US2459046A - Negative feedback amplifier - Google Patents

Negative feedback amplifier Download PDF

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US2459046A
US2459046A US644271A US64427146A US2459046A US 2459046 A US2459046 A US 2459046A US 644271 A US644271 A US 644271A US 64427146 A US64427146 A US 64427146A US 2459046 A US2459046 A US 2459046A
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amplifier
network
terminal
input
circuit
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US644271A
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John W Rieke
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/189—High frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers

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  • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER Filed Jan. so, 1946 RESPONSE IN db I I0 I00 moo 1a 000 menus/var (cps) lNVEN TOR J WR/E/(E A TTORNEV Patented Jan. 11, 1949 Telephone Laboratories,
  • This invention relates to wave amplifying systems.
  • An object of the invention is to improve their frequency selectivity by negative feedback.
  • Three-terminal resistance-capacitance networks one terminal of which may be grounded, for instance a parallel T-network, have been used in the return path of negative feedback amplifiers to produce sharply tuned transmission characteristics, for example as described in Patent 2,173,426 to H. H. Scott or in his paper entitled A new type of selective circuit and some applications, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, February 1933, page 226.
  • the sharpness of the resulting transmission, Q is determined by the amount of amplifier gain available A Q factor of several hundred may be obtained in this manner.
  • the network terminal which heretofore has been grounded is, instead, used as the signal input terminal.
  • the tree-terminal network has one terminal connected to the amplifier output circuit, a second connected to the amplifier input circuit, and the third connected through the signal source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits.
  • This connection of the signal source between the third terminal of the network and the common point of the amplifier input and output circuits improves the transmission characteristic of the feedback amplifier as explained hereinafter.
  • An additional terminal is available for signal input which mixes the input signal with the feedback signalwithout requiring the usual mixing elements and which provides ideal input and network terminating impedances.
  • the gain of thefeedback amplifier which does not tend toward zero at high and low frequencies, but approaches as a limit.
  • the diiierence between the characteristics is shown by Fig. 2, from which the increase in sharpness of tuning or selectivity is apparent.
  • a double T R-C null network is used with an amplifier having 48 decibels gain.
  • the amplifier Y being, for instance, a multistage amplifier as shown in Fig. 3, and the excess gain is useful for stabilizing the circuit variations.
  • the gain of the feedback amplifier at the network null frequency is made equal to 48 decibels by inserting in series with. the middle terminal 3 of the network N a resistance R which makes the loss of the feedback path or fl-circuit at the null frequency equal to 48 decibels instead of infinite loss. This result can also be achieved by a deliberate network unbalance.
  • FIG. 3 is a fourstageamplifier, the last-stage being a cathode follower stage, and comprises vacuum tubes VI, V2, V3 and V4 with resistance 4 connecting the plate of tube VI to the grid of tube V2, resistance 5 connecting the plate of tube V2 to the grid of tube V3, and resistance 6 connecting the plate of plate of tube V3 to the grid of tube V4.
  • Terminal 3 of the network is connected through resistance R and the signal input source e1 to a terminal, shown grounded, common to the amplifier input and output circuits.
  • Condenser 8 across resistance 6 assists in maintaining thetotal phase shiit through the amplifier and feedback network less than 360 degrees at the frequencies where the amplifier gain falls off to zero (deciblesl, thus suppressing the singing tendency of the amplifier.
  • the output signal When using feedback through a network to control the transmission characteristic of an am- Pl ii the output signal must be returned through the network to the input.
  • the signal to, be amplified must; be mixed; linearly with the e dback sign at he n ut Thi s.
  • re uently d me brthe use of traosiqrmer w ose w nd n may .be inserted in series with the feedback signal ea at th in ut; by the us mixing net rks; r hrthe u of a vacuu tube to mix the t ignals In c r ain a e em-put signal o e dback igna circ t wi P rm t he injection I. one or the ot e of th se ignals. in the coli ode of th inpu s age n that case ha h. r d nd catho e are.
  • av ilabl a in ut te minals an h wo.- sis a s are linear mixed: in othe ases as in. the pr sen c e, it s desi a le tha h db c etwork ce ver h gh imped mice a i ou ut e mina s an hat itsv input impedance be fairly high.
  • a frequency selective wave translating system comprising a Wave source, an ampl -ifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifierout- .in l
  • An electric system having, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit and means comprising a: three-terminal network having a 001m mon input and output terminal and said source for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with said common terminal connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits, said network having substantially minimum transmission at a predetermined freq y and the system as a whole having parameters such as to provide substantial-1y maximumtransmission at the predetermined frequency in order to render the system as a whole selective to the predetermined frequency and such that.
  • An electric system including a, three-terminal network, said, system selectively transmitting a frequency predet r mined by the characteristics of the compiment, circuit elements of the network and one of t e. three terminals oi the network bein a common input and output terminal of the network, said system comprising, in combination, source of;- ener y, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means compris ng said network and said source for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to. the amplifier input circuit with said one terminal of; said network connected through said source to a common point of said amplifier input and output circuits, said network including means for rendering said degenerative coupling substantially ineilFcctive at said predetermined frequency.
  • An electric system selective to a predetermined frequency and comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means for degeneratively coupling the output circuit to the input circuit including said source and a threeter-zninal network having one terminal connected through said source to a common point of said input and output circuits and the other two terminals; respectively connected to said input and output circuits at points, of potentials different from the potential of said common point, said network including means for rendering the degenerative coupling substantially zero at said predetermined frequency, and the system as a whole having parameters such as to provide substantially maximum transmission at the said predetermined frequency in order to render the system as a whole selective to said predetermined frequ n v.
  • An electric system comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means I comprising said source and a parallel-T network of impedanoes for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with a common input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits.
  • An electric system selectively transmitting a prescribed frequency and comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means comprising said source and a parallel-T network of impedances for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with a common input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of said amplifier input and output circuits, said network having substantially zero transmission at said prescribed frequency as determined by the characteristics of its component elements.
  • a frequency selective wave translating system comprising a wave source, an amplifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit, and a threeterminal resistance-capacitance network included in said path with one terminal connected to a point of the amplifier output circuit, a second terminal connected to a point of the amplifier input circuit, the third terminal connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier output and input circuits of potential difierent from the potentials of the two firstmentioned points, and the transmission of said network from said first and third terminals to said second and third terminals substantially zero at a prescribed frequency and substantially unity at frequencies approaching zero and infinity.
  • a frequency selective wave translating system comprising a wave source, an amplifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit, and a threeterminal network included in said path with one terminal an input terminal of said network connected to a point of the amplifier output circuit, a second terminal, an output terminal of said network connected to a point of the amplifier input circuit and the third terminal an input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier output and input circuits of potential difi'erent from the potentials of the two firstmentioned points, said network comprising resistances and capacitances so related that transmission through said network from said first and third terminals to said second and third terminals is substantially balanced out at a prescribed frequency but increases with frequency change in either sense from said prescribed frequency.

Description

Jan. 11, 1949. J. w. RIEKEV 2,459,046
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER Filed Jan. so, 1946 RESPONSE IN db I I0 I00 moo 1a 000 menus/var (cps) lNVEN TOR J WR/E/(E A TTORNEV Patented Jan. 11, 1949 Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated, New
York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application January 30, 1946, Serial No. 644,271-
8 Claims. 1
I This invention relates to wave amplifying systems.
An object of the invention is to improve their frequency selectivity by negative feedback. Three-terminal resistance-capacitance networks one terminal of which may be grounded, for instance a parallel T-network, have been used in the return path of negative feedback amplifiers to produce sharply tuned transmission characteristics, for example as described in Patent 2,173,426 to H. H. Scott or in his paper entitled A new type of selective circuit and some applications, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, February 1933, page 226. The sharpness of the resulting transmission, Q, is determined by the amount of amplifier gain available A Q factor of several hundred may be obtained in this manner.
In accordance with the present invention, the network terminal which heretofore has been grounded is, instead, used as the signal input terminal. Thus, the tree-terminal network has one terminal connected to the amplifier output circuit, a second connected to the amplifier input circuit, and the third connected through the signal source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits. This connection of the signal source between the third terminal of the network and the common point of the amplifier input and output circuits improves the transmission characteristic of the feedback amplifier as explained hereinafter. An additional terminal is available for signal input which mixes the input signal with the feedback signalwithout requiring the usual mixing elements and which provides ideal input and network terminating impedances. P
It is an object of the invention to facilitate obtaining desirable values of input and network terminating impedances in the circuit of an amplifier having a three-terminal feedback network for controlling the amplifier transmission.
null
Other objects and aspects of the invention will and 2 frequency. A source S of signal or input voltage ex is connected from the third terminal or common input-output terminal 3 of the network to ground or the common input-output terminal of amplifier A. Then the amplifier output voltage is Thus, when T=1 there is no forward gain or, in
otherwords, the gain of thefeedback amplifier which does not tend toward zero at high and low frequencies, but approaches as a limit. The diiierence between the characteristics is shown by Fig. 2, from which the increase in sharpness of tuning or selectivity is apparent. In this case, a double T R-C null network is used with an amplifier having 48 decibels gain.
In the practical case the amplifier gain for this example is much higher than 48 decibels,
the amplifier Y being, for instance, a multistage amplifier as shown in Fig. 3, and the excess gain is useful for stabilizing the circuit variations. The gain of the feedback amplifier at the network null frequency is made equal to 48 decibels by inserting in series with. the middle terminal 3 of the network N a resistance R which makes the loss of the feedback path or fl-circuit at the null frequency equal to 48 decibels instead of infinite loss. This result can also be achieved by a deliberate network unbalance. The amplifier A shown by way of example in Fig. 3 is a fourstageamplifier, the last-stage being a cathode follower stage, and comprises vacuum tubes VI, V2, V3 and V4 with resistance 4 connecting the plate of tube VI to the grid of tube V2, resistance 5 connecting the plate of tube V2 to the grid of tube V3, and resistance 6 connecting the plate of plate of tube V3 to the grid of tube V4. Conductor [connects the cathode of tube V4 to ter- 3 minal l of the three-terminal null network N, terminal 2 of the network being connected to the grid of tube Vl. Terminal 3 of the network is connected through resistance R and the signal input source e1 to a terminal, shown grounded, common to the amplifier input and output circuits. Condenser 8 across resistance 6 assists in maintaining thetotal phase shiit through the amplifier and feedback network less than 360 degrees at the frequencies where the amplifier gain falls off to zero (deciblesl, thus suppressing the singing tendency of the amplifier.
InFig. 3 the elements of network N are pro- The Q Oi the response characteristic is given by:
h connec ion, of the p esen nv ntion. applying the signal to the network terminal that heretofore normally has been grounded, provides greater circuit flexibility and thereby achi ves t e impro d cha act r tic int u above and an economy of gain and circuit elements.
When using feedback through a network to control the transmission characteristic of an am- Pl ii the output signal must be returned through the network to the input. The signal to, be amplified must; be mixed; linearly with the e dback sign at he n ut Thi s. re uently d me brthe use of traosiqrmer w ose w nd n may .be inserted in series with the feedback signal ea at th in ut; by the us mixing net rks; r hrthe u of a vacuu tube to mix the t ignals In c r ain a e em-put signal o e dback igna circ t wi P rm t he injection I. one or the ot e of th se ignals. in the coli ode of th inpu s age n that case ha h. r d nd catho e are. av ilabl a in ut te minals an h wo.- sis a s are linear mixed: in othe ases as in. the pr sen c e, it s desi a le tha h db c etwork ce ver h gh imped mice a i ou ut e mina s an hat itsv input impedance be fairly high. By using the third terminal ofthe network in this case for the signal input terminal these impedance conditions are met without the use of transformers, mixing networks or additional vacuum tubes. The advantages of the connection can be realized with anythree-terminal network that yields a desirable transmission characteristic.
What is claimed is: I
l. A frequency selective wave translating system comprising a Wave source, an ampl -ifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifierout- .in l
4 put circuit to the amplifier input circuit, and a fierce-terminal resistance-capacitance network included in said path with one terminal connected to a point of the amplifier output circuit, a second. terminal connected to a point of the amplifier input circuit, the third terminal connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier output and input circuits of potential different from the potentials of the two first-mentioned points, and the attenuation of said network for transmission therethrough from said first and third terminals to said second and third terminals having a peak value at a prescribed frequency with lower values at lower and higher frequencies.
2. An electric system having, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit and means comprising a: three-terminal network having a 001m mon input and output terminal and said source for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with said common terminal connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits, said network having substantially minimum transmission at a predetermined freq y and the system as a whole having parameters such as to provide substantial-1y maximumtransmission at the predetermined frequency in order to render the system as a whole selective to the predetermined frequency and such that. at, frequencies substantially removed from the predetermined frequency a sufiiciently large fraction of the output voltage is fed back degeneratively to the input circuit of the amplifler so as to cancel substantially the entire caioo t e mpl fi 3. An electric system including a, three-terminal network, said, system selectively transmitting a frequency predet r mined by the characteristics of the compiment, circuit elements of the network and one of t e. three terminals oi the network bein a common input and output terminal of the network, said system comprising, in combination, source of;- ener y, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means compris ng said network and said source for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to. the amplifier input circuit with said one terminal of; said network connected through said source to a common point of said amplifier input and output circuits, said network including means for rendering said degenerative coupling substantially ineilFcctive at said predetermined frequency.
4;. An electric system selective to a predetermined frequency and comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means for degeneratively coupling the output circuit to the input circuit including said source and a threeter-zninal network having one terminal connected through said source to a common point of said input and output circuits and the other two terminals; respectively connected to said input and output circuits at points, of potentials different from the potential of said common point, said network including means for rendering the degenerative coupling substantially zero at said predetermined frequency, and the system as a whole having parameters such as to provide substantially maximum transmission at the said predetermined frequency in order to render the system as a whole selective to said predetermined frequ n v.
5. An electric system comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means I comprising said source and a parallel-T network of impedanoes for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with a common input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier input and output circuits.
6. An electric system selectively transmitting a prescribed frequency and comprising, in combination, a source of energy, an amplifier having an input circuit and an output circuit, and means comprising said source and a parallel-T network of impedances for degeneratively coupling the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit with a common input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of said amplifier input and output circuits, said network having substantially zero transmission at said prescribed frequency as determined by the characteristics of its component elements.
7. A frequency selective wave translating system comprising a wave source, an amplifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit, and a threeterminal resistance-capacitance network included in said path with one terminal connected to a point of the amplifier output circuit, a second terminal connected to a point of the amplifier input circuit, the third terminal connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier output and input circuits of potential difierent from the potentials of the two firstmentioned points, and the transmission of said network from said first and third terminals to said second and third terminals substantially zero at a prescribed frequency and substantially unity at frequencies approaching zero and infinity.
8. A frequency selective wave translating system comprising a wave source, an amplifier, a negative feedback path from the amplifier output circuit to the amplifier input circuit, and a threeterminal network included in said path with one terminal an input terminal of said network connected to a point of the amplifier output circuit, a second terminal, an output terminal of said network connected to a point of the amplifier input circuit and the third terminal an input and output terminal of said network connected through said source to a common point of the amplifier output and input circuits of potential difi'erent from the potentials of the two firstmentioned points, said network comprising resistances and capacitances so related that transmission through said network from said first and third terminals to said second and third terminals is substantially balanced out at a prescribed frequency but increases with frequency change in either sense from said prescribed frequency.
JOHN W. RIEKE.
. REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2724807A (en) * 1950-02-16 1955-11-22 Harold B Rex Frequency-selective systems
US2760064A (en) * 1952-02-11 1956-08-21 Persa R Bell Pulse analyzer
US2901609A (en) * 1956-05-02 1959-08-25 Westinghouse Air Brake Co Differentiator
US2967274A (en) * 1956-07-31 1961-01-03 Hurvitz Hyman Recording spectrum analyzer
US2987678A (en) * 1959-11-13 1961-06-06 Gen Electric Attenuation circuit
US3116460A (en) * 1960-09-27 1963-12-31 Charles H Nowlin Frequency selective amplifier methods and circuits
US3119961A (en) * 1960-08-31 1964-01-28 Melpar Inc Gated spectrum analyzer including variable bandwidth filter
US3155917A (en) * 1959-05-07 1964-11-03 Honeywell Inc Electronic apparatus
US3174111A (en) * 1961-07-05 1965-03-16 Texas Instruments Inc Twin-t filter with negative feedback
US3207959A (en) * 1961-12-08 1965-09-21 Western Electric Co Miniaturized and transistorized frequency selective amplifier circuit
US3238453A (en) * 1962-07-25 1966-03-01 John J Henry Apparatus for measuring the dielectric constant of oil utilizing an active filter coupled to a tuned oscillator
US3593175A (en) * 1970-05-08 1971-07-13 Nasa Active rc networks

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2173426A (en) * 1937-08-30 1939-09-19 Gen Radio Co Electric system
US2245365A (en) * 1940-01-31 1941-06-10 Rca Corp Audio-frequency amplifier
US2365575A (en) * 1941-12-31 1944-12-19 Gen Electric Electron discharge amplifier
US2372419A (en) * 1942-04-30 1945-03-27 Rca Corp Selective null transmission circuit

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2173426A (en) * 1937-08-30 1939-09-19 Gen Radio Co Electric system
US2245365A (en) * 1940-01-31 1941-06-10 Rca Corp Audio-frequency amplifier
US2365575A (en) * 1941-12-31 1944-12-19 Gen Electric Electron discharge amplifier
US2372419A (en) * 1942-04-30 1945-03-27 Rca Corp Selective null transmission circuit

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2724807A (en) * 1950-02-16 1955-11-22 Harold B Rex Frequency-selective systems
US2760064A (en) * 1952-02-11 1956-08-21 Persa R Bell Pulse analyzer
US2901609A (en) * 1956-05-02 1959-08-25 Westinghouse Air Brake Co Differentiator
US2967274A (en) * 1956-07-31 1961-01-03 Hurvitz Hyman Recording spectrum analyzer
US3155917A (en) * 1959-05-07 1964-11-03 Honeywell Inc Electronic apparatus
US2987678A (en) * 1959-11-13 1961-06-06 Gen Electric Attenuation circuit
US3119961A (en) * 1960-08-31 1964-01-28 Melpar Inc Gated spectrum analyzer including variable bandwidth filter
US3116460A (en) * 1960-09-27 1963-12-31 Charles H Nowlin Frequency selective amplifier methods and circuits
US3174111A (en) * 1961-07-05 1965-03-16 Texas Instruments Inc Twin-t filter with negative feedback
US3207959A (en) * 1961-12-08 1965-09-21 Western Electric Co Miniaturized and transistorized frequency selective amplifier circuit
US3238453A (en) * 1962-07-25 1966-03-01 John J Henry Apparatus for measuring the dielectric constant of oil utilizing an active filter coupled to a tuned oscillator
US3593175A (en) * 1970-05-08 1971-07-13 Nasa Active rc networks

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