction may be supplied by admixing it with the powdered carbon or by forming end disks of either of these materials to seal the reaction vessel. This assembly is then subjected to the pressures and temperatures required. A reaction vessel may also be formed by compressing a mixture of nondiamond carbon, catalyst, and radioactive material until a cylinder is formed which fits into the substantially cylindrical aperture described in the above-mentioned Hall apparatus. Again, this latter apparatus may be employed in the usual manner at elevated temperatures and pressures to effect the transformation to radioactive diamond material.
In carrying out the process of the present invention, the temperature in the reaction vessel may be measured by a thermocouple located adjacent the reaction vessel previously mentioned. In carrying out this process, the time of reaction required to convert the reaction mixture into radioactive diamond material may vary from a few seconds up to several minutes or more depending on the particular charge to the reaction vessel. However, regardless of the charge to the reaction vessel, I have found that the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is formed within two to five minutes. Instead of observing the time which the reaction vessel is maintained at the reaction temperature, I may alternatively observe the progress of the reaction by the method described in Hall Patent 2,947,608 issued August 2, 1960, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. This latter Hall patent is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application. By the process of this Hall patent, the mixture of non-diamond carbon, catalyst, and radioactive material, is first subjected to a pressure of at least 5 0,000 to 75,000 atmospheres (depending on whether a metal or alloy is used as catalyst) and subsequently sufficient heat is applied to the mixture for sufficient time to cause an inflection in the electrical resistance of the mixture. When the inflection in the electrical resistance of the mixture occurs, the transformation of the mixture to the radioactive diamond material of the present invention has occurred.
The radioactive materials which may be employed in the practice of the present invention include all of the naturally occurring radioactive metals such as uranium, thorium, bismuth, rhenium, lutecium, samarium, indium, rubidium and potassium. Also included within the radioactive metals employed in the practice of the present invention may be mentioned the deacy products of naturally radioactive materials as Well as all of the well known radioactive isotopes of metals. Included within these latter two groups of radiocative materials may be mentioned, for example, the radioactive isotopes of protactinium, actinium, neptunium, plutonium, radium, francium, radon, cobalt, etc.
In addition to the radioactive isotopes specifically mentioned above, it should be understood that other artificial metallic isotopes are also included within the scope of the present invention. As an illustration of other isotopes within the scope of the present invention, reference is made to all of those radioactive isotopes of metals listed in Appendix 6 at page 464 of Nuclear Radiation Physics, by Lapp and Andrews, Prentiss-Hall Inc., New York (1948).
In preparing the radioactive diamond material of the present invention, the proportions of the three ingredients employed are not critical, and I have found that suitable radioactive diamond material has been formed regardless of the relative concentration of the non-diamond carbon, the catalyst, and the radioactive metal. However, in the preferred embodiment of this invention, it is preferred to have the ingredients present in the proportions of about six parts by volume of non-diamond carbon, six parts by volume of catalyst, and one part by volume of the radioactive metal. Regardless of the proportions of ingredients and the physical location of the various ingredients in the reaction vessel, it has been found that the resulting product comprises diamond having in adherent relation to the surface thereof a radioactive metal.
The thickness of the radioactive layer on the outside of the diamond varies to a minor extent with the proportions of ingredients employed in the reaction. However, regardless of the proportions employed, I have found that the thickness of the radioactive metal layer lies within the range of about 0.5 to 5.0 microns. The relative weight of the diamond to the radioactive layer is dependent upon a number of factors, including the density of the radioactive material, the concentration of the reactants employed in forming the diamond material, and the size and shape of the diamonds. Because of these variables, it is impossible to specify an exact ratio of the weight of the carbon in the diamond to the weight of the radioactive metal. However, I have obtained satisfactory products where the ratio of the weight of diamond to the weight of radioactive metal varied from about 10 to 20.
The type and intensity of radiation emitted from the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is, of course, dependent upon the type of radioactive material employed. Thus, where the radioactive material employed is thorium, the radiation from the radioactive diamond material is that well known radiation emitted by thorium. Similarly, where the radioactive material is a material other than thorium, the radioactivity is that charcteristic of that other radioactive material. The half life of the radiation from the radioactive diamond materials is also dependent on the radioactive metal employed and is the same as the half life of the radioactivity commonly observed from said radioactive metal.
Since the radioactive materials of the present invention are similar to other radioactive materials, some degree of care is necessary in handling the products of the present invention. The degree of care required in handling theradioactive diamond materials is similar to that degree required in handling the radioactive metals themselves.
The following examples are illustrative of the practice of my invention and are not intended for purposes of limitation.
In the following examples, the reaction vessel consisted of a cylindrical graphite member having a cylindrical aperture therethrough, the axis of the aperture being coaxial with that of the cylinder. The walls of the cylindrical graphite member were approximately one-sixth as thick as its diameter and the length of the cylinder was approximately three to five times its outside diameter.
Example 1 Into the reaction vessel described were placed two nickel cylinders to act as a catalyst for the reaction, two thorium disks as the radioactive metal, and one graphite cylinder which was to be converted to diamond. These reactants were assembled in the reaction vessel in the following order: a nickel cylinder, a thorium disk, the carbon cylinder, the second thorium disk, and the second nickel cylinder. The diameters of each of these rods were substantially equal to the internal diameter of the reaction vessel and the length of each rod was selected so that there was present in the reaction vessel about 12 parts by volume of carbon, 12 parts by volume of nickel, and one part by volume of thorium. The reaction vessel was then sealed at each end with a tantalum disk and subjected to a pressure of about 95,000 atmospheres at a temperature of about 1500 C. for about six minutes. At the end of this time the reaction vessel was allowed to cool, the pressure was released, and the radioactive diamond material was separated fromthe matrix in which it was formed by solution of the matrix in fuming red nitric acid. From a measurement of the radioactivity of the diamond material, it was determined that the thorium content of the radioactive diamond material was approximately 5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the diamond material. This is equivalent to about 2.5 thorium atoms per thousand carbon atoms and represents a film about 0.75 micron thick of thorium on the surface of the diamond. The fact that the thorium was present as a surface layer on the diamond was established by boiling the radioactive diamond material just described in aqua regia for 24 hours, after which time the diamond material exhibited no further radioactivity despite the fact that the appearance of the diamond material was unchanged.
Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the ratio of the volume of the various reactants was as follows: 6 parts by volume of carbon, 6 parts by volume of nickel, and one part by volume of thorium. After the reaction vessel had been exposed to a pressure of about 95,000 atmospheres at a temperature of about 1500 C. for five minutes, the resulting radioactive diamond material was isolated and found to have a radioactivity corresponding to 10 percent thorium by weight, which is equivalent to 5 thorium atoms per thousand atoms and represents a film of thorium about 1.5 microns thick.
Although the catalyst and the radioactive materials which may be employed in the practice of the present invention have been described only in terms of pure metals, it should be understood that alloys and compounds of these metals which decompose under the conditions of the reaction may also be employed. Thus, compounds of the catalyst and of the radioactive metal which decompose into pure metal under the conditions of the reaction include, for example, the carbides, sulfides, carbonyls, cyanides, ferrotungstates, ferritungstates, oxides, nitrides, nitrates, hydrides, chlorides, molybdates, arsenates, acetates, oxalates, carbonates, borates, chromates, phosphates, phosphides. permanganates, silicates, sulfates, tungstates, etc. Specific examples of decomposable compounds usable as catalysts in the present invention include ferrous sulfide, iron carbonyls, palladium chloride, chromium carbide, tantalum hydride, sodium fluoride, nickel perman ganate, cobalt acetate, nickel sulfate, etc. Examples of alloys are found in the aforesaid US. Patent 2,947,609. Examples of radioactive compounds which may be employed include, for example, uranium fluorides, thorium carbides, radium sulfates, etc.
Although the above examples have described the reaction of the present invention only at a pressure of 95,000 atmospheres and a temperature of about 1500" C., it should be understood that any pressure in excess of 40,000 to 50,00 atmospheres is satisfactory for the practice of this invention. My preferred pressure range is from about 65,000 to 110,000 atmospheres. Similarly, my temperature range may vary from 1200 C. to 2000 C., and preferably from about 1400 C. to 1800 C.
The radioactive diamond material of the present invention is useful for all of those uses to which diamonds are commonly put. In addition, this radioactive diamond material is particularly useful as the abrasive medium in an abrasive wheel. In addition, the radioactive diamond material of the present invention is particularly suitable for use as a bearing surface in applications where the bearing must withstand an extremely high load and where the dust which would be attracted by an ordinary diamond bearing would ruin the effectiveness of the bearing action. Thus, the radioactive diamond materials of the present invention are particularly suitable as jewels for use in clocks, timers, and the like where dust might interfere with the accuracy of the device.
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A manufactured radioactive diamond material comprising a diamond having a radioactive adherent metallic surface of from about 0.5 to 5 microns in thickness.
2. A composite article comprising manufactured diamond having a radioactive metallic surface layer of from about 0.5 to 5 microns in thickness.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,154,127 Rasehorn et a1 Sept. 21, 1915 2,048,490 Bilstein July 21, 1936 2,264,683 Smith Dec. 2, 1941 2,678,400 McKay May 11, 1954 2,973,292 Yanko et al Feb. 28, 1961 OTHER REFERENCES Schreiber, A.: Chemical Process Control With Radioactivity, Nucleonics, January 1948, pages 38-39.
Industrial Applications of Radioactivity, Electronics, April 1948, pages 78-79.
Calkins, G.: Radioisotopes in Industry, Chemical and Engineering News, June 18, 1951, volume 29, No. 25, page 2457.
Claims (1)
1. A MANUFACTURED RADIOACTIVE DIAMOND MATERIAL COMPRISING A DIAMOND HAVING A RADIOACTIVE ADHERENT METALLIC SURFACE OF FROM ABOUT 0.5 TO 5 MICRONS IN THICKNESS.
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US3125418A true US3125418A (en) | 1964-03-17 |
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US3125418D Expired - Lifetime US3125418A (en) | Radioactive diamond composition |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3380853A (en) * | 1963-09-12 | 1968-04-30 | Air Force Usa | Intensified radioactive sources and method of preparation |
US3394069A (en) * | 1964-04-17 | 1968-07-23 | Honeywell Inc | Electrochemical gas sensor |
US3528788A (en) * | 1967-07-03 | 1970-09-15 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Etched metal coated diamond grains in grinding wheels |
US3902873A (en) * | 1967-09-26 | 1975-09-02 | Ind Distributors 1946 Limited | Metal coated synthetic diamonds embedded in a synthetic resinous matrix bond |
US3904391A (en) * | 1965-09-22 | 1975-09-09 | Asea Ab | Metal-coated diamonds in synthetic resin bonded grinding wheels |
US3957461A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1976-05-18 | Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget | Method for preparing diamonds for use with grinding wheels |
US6103142A (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2000-08-15 | Futaba Denshi Kogyo K.K. | Phosphor and display device |
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US1154127A (en) * | 1913-01-15 | 1915-09-21 | Siemens Ag | Apparatus for neutralizing electric charges in fibrous materials. |
US2048490A (en) * | 1934-08-16 | 1936-07-21 | Radium Luminous Corp | Static neutralization |
US2264683A (en) * | 1939-04-27 | 1941-12-02 | Western Union Telegraph Co | Method of and means for neutralizing electrostatic charges on moving tapes and the like |
US2678400A (en) * | 1950-12-30 | 1954-05-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Photomultiplier utilizing bombardment induced conductivity |
US2973292A (en) * | 1953-05-27 | 1961-02-28 | Monsanto Chemicals | Organic plastic destaticized with strontium-90, method of making and laminate containing same |
-
0
- US US3125418D patent/US3125418A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US1154127A (en) * | 1913-01-15 | 1915-09-21 | Siemens Ag | Apparatus for neutralizing electric charges in fibrous materials. |
US2048490A (en) * | 1934-08-16 | 1936-07-21 | Radium Luminous Corp | Static neutralization |
US2264683A (en) * | 1939-04-27 | 1941-12-02 | Western Union Telegraph Co | Method of and means for neutralizing electrostatic charges on moving tapes and the like |
US2678400A (en) * | 1950-12-30 | 1954-05-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Photomultiplier utilizing bombardment induced conductivity |
US2973292A (en) * | 1953-05-27 | 1961-02-28 | Monsanto Chemicals | Organic plastic destaticized with strontium-90, method of making and laminate containing same |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3380853A (en) * | 1963-09-12 | 1968-04-30 | Air Force Usa | Intensified radioactive sources and method of preparation |
US3394069A (en) * | 1964-04-17 | 1968-07-23 | Honeywell Inc | Electrochemical gas sensor |
US3904391A (en) * | 1965-09-22 | 1975-09-09 | Asea Ab | Metal-coated diamonds in synthetic resin bonded grinding wheels |
US3528788A (en) * | 1967-07-03 | 1970-09-15 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Etched metal coated diamond grains in grinding wheels |
US3902873A (en) * | 1967-09-26 | 1975-09-02 | Ind Distributors 1946 Limited | Metal coated synthetic diamonds embedded in a synthetic resinous matrix bond |
US3957461A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1976-05-18 | Allmanna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget | Method for preparing diamonds for use with grinding wheels |
US6103142A (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2000-08-15 | Futaba Denshi Kogyo K.K. | Phosphor and display device |
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