US20150253853A1 - User interface system - Google Patents
User interface system Download PDFInfo
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- US20150253853A1 US20150253853A1 US14/697,414 US201514697414A US2015253853A1 US 20150253853 A1 US20150253853 A1 US 20150253853A1 US 201514697414 A US201514697414 A US 201514697414A US 2015253853 A1 US2015253853 A1 US 2015253853A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0443—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a single layer of sensing electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/045—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means using resistive elements, e.g. a single continuous surface or two parallel surfaces put in contact
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/016—Input arrangements with force or tactile feedback as computer generated output to the user
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/0414—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means using force sensing means to determine a position
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
- G06F3/0487—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser
- G06F3/0488—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures
- G06F3/04886—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures by partitioning the display area of the touch-screen or the surface of the digitising tablet into independently controllable areas, e.g. virtual keyboards or menus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
- G06F3/0487—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser
- G06F3/0489—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] using specific features provided by the input device, e.g. functions controlled by the rotation of a mouse with dual sensing arrangements, or of the nature of the input device, e.g. tap gestures based on pressure sensed by a digitiser using dedicated keyboard keys or combinations thereof
- G06F3/04895—Guidance during keyboard input operation, e.g. prompting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
- G06F2203/04103—Manufacturing, i.e. details related to manufacturing processes specially suited for touch sensitive devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/048—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/048
- G06F2203/04809—Textured surface identifying touch areas, e.g. overlay structure for a virtual keyboard
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/196,195, filed on 4 Mar. 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/278,125, filed on 20 Oct. 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/405,140, filed 20 Oct. 2010, both of which are incorporated in their entireties by this reference.
- This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/969,848 filed on 4 Jan. 2008, to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/319,334 filed on 5 Jan. 2009, and to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/497,622 filed on 3 Jul. 2009, which are all incorporated in their entireties by this reference.
- This invention relates generally to the user interface field, and more specifically to a new and useful user interface in the touch-based interface field.
- Touch-sensitive displays (e.g., touch screens) allow users to input commands and data directly into a display, which may be particularly useful in a variety of applications. Common applications for touch screens include consumer products such as cellular telephones and user interfaces for industrial process control. Depending on the specific application, these touch-sensitive displays are commonly used in devices ranging from small handheld PDAs, to medium sized tablet computers, to large industrial implements. It is often convenient for a user to input and read data on the same display. Unlike a dedicated input device, such as a keypad with discrete well-defined keys, most touch-sensitive displays are generally flat. As a result, touch-sensitive screens do not provide significant tactile guidance for one or more control “buttons”. Instead, touch-sensitive displays rely on visual cues (e.g., displayed images) to guide user input.
- Hence a serious drawback of touch-sensitive displays is the inherent difficulty a user faces when attempting to input data accurately because adjacent buttons are not distinguishable by feel. Improper keystrokes are common, which typically forces the user to focus both on the keypad (to properly input the next keystroke) and on the text input line (to check for errors); generally, the user is forced to keep his or her eyes on the display. The importance of tactile guidance is readily apparent in the competition between the Apple's iPhone and RIM's BlackBerry 8800. Touch-sensitive displays and physical hard buttons each have benefits and drawbacks, and digital devices generally incorporate one such component or the other.
- Thus, there is a need in the touch-based interface field to create a new and useful interface, for a digital display, that incorporates tactile guidance for one or more control buttons.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the user interface system with a proximal reservoir; -
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the user interface system with in an expanded state; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the user interface system with a permeable layer defining a support surface with a concave contour proximal to the second region; -
FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic representations of an embodiment of the user interface system with a porous permeable layer and without and with a reservoir, respectively; -
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the user interface system with a with a proximal reservoir and a remote reservoir; -
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the user interface system with a proximal reservoir and a displacement device that is an electrical pump; -
FIGS. 7A , 7B, and 7C include schematic representations of various operable states of the preferred embodiment of the user interface system; -
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment, incorporated into an electronic device with a digital display, and a flowchart of the operation of the preferred embodiment therein; and -
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment and a flowchart of the operation of the preferred embodiment therein. - The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.
- As shown in
FIG. 1 , theuser interface system 100 of the preferred embodiment includes: a volume offluid 110; atactile layer 120; aretaining wall 130; apermeable layer 140; adisplacement device 150; and atouch sensor 160. Thetactile layer 120 defines an outertactile surface 124 touchable by a user and aback surface 125 opposite thetactile surface 124; thetactile layer 120 further includes afirst region 121 and asecond region 122, wherein thesecond region 122 is operable between: a retracted state, wherein thesecond region 122 is substantially flush with thefirst region 121; and an expanded state, wherein thesecond region 122 is substantially proud of thefirst region 121. Theretaining wall 130 is substantially impermeable to thefluid 110. Thepermeable layer 140, interposed between thetactile layer 120 and theretaining wall 130, is joined to theback surface 125 of thefirst region 121 and defines asupport surface 142 below thesecond region 122; thepermeable layer 140 further includes a plurality offluid ports 144 that communicate a portion of the fluid no through thepermeable layer 140 to theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122. Thedisplacement device 150 cooperates with theretaining wall 130 to direct a portion of the fluid no through thefluid ports 144 to theback surface 125 to transition thesecond region 122 from the retracted state to the expanded state. Thetouch sensor 160 is coupled to theretaining wall 130 and detects a user touch on thetactile surface 124. Theuser interface system 100 may further comprise: areservoir 170 that contains a portion of the volume offluid 110; adigital display 190 that transmits an image to the user; anattachment point 180 that joins thetactile layer 120 to thepermeable layer 140; and/or a pressure sensor that detects ambient air pressure proximal to theuser interface system 100. - The
user interface system 100 functions to deform thesecond region 122 of thetactile layer 120 to provide the user with tactile guidance when operating a device to which the user interface is coupled. Theuser interface system 100 is substantially similar to the user interface system described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/319,334 titled “User Interface System” and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/497,622 titled “User Interface System,” which are incorporated in their entirety by this reference. Theuser interface system 100 preferably cooperates with a visual guide (e.g., an image output by thedigital display 190 and transmitted though the tactile surface 124) to provide a message, a choice, or any other suitable type of communication to the user, but may alternatively operate independently of a visual guide. Theuser interface system 100 preferably provides tactile guidance that is substantially adapted to a use of the device. Theuser interface system 100 may deform additional regions of thetactile layer 120, independently and/or concurrently with thesecond region 122, to provide further adaptability to the use of the device.FIGS. 7B and 7C depict asecond region 122 and athird region 123 that are independently deformed. Theuser interface system 100 is preferably applied over an image that is static (e.g., a label) or dynamic (e.g., from the digital display 190); the user interface is preferably substantially transparent to permit transmission of the image through theuser interface system 100. However, any other suitable optical property of theuser interface system 100 may suffice. As shown inFIG. 8 , theuser interface system 100 of the preferred embodiment may be incorporated into an electronic device that includes a digital display, such as a vehicle console, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a television, a radio, a desk phone, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a PDA, a personal navigation device, a personal media player, a camera, or a watch. Theuser interface system 100 of the preferred embodiment may also be incorporated into an electronic device without a digital display, for example, onto a steering wheel of a vehicle, a remote control, or a keypad. Theuser interface system 100 may, however, be incorporated in any suitable device that tactilely and/or visually interfaces with a user. - The volume of
fluid 110 of the preferred embodiment functions to transmit fluid pressure to theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 to motivate a deformation of thesecond region 122. Thefluid 110 preferably also functions to support the deformed (i.e., expanded)second region 122 when a user applies a force to the deformedsecond region 122. Thefluid 110 is preferably a substantially incompressible fluid, such as oil, water, alcohol, and/or liquid paraffin, but may alternatively be a compressible fluid, such as air. However, thefluid 110 may be any other suitable type of fluid. A portion of thefluid 110 is preferably contained within thepermeable layer 140, such as within thefluid ports 144 of thepermeable layer 140 or within a cavity (e.g., reservoir) defined by thepermeable layer 140. As shown inFIGS. 1 and 5 , theuser interface system 100 may also include a proximal and/or remote reservoir, respectively, that stores a portion of thefluid 110. However, the fluid may be arranged within theuser interface system 100 in any other suitable arrangement. The fluid 110 is preferably substantially chemically inert in the presence of thetactile layer 120, thepermeable layer 140, thedisplacement device 150, thetouch sensor 160, thereservoir 170, and/or any other element of theuser interface system 100 in contact with the fluid no; specifically, the fluid no preferably does not corrode and is not corroded by any component of theuser interface system 100 in contact with the fluid no. Properties of the fluid 110 preferably remain substantially unchanged under normal operating conditions of theuser interface system 100 or the device to which theuser interface system 100 is applied. For example, if theuser interface system 100 is used in an airplane, the properties of the fluid no preferably remain substantially unchanged between sea level and higher altitudes. However, the fluid 110 may have any other suitable chemical property. - As shown in
FIGS. 2 and 5 , thetactile layer 120 of the preferred embodiment functions to provide atactile surface 124 that is touchable by the user and interfaces with a user in a tactile manner. Thetactile layer 120 is preferably continuous, such that a user, when swiping a finger across thetactile surface 124, does not perceive any interruptions or seams therein. Thetactile layer 120 is also preferably planar (i.e. flat) in the retracted state, but may alternatively form a non-planar (e.g., curved) surface. Thetactile layer 120 may be arranged on a single plane, but may alternatively be arranged along a first plane and a second plane. For example, a portion of thetactile layer 120 may be arranged on a first surface of a device and a second portion of thetactile layer 120 may be arranged on a second surface of the device that is adjacent but not tangent to the first surface. - As shown in
FIG. 9 , thetactile layer 120 further functions to define thesecond region 122 that outwardly deforms, from the retracted state to the expanded state, when fluid is displaced to theback surface 125 of the second region 122 (e.g., fluid pressure at theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 increases above ambient air pressure); thesecond region 122 is preferably proud of thefirst region 121 in the expanded state and thus tactilely distinguishable, from the firstdeformable region 121, by the user. Thetactile layer 120 also functions to define thefirst region 121 that remains substantially undeformed despite the state of thesecond region 122. Thesecond region 122 preferably “relaxes” or “undeforms” back to the retracted state when the fluid 110 is drawn (or fluid pressure is released) from theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122; in the retracted state, thesecond region 122 is preferably flush with thefirst region 121 at thetactile surface 124. In a recessed state, thetactile layer 120 may also inwardly deform toward and/or conform to a concave contour defined by the permeable layer 140 (shown inFIG. 3 ); fluid drawn away from theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 preferably pulls thesecond region 122 into the concave contour. The recessed state preferably provides the user with additional tactile feedback that is distinguishable from the retracted state and the expanded state. Thesecond region 122 is preferably operable between the expanded and the retracted states but may also be operable solely between the expanded and recessed states or between all of the expanded, retracted, and recessed states; thesecond region 122 may, however, be operable in any other state. - The
tactile layer 120 is preferably elastic to permit deformation of thesecond region 122 in the various states. In a first variation, thetactile layer 120 is relatively more elastic in specific areas (e.g., proximal to the second region 122) and relatively less elastic in other areas (e.g., proximal to the first region 121); thetactile layer 120 is therefore preferably more capable of deformation at the relatively more elastic areas. In a second variation, thetactile layer 120 is generally uniformly elastic. In a third variation, thetactile layer 120 includes or is comprised of a smart material, such as Nickel Titanium (commonly referred to as “Nitinol”). Thetactile layer 120 is also preferably substantially optically transparent, but may alternatively be translucent or opaque. Thetactile layer 120 preferably has the following properties: high light transmission; low haze; wide viewing angle; minimal back reflectance (e.g., in the variation in which theuser interface system 100 is applied to adigital display 190 that emits light); scratch resistance; chemical resistance; stain resistance; gas and/or liquid impermeability; and smoothness (i.e. not tacky or rough to the touch). Also or alternatively, the surface may include coatings that provide any of these desired properties. Thetactile layer 120 is preferably of a suitable elastic material, such as a polymer and/or silicon-based elastomer. Such suitable materials include: poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS); RTV silicone (e.g., RTV silicone 615); polyurethanes; thermoset plastics (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)); and photocurable solvent-resistant elastomers (e.g., perfluropolyethers). Thetactile layer 120 may, however, be made of any suitable material. In one variation, thetactile layer 120 is a single homogeneous (e.g., of the same material throughout) layer less than 1 mm thick, and in a preferred variation, thetactile layer 120 is between 50 um and 200 um in thickness. In another version, thetactile layer 120 may be constructed using multiple layers and/or coatings of the same or different suitable materials and thicknesses. - The
tactile layer 120 is preferably adjacent thepermeable layer 140, and thefirst region 121 of thetactile layer 120 is preferably selectively attached, adhered or otherwise joined to thepermeable layer 140 such that thefirst region 121 of thetactile layer 120 is retained against thepermeable layer 140. However, thetactile layer 120 may be joined to thepermeable layer 140 with a portion of the touch sensor 160 (e.g., an electrode) interposed between thepermeable layer 140 and thetactile layer 120. Thetouch sensor 160 may be joined to thetactile layer 120 and thus deform with thetactile layer 120 such that the distance between the tactile sensor and thetactile surface 124, is substantially maintained. This may be particularly important in the variation of thetouch sensor 160 that is acapacitive touch sensor 160. - The
first region 121 preferably defines a border with thesecond region 122. As fluid is displaced through thefluid ports 144 toward thetactile layer 120, only fluid that is directed toward a portion of thetactile layer 120 not adhered to the permeable layer 140 (i.e. the second region 122) exits thepermeable layer 140 and outwardly expands the free portion of thetactile layer 120 to produce a deformed region of the surface; the deformed region is preferably thesecond region 122 and preferably forms a button. The first region 121 (which is joined to the permeable layer 140) preferably restricts the fluid no from exiting thefluid ports 144 adjacent to thefirst region 121; the first region 121 (and other regions joined to the permeable layer 140) is therefore preferably not deformed by fluid drawn through thefluid ports 144. Thus, the perimeter of thesecond region 122 is preferably partially defined by a portion of theback surface 125 of thetactile layer 120 that is attached to the permeable layer 140 (e.g., the first region 121). - The
first region 121 of thetactile layer 120 is preferably retained against thepermeable layer 140 via an attachment point 180 (or plurality of attachment points); theattachment point 180 may be a series of continuous points, such as a line, a curve, or area, but may alternatively be a series of non-continuous points. Theattachment point 180 may be formed via adhesive bonding, chemical bonding, welding, diffusion bonding, or by any other suitable attachment material and/or method. Theattachment point 180 may comprise a volume of adhesive or other material arranged between thetactile layer 120 and thepermeable layer 140; alternatively, theattachment point 180 may be formed by a chemical bond substantially between theback surface 125 of thetactile layer 120 and thepermeable layer 140. Methods and/or materials that form theattachment point 180 preferably result in an attachment point with optical properties substantially similar to the optical properties of thetactile layer 120 and/or thepermeable layer 140. Theattachment point 180 preferably define a border between thefirst region 121 and thesecond region 122, wherein thefirst region 121 is retained against thepermeable layer 140 and thesecond region 122 remains free to deform under changes in fluid pressure at theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122. - The
permeable layer 140 of the preferred embodiment functions to define asupport surface 142 that supports thesecond region 122 and to further define a plurality offluid ports 144 that communicate a portion of the fluid 110 through thepermeable layer 140 to theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122. A portion of the fluid 110, directed through any of thefluid ports 144 and toward thetactile surface 124, preferably outwardly deforms thesecond region 122. - The
fluid ports 144 of thepermeable layer 140 are preferably substantially sealed from the ambient environment, such as by the retainingwall 130,tactile layer 120, and/or perimeter wall; thefluid ports 144 are also preferably substantially filled with the fluid 110, which preferably prevents contamination and undesired mixing of the volume offluid 110 with another fluid. In an example in which thefluid 110 is liquid paraffin, thefluid ports 144 are substantially filled with paraffin and thepermeable layer 140 is substantially sealed from the environment, by the retainingwall 130 and thepermeable layer 140, in order to prevent entry of air into thefluid ports 144; such contamination of the fluid 110 may cause bubbles within the liquid paraffin, leading to decreased transparency and/or increased obstruction to light transmission (i.e. the image) through theuser interface system 100. In the variation that includes adigital display 190 that outputs a dynamic image to the user, such reduction of transparency and increased obstruction may be particularly deleterious to the operation of theuser interface system 100. - The
permeable layer 140 may be one of several variations. In a first variation, shown inFIG. 4 , thepermeable layer 140 is of a substantially porous material that defines a series of interconnected cavities that form thefluid ports 144; the cavities preferably contain a portion of the volume offluid 110 and direct fluid through thepermeable layer 140; thepermeable layer 140 is therefore permeable to thefluid 110. In this variation of thepermeable layer 140 that is porous, an electric field applied across a portion of thepermeable layer 140 may effect a change in the porosity of thepermeable layer 140; in this variation, thepermeable layer 140 may thus perform the function of a valve in opening or closing flow of the fluid 110 toward or from thesecond region 122. However, a heating element may alternatively heat a portion of thepermeable layer 140 to effect a change in the porosity of the portion of thepermeable layer 140 and/or the viscosity of a portion of thefluid 110. In the variation that includes areservoir 170 at least partially defined by thepermeable layer 140, as shown inFIG. 4B , cavities open to thereservoir 170 may communicate the fluid 110 between thereservoir 170 and thetactile layer 120. Thepermeable layer 140 of this variation may be substantially sponge-like. Theuser interface system 100 is preferably substantially transparent such that an image may be transmitted through theuser interface system 100; thus, thepermeable layer 140 of this variation is preferably of a substantially transparent porous material, such as transparent silica aerogel, a transparent polymer, and/or a transparent ceramic. However, thepermeable layer 140 of this first variation may be any other suitable type of porous material. - In a second variation, shown in
FIG. 3 , thepermeable layer 140 defines a series of channels that form thefluid ports 144. The channels are preferably of a substantially cylindrical geometry; specifically thefluid ports 144 are preferably defined by channels that are substantially parallel bores of substantially circular cross-sections that pass fully through thepermeable layer 140 substantially normal to thesupport surface 142. However, the channels (i.e. fluid ports 144) may be of any other geometry or cross-section. The channels are preferably substantially small enough to be substantially tactilely imperceptible to the user. The channel may also be optically invisible to the user, thus minimizing optical distortion of an image transmitted through thepermeable layer 140, though the fluid no may have an index of refraction substantially similar to that of thepermeable layer 140 to minimize such optical distortion. The channels may also be so small so as to be undetectable to the human eye, even when filled with the fluid (e.g., gas, air, liquid) of a different optical property (e.g, index of refraction) than that of thepermeable layer 140. In the variation that includes substantially cylindrical channels, each channel if preferably of a diameter less than 500 um, through each channel preferably has a maximum diameter of locum, or less than the maximum feature size distinguishable to the touch or by unaided sight. The channels may be machined into thepermeable layer 140, such as through laser ablation, bulk machining, conventional drilling, or etching. Alternatively, the channels may be formed during the manufacture of thepermeable layer 140, such as by processing thepermeable layer 140 with a mold that incorporates channel-forming features. Alternatively, thepermeable layer 140 may comprise a series of individual channels (e.g., tubes) bundled together and retained by a holding material such as an adhesive. However, any other suitable method of forming the channels within thepermeable layer 140 may be used. Because theuser interface system 100 is preferably capable of transmitting an image to the user, thepermeable layer 140 of the second variation preferably comprises a substantially transparent material, such as: glass; an elastomer; a silicon-based organic polymer, such as poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or other polymer; a thermoset plastic such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); or a photocurable, solvent-resistant elastomer such as perfluropolyether. However, thepermeable layer 140 may be of any other suitable material or geometry. - The
permeable layer 140 of the preferred embodiment also functions to define asupport surface 142 adjacent to thesecond region 122. Thesupport surface 142 is preferably rigid, thus providing a ‘hard stop’ that limits inward deformation of thesecond region 122 due to a force applied to thetactile surface 124 by the user. Thesupport surface 142 therefore prevents the user from “pressing too far” into thetactile surface 124. Thesupport surface 142 may extend beyond thesecond region 122 to similarly support any other region or area of thetactile layer 120. In the variation in which thepermeable layer 140 retains thefirst region 121 in a substantially planar form and the support surface 142 (below the second region 122) is also substantially planar, thesupport surface 142 may prevent inward deformation of thesecond region 122 beyond the plane of thefirst region 121 due to a force applied to thetactile surface 124 by the user. Furthermore, thepermeable layer 140 preferably cooperates with thetactile layer 120 to substantially reduce the size and/or number of “divots” or interruptions felt by the user when swiping a finger across thetactile surface 124, particularly along thesecond region 122 in the retracted state. The divots are preferably defined by thefluid ports 144, and thetactile layer 120 is preferably of a thickness substantially greater than the cross-section of thefluid ports 144 such that thetactile layer 120 cannot noticeably deform into a opening of a fluid port; thefluid ports 144 may therefore be imperceptible by the user. However, any other suitable arrangement of thepermeable layer 140 andtactile layer 120 may be used. - The retaining
wall 130 of the preferred embodiment functions to support thepermeable layer 140 and to prevent the fluid from escaping theuser interface system 100 opposite thepermeable layer 140. The retainingwall 130 of the preferred embodiment therefore preferably functions to cooperate with thedisplacement device 150 to direct a portion of the fluid no through thefluid ports 144 to theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122. Specifically the arrangement of theretaining wall 130 prevents the fluid 110, displaced into thepermeable layer 140, from exiting thepermeable layer 140 opposite the tactile layer; theretaining wall 130 therefore directs the fluid no closes a potential exit point for the fluid and directs the fluid 110 toward the tactile layer. The retainingwall 130 is substantially impermeable to the fluid 110 such that the fluid 110 may not pass through the retainingwall 130. In a first variation, the retainingwall 130 is joined directly to thepermeable layer 140 opposite thesupport surface 142. In this variation, the retainingwall 130 closes thefluid ports 144 opposite thesupport surface 142 such that fluid may not escape thepermeable layer 140 opposite thesupport surface 142 when thedisplacement device 150 increases the fluid pressure within thepermeable layer 140; by closing thefluid ports 144 on this side of thepermeable layer 140, an increase in fluid pressure within thepermeable layer 140 directs the fluid no toward thesupport surface 142 and outwardly expands thesecond region 122. For example, in the second variation of thepermeable layer 140, thefluid ports 144 defined by thepermeable layer 140 do not function to substantially enclose a portion of the fluid no; therefore, the retaining wall functions to provide a bottom wall to each of thefluid ports 144 defined by thepermeable layer 140, thus preventing undesired flow of fluid out of thepermeable layer 140 from the side opposite the support surface. The retainingwall 130 thus facilitates containment of a portion of the fluid no within thepermeable layer 140. In a second variation, the retainingwall 130 is coupled to but offset from thepermeable layer 140 opposite thesupport surface 142, thus cooperating with the permeable region to at least partially define areservoir 170 between thepermeable layer 140 and theretaining wall 130; thereservoir 170 may be further defined, in part, by the perimeter wall. In this second variation, the retainingwall 130 substantially resists deformation due to a fluid pressure increase within the reservoir 170 (generated by the displacement device iso) and prevents fluid from escaping past the retainingwall 130, thus directing fluid through thepermeable layer 140 and toward theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 to expand thesecond region 122. However, the retainingwall 130 may be of any other geometry and/or arrangement. - The retaining
wall 130 may be a coating applied to thepermeable layer 140 opposite thetactile layer 120, such as a substantially transparent sealant deposited thereon, but may alternatively be a separate layer of substantial thickness, such as a glass or polycarbonate substrate arranged over a digital display and adhered to thepermeable layer 140. The retainingwall 130 may also include standoffs and/or pillars, joined to thepermeable layer 140 and retaining theretaining wall 130 substantially offset from thepermeable layer 140. However, the retainingwall 130 may be of any other geometry and coupled to thepermeable layer 140 by any other method. - The
displacement device 150 preferably functions to displace fluid within thefluid ports 144 and toward theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 to outwardly deform thesecond region 122 in the expanded state. Thedisplacement device 150 may be any of several variations, including a mechanical pump (e.g., a positive displacement, an impulse, or a velocity pump), an electrical (e.g., electroosmotic) pump, a clamp, a plunger-type displacement device (shown inFIG. 9 ), or any other suitable device capable of displacing fluid. To transition thesecond region 122 from the retracted state to the expanded state, thedisplacement device 150 preferably generates an area of relatively high pressure within thepermeable layer 140 substantially remote from thesupport surface 142; this preferably induces fluid flow toward a relatively low-pressure area proximal to theback surface 125 of the second region 122 (i.e. across a pressure gradient), thus expanding thesecond region 122. To transition thesecond region 122 from the expanded state to the retraced state (or from the retracted state to the recessed state), thedisplacement device 150 preferably generates an area of relatively low pressure within thepermeable layer 140 substantially remote from thesupport surface 142; this preferably induces fluid flow away from theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122, thus retracting thesecond region 122. Therefore, thedisplacement device 150 directs a portion of the fluid no through thefluid ports 144 to theback surface 125 to transition thesecond region 122 from the retracted state to the expanded state, and thedisplacement device 150 directs a portion of the fluid no from thefluid ports 144 to transition thesecond region 122 from the expanded state to the retracted state and/or from the retracted state to the recessed state. - In a variation of the
displacement device 150 that creates a fluid pressure gradient to motivate the fluid no, the pressure gradient preferably dissipates as thesecond region 122 deforms to absorb a pressure change. Fluid pressure within theuser interface system 100 preferably reaches a steady and constant state once thesecond region 122 is in the desired state (e.g., expanded, retracted, or recessed state); thedisplacement device 150 preferably maintains this fluid pressure within the system to retain thesecond region 122 in the desired state. In the variation of theuser interface system 100 that includes areservoir 170, thedisplacement device 150 may create a pressure gradient across thereservoir 170 and thefluid ports 144 to motivate the fluid no from thereservoir 170 to thefluid ports 144, or vice versa. - The
displacement device 150 is preferably a positive displacement micro-pump, such as pump #MDP2205 from ThinXXs Microtechnology AG of Zweibrucken, Germany or pump #mp5 from Bartels Mikrotechnik GmbH of Dortmund, Germany. However, thedisplacement device 150 may be of any other suitable type. Suitable types of positive displacement pumps include rotary, reciprocating, gear, screw, progressing cavity, roots-type, peristaltic, plunger, diaphragm, or rope pumps. Suitable types of impulse pumps include hydraulic ram pumps, and suitable types of velocity pumps include radial- and axial-flow centrifugal pumps and educator-jet pumps. - Alternatively, in the variation of the
user interface system 100 that includes areservoir 170 interposed between thepermeable layer 140 and theretaining wall 130, the mechanical pump may comprise a clamp coupled to thepermeable layer 140 and thesupport surface 142, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 4 , wherein the clamp modifies the orientation of a portion of theretaining wall 130 relative to thepermeable layer 140. This preferably decreases (or increases) the volume of thereservoir 170, thus increasing (or decreasing) fluid pressure within thereservoir 170 and motivating fluid toward (or from) thefluid ports 144 to expand (or retract) thesecond region 122. - Similarly, the
displacement device 150 may deform thepermeable layer 140 to displace a portion of the fluid no. For example, thedisplacement device 150 may compress a portion of thepermeable layer 140, thus decreasing the volume of thepermeable layer 140 and motivating fluid through thefluid ports 144 to outwardly deform thesecond region 122; thedisplacement device 150 may thus “squeeze” the fluid no out of thepermeable layer 140 and toward thetactile layer 120. Thepermeable layer 140 may be deformed uniformly; for example, thedisplacement device 150 may be a clamp arranged substantially across thepermeable layer 140 opposite thesupport surface 142, wherein the clamp compresses thepermeable layer 140 by motivating theretaining wall 130 toward thetactile layer 120. Alternatively, thedisplacement device 150 may compress only a portion of thepermeable layer 140, such as the portion of thepermeable layer 140 substantially proximal to thesecond region 122. In this variation, thedisplacement device 150 may compress thepermeable layer 140 in substantially one direction, but may alternatively compress thepermeable layer 140 in more than one direction, such as vertically and horizontally, or may deform thepermeable layer 140 by twisting. However, other suitable deformations of thepermeable layer 140 that displaces a portion of the fluid no from thepermeable layer 140 to deform thesecond region 122 are also possible. - The
displacement device 150 may also be an electrical pump that provides a voltage gradient across a portion of thepermeable layer 140 to induce electroosmotic fluid flow through thefluid ports 144. Because viscous forces substantially hinder fluid flow through substantially small channels, electroosmotic-driven fluid flow may be advantageous in variations of theuser interface system 100 in which thefluid ports 144 are substantially small in cross-section. As shown inFIG. 2 , thedisplacement device 150 may generate a voltage gradient across thepermeable layer 140 by generating a first voltage at a substantially transparentconductive trace 152 on thesupport surface 142 and a second (different) voltage on a transparent conductive trace on an opposite side of thepermeable layer 140; the subsequent voltage gradient thus motivates fluid through thefluid ports 144. In the variation of theuser interface system 100 in which thetouch sensor 160 is a capacitive sensor arranged substantially between thepermeable layer 140 and thetactile layer 120, within thepermeable layer 140, or between thepermeable layer 140 and theretaining wall 130, an electrode of thetouch sensor 160 may also function as a portion of aconductive trace 152 of theelectrical displacement device 150. However, thedisplacement device 150 may generate a voltage gradient across any other suitable portions or elements of theuser interface system 100 to induce electroosmotic fluid flow. - Furthermore, the
displacement device 150 may comprise a heating element that heats a portion of the fluid 110 (such as within the permeable layer 140) to expand the portion of the fluid 110 and thus expand thesecond region 122. In this example, a heat sink may also be included in theuser interface system 100, wherein the heatsink draws heat out of the portion of the fluid 110 in order to cool the fluid and retract thesecond region 122. - The
touch sensor 160 of the preferred embodiment functions to generate an output indicative of a user action proximal to thetactile surface 124. The output is preferably readable by a processor or other component within the device on which theuser interface system 100 is arranged. Thetouch sensor 160 preferably recognizes a user action that is a finger touch on thetactile surface 124, but thetouch sensor 160 may recognize contact by any other object, such as a stylus, a palm of the user, or multiple fingers of the user. Though thetouch sensor 160 preferably detects a user action proximal to thetactile surface 124 at the second region 122 (e.g., wherein the user presses the expanded second region 122), thetouch sensor 160 may also detect the user action proximal to any other region of thetactile layer 120. - The
touch sensor 160 may detect the user action when the second region is solely in the retracted state, solely in the expanded state, solely in the recessed state. However, thetouch sensor 160 preferably detects a user touch at thesecond region 122 regardless of the state of thesecond region 122, although thetouch sensor 160 may also generate a unique output for a user touch proximate to thesecond region 122 in each of the retracted and expanded (and recessed) states. As explained above, the orientation of a portion of thetouch sensor 160 may be manipulated in order to maintain the distance between the portion of thetouch sensor 160 and thetactile layer 120 throughout the various states of thesecond region 122; this is preferably accomplished by joining a portion of thetouch sensor 160 to theback surface 125 of thetactile layer 120, as shown inFIG. 7 :FIG. 7A depicts thesecond region 122 in the retracted state with the portion of thetouch sensor 160 adjacent to thesupport surface 142 of thepermeable layer 140;FIG. 7B depicts thesecond region 122 in the expanded state with the portion of thetouch sensor 160 joined to and deformed with the back surface of thesecond region 122. - The
touch sensor 160 is preferably acapacitive touch sensor 160, as shown inFIGS. 8 and 9 , wherein thetouch sensor 160 may be a first conductive trace 152A that is a driving line and a second conductive trace 152B that is a sensing line; a user touch on thetactile surface 124 is thus preferably captured by the traces 152A, 152B by thetouch sensor 160. However, thetouch sensor 160 may sense the user touch via any other suitable technology, such as optical, resistive, surface acoustic wave, infrared, dispersive signal, or acoustic pulse recognition sensor technology. - The
touch sensor 160 is preferably joined to theretaining wall 130 opposite thepermeable layer 140, wherein thetouch sensor 160 detects the user action through the retainingwall 130, thepermeable layer 140, and thetactile layer 120. However, any portion of thetouch sensor 160 may be interposed between, joined to, and/or physically coextensive with any other component of theuser interface system 100; thetouch sensor 160 may therefore be directly or indirectly coupled to theretaining wall 130. In the variation of thetouch sensor 160 that is acapacitive touch sensor 160 comprising at least one layer of electrodes (e.g., a self capacitance touch sensor 160), a portion of thetouch sensor 160 may be arranged within thepermeable layer 140. In a first example, thepermeable layer 140 is injection molded around an electrode layer of thetouch sensor 160; in a second example, thepermeable layer 140 comprises two permeable sheets adhered, one on each side, to the electrode layer of thetouch sensor 160, thus forming a physically coextensivepermeable layer 140 andtouch sensor 160 portion. Thetouch sensor 160 may also comprise a layer bonded to theretaining wall 130 on one side and thepermeable layer 140 on the opposite, or thetouch sensor 160 may be a touch-sensitive display (i.e. thetouch sensor 160 anddisplay 190 are physically coextensive) coupled to theretaining wall 130. In the above example, the electrode layer is preferably permeable to the fluid, such as incorporating through-bores, -holes, or -slots. However, thetouch sensor 160 may be of any other type, geometry, or arrangement, such as in the sensing systems as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/319,334 filed 5 Jan. 2009 and entitled “User Interface System,” and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/497,622 filed on 3 Jul. 2009 and entitled “User Interface System and Method,” which are incorporated in their entirety by this reference. - The
user interface system 100 may further comprise adisplay 190, coupled to theretaining wall 130, that visually outputs an image to the user. To provide visual guidance to the user, the image is preferably of an input key substantially aligned with thesecond region 122. Thedisplay 190 is preferably a digital display, such as an LCD, LED, ELP, or other type of digital display commonly arranged within any of a vehicle console, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a television, a radio, a desk phone, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a PDA, a personal navigation device, a personal media player, a camera, or a watch. Thedigital display 190 is preferably joined to theretaining wall 130 opposite thepermeable layer 140, but may alternatively be physically coextensive with the retainingwall 130, thetouch sensor 160, and/or thepermeable layer 140. Thedisplay 190 preferably generates the image, and thepermeable layer 140 and thetactile layer 120 cooperatively communicate the image from thedisplay 190 to the user; theretaining wall 130 and/or thetouch sensor 160 may also cooperate to communicate the image to the user. Thepermeable layer 140 and the tactile layer 120 (and theretaining wall 130 and/or the touch sensor 160) therefore are substantially transparent, are substantially non-obstructive to light, and have substantially minimal internal reflectance. - The
user interface system 100 may further comprise a perimeter wall, substantially encompassing the perimeter of thepermeable layer 140, cooperating with the retainingwall 130 and thetactile layer 120 to retain the fluid no substantially within thepermeable layer 140. Thetactile layer 120 and theretaining wall 130 preferably substantially enclose the fluid 110 between the opposing broad surfaces of thepermeable layer 140, and the perimeter wall preferably encircles thepermeable layer 140 to prevent fluid from leaking from the perimeter sides of thepermeable layer 140. This may be particularly important in the first variation of the permeable layer 140 (which comprises a substantially sponge-like material with interconnected cavities, as shown inFIG. 4 ): fluid directed toward an undeformable (first) region of thetactile layer 120 may be redirected substantially sideways through the interconnected cavities; though the fluid 110 is thus beneficially motivated toward a deformable (second) region of thetactile layer 120, the fluid 110 may also be directed out of the perimeter sides of thepermeable layer 140, thus releasing fluid pressure within thepermeable layer 140 and limiting outward deformation of the deformable region of thetactile layer 120. (Beneficially, however, in this variation and any other variation in whichfluid ports 144 communicate a portion of the fluid 110 in a direction substantially perpendicular to thesupport surface 142, thedisplacement device 150 may increase fluid pressure within thepermeable layer 140 proximal to both thefirst region 121 and thesecond region 122 but draw the fluid 110 only toward thesecond region 122 and thus deform only thesecond region 122.) The perimeter wall thus prevents such release of fluid pressure and is preferably incorporated in this variation (and potentially other variations) of thepermeable layer 140. In another variation, the perimeter wall cooperates with any of theretaining wall 130, thepermeable layer 140, and the electronic device to define thereservoir 170. The perimeter wall may be substantially independent of thepermeable layer 140 but may also be integral with thepermeable layer 140 or physically coextensive with the retainingwall 130. However, the perimeter wall may also be physically coextensive with thetactile layer 120, retainingwall 130, or any other element of theuser interface system 100. In the variation in which the displacement device modifies the orientation of a portion of theretaining wall 130, the perimeter wall preferably deforms where necessary to accommodate the change in orientation. - As described above, the
user interface system 100 may include areservoir 170 that contains a portion of the fluid no. Thereservoir 170 is preferably a proximal reservoir that is substantially adjacent to thepermeable layer 140, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 5 , but may also be a remote reservoir, as shown inFIG. 5 . As the fluid no is displaced toward thetactile layer 120, additional fluid is preferably provided to thepermeable layer 140 by thereservoir 170; as the fluid no is displaced away from thetactile layer 120, the fluid no is preferably recollected by thereservoir 170. Thereservoir 170 may also replenish fluid to thepermeable layer 140, such as following a leak or other loss of the fluid no, though thereservoir 170 may provide additional fluid for any other suitable function. Thereservoir 170 is preferably coupled to thepermeable layer 140 via the displacement device 150 (i.e. thedisplacement device 150 is arranged between thereservoir 170 and the permeable layer 140) such that thedisplacement device 150 draws fluid from thereservoir 170 and toward thepermeable layer 140, and vice versa. Furthermore, thereservoir 170 may be substantially rigid such that thereservoir 170 does not substantially deform as the fluid no is drawn therefrom, but thereservoir 170 may alternatively be substantially deformable, such as in a variation of thereservoir 170 that is a pliable (e.g., plastic, silicone, or rubber) pouch that deforms as fluid is drawn from or into thereservoir 170. However, thereservoir 170 may be arranged in any other suitable fashion and take any other form. - The variation of the
reservoir 170 that is aproximal reservoir 170 is preferably in direct fluid contact with thepermeable layer 140, as shown inFIGS. 1 and 5 . Theproximal reservoir 170 may be coupled to (or partially defined by) thepermeable layer 140 opposite thesupport surface 142, but may alternatively be a substantially large cavity within thepermeable layer 140 and containing fluid accessible by any number of thefluid ports 144. Theproximal reservoir 170 may also includesupport pillars 139 that support theproximal reservoir 170 and substantially maintain the shape of thereservoir 170, such as thesupport pillars 139 shown inFIG. 5 . In the variation of thepermeable layer 140 that is porous, thepermeable layer 140 may accept fluid from any side; thus, theproximal reservoir 170 may be arranged in any suitable orientation to communicate the fluid no to any side of thepermeable layer 140. The variation of thereservoir 170 that is a remote reservoir is preferably coupled to the permeable layer 140 (or an additional proximal reservoir) via a channel, but may be coupled using any other suitable element or method. - The
reservoir 170 may also include asecond displacement device 150 that displaces the fluid no within theuser interface system 100. This preferably decreases the load on thedisplacement device 150 and may be particularly useful in the variation that includes a remote reservoir, wherein the fluid no must be displaced over a substantial distance. For example, the remote reservoir may be coupled to asecond displacement device 150 that is a clamp, wherein the clamp may be manually operated to displace fluid toward thepermeable layer 140. In this example, the clamp may be a hinge and/or slider on a mobile phone or any other suitable device such that, when actuated, fluid is drawn from the remote reservoir and motivated toward the permeable layer 140 (or vice versa). However, any other suitable type ofsecond displacement device 150 may be used and may or may not be substantially similar to thedisplacement device 150. Thesecond displacement device 150 may also be used in place of thedisplacement device 150. - The
user interface system 100 may further comprise a pressure sensor that detects ambient air pressure (or barometric or atmospheric pressure) proximal to theuser interface system 100. The pressure sensor may be of any type of pressure sensor, such as a piezoresistive, capacitive, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, optical, or potentiometric pressure sensor. In the retracted state, thedisplacement device 150 preferably adjusts the fluid pressure at theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 to substantially match the ambient air pressure such that thesecond region 122 does not deform undesirably (i.e. deviate from flush with the first region 121). For example, in the retracted state, thedisplacement device 150 preferably reduces the fluid pressure at theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122, when theuser interface system 100 is transferred from substantially sea level to a substantially high altitude, such that thesecond region 122 does not outwardly deform in the presence of reduced ambient air pressure at higher altitudes. The pressure sensor may also serve as a reference for thedisplacement device 150, wherein, in the expanded (or recessed) state, thedisplacement device 150 increases (or decreases) the pressure at theback surface 125 of thesecond region 122 by a pre-specified pressure above (or below) the ambient air pressure such that thesecond region 122 deforms substantially identically at various ambient air pressures. However, the pressure sensor may function and/or cooperate with thedisplacement device 150 in any other way. - As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (5)
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JP2013543184A (en) | 2013-11-28 |
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CN103109255A (en) | 2013-05-15 |
US20120098789A1 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
US9019228B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 |
WO2012054780A1 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
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JP5647353B2 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
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