CA2089932A1 - Dynamically-activated optical instrument for producing control signals - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT

An optical controller for providing control signals, emits radiation to laterally spread through a discrete volume of space above a single source of radiation. A sensor through a discrete volume of space above a single source of radiation.
sensor receives radiation from the single source as reflected from an object that is positioned within the volume of space to provide a sensor signal. A relative position of the object from the sensor signal is determined, and a control signal representative of the object is provided.

Description

1- 2~8~g~2 DYNAMIC~LLY-ACTIVATED OPTIC~L ~NSTRUM~NT
FO~ PRODUC-rNG CONTROL ~IGNALS

BACKG~OUND OF T~ INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention _ This invention relatas to dynamical:ly-activated optical instruments for producing control signals. More particularly, it relates to an optical instrument which is activated by dynamic stimuli, generally by motions of an operator's body appendages, and produces signals which can control a musical instrument, a computer-operated visual game, or other devices.

2. Description of Related Art Apparatus for producing sounds by radiation have been known in the art for a long time period. They are based on the principle of producing radiation, modifying it, sensing the modifications, and translating the same to signals, e.g., electrical or electronic signals, which, in turn, produce musical tones. The modifications of the radiation may be produced by the motion of the operator's body in a space that is traversed by the radiation. The operator will be referred to hereinafter as "the player."
~rench Patent No. 72.39367 utilizes radar radiation. The player's body reflects the radiation towards a sensor and the Doppler effect is produced, which generates signals that are translated into acoustic frequencies. The music may be generated as a function of 2~8~932 the speed of the player's motion or of his distance from the radiation source.
French Patent No. 8I.06219 uses laser radiation, which surrounds a space in which the player moves and the tones are produced by the interception of a ray by the player's body.
U.S. Patent No 'L,429,607 describes an apparatus comprising a number of light emitters and sensors adjacent thereto, tones being produced by reflecting back, e.g., by means of a finger, an emitted ray to the corresponding sensor.
WO 87/02168 describes, among other things, an apparatus applying the same tone-producing means as the above-described U.S. patent, but using retroflective elements applied to the human body to produce reflection that is stronger than random reflection, due, e.g., to the ceiling. Alternatively, random reflections are neutral-ized by confining both khe emitted and the reflectecl beams within a narrow tube. The application also describes a way of producing different octaves by sensing the order in which a plurality of laser rays are intercepted by the player's body.

PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
It is a purpose of this invention to provide an optical apparatus which is adapted to produce, in response to dynamic stimuli, control signals for generating sounds or musical notes, or optical images or the like, or operating safety devices or interfaces, which is free from all -the defects of the prior art apparatus.
It is another object of the invention to provide such an apparatus, which operates efficiently in any surroundings and is not affected by the shape and dimensions of the room in which it is placed or by objects that may be present in it.

2 ~ 3 2 It is a further object of the invention to provide such an apparatus which ad~usts itself to different surroundings.
It is a still further purpose of the invention to provide such an apparatus which requires only one source of radiation.
It is a still further purpose of the invention to provide such an apparatus which operates by means of any desired kind of radiation.
It is a still further purpose of the invention to provide such an apparatus which adjusts its sensitivity to radiation, so as to constantly provide the d~sired response to the dynamic stimuli by which it is activated.
It is a still further purpose of the invention to provide such an apparatus that is extremely simple in structure and economical to make and to operate.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a method for producing control signals b~
producing radiation in an operating environment, and producing control signals in a predetermined response to activating dynamic stimuli, such as a player's appendages, independently of the characteristics of the operating environment.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a unique optical controller for use on a micro-processor video game system that can simulate a conventional controller in one mode of operation, and further provide, in another mode of operation, expanded control functions for computer games that have been appropriately programmed to accommodate an optical controller.
It is another object of the invention to provide an enhanced play of a computer game designed for a conventional 8-function controller through the use of a 16-function or ~reater optical controller that can simulate the conventional controller and further provide 208~932 enhance~ standard functions not normally available to a player.
It is another object of the invention to utilize a single source of radiation, such as infrared radiation, and a single sensor, and to shape the radiation emission space of the source to enable a simplified determination of the location of an object in the radiation space~
It is a still further object of the invention to enable an optical controller to distinyuish between a player's hand/arm and foot/leg when introduced into a laterally-spreading radiation space from a single source of radiation.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide an optical controller that can particularly accommodate video games of action such as boxin~, martial arts, sports, etc., while permitting the player to act out the role of the video character in real life simulation.
Other purposes of the invention will appear as the description proceeds.

SUMMAR~ OF THE INVENTION
The apparatus according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises, in combination with a radiation source, at least one radiation sensor, means for activating a controlled device in response to radiation detected by the sensor, and means for regulating the sensitivity, or reactivity, of the activating means in such a way that they will not activate the controlled device in response to radiation received by the sensor in the absence oE dynamic stimuli, but will activate the same whenever such stimuli are present.
By "dynamic stimuli" it is meant those changes in the radiation received by the sensors that are produced by a person using the apparatus for the purpose of rendering the controlled device operative to produce an effect that is proper to it, such as musical tones in the case of a musical instrument, video control signals for --5~

game actions in the case of visual games, the sending of appropriate commands in the case of an interface and the like.
The source of radiation may be constituted by at least one emitter that is part of the apparatus - that will be referred to as "internal (radiation) sources" - or by means that are not a part of the apparatus but provide radiation in the space, in which the apparatus is intended to operate - that will be referred to as "external (radiation) sources." Typically, an external source may be constituted by the lighting of the room in which the apparatus is intended to operate.
Preferably, the apparatus comprises a number of panel units or "segments" (as they will sometimes be called hereinafter). Each unit or segment comprises at least one sensor and, if the source of radiation is internal, a~ least one emitter.
In a preferred form of the invention, the sensitivity regulating means comprise means for determining two received-radiation thresholds, an upper one above which the activating means activate the controlled device and a lower one below which they deactivate the controlled device, the gap between the two levels, wherein the activating means remain inoperative, corresponds to a level of noise.
In a further preferred form of the invention, the sensor produces output signals in response to radiation received, and means are provided for sampling the signals, counting only the signals that are produced, within a certain time period, by radiation having an intensity above a predetermined minimum, and generating control signals in response to the number of the counted signals.
In a particular form of the invention, the activating and sensitivity regulating means comprise processor means and logic circuits for activating emitter means to emit radiation pulses, sampling the sensor output ~Og~!932 signals in a predetermined timed relationship to the emitted pulses, deriving from the sampled sensor output siynals a sensiny parameter, comparing the value of the sensing parameter with predetermined reference values thereof, generating control, activating, and deactivating signals, and transmitting the same to the controlled device, depending on the result of the comparison.
q`he word "radiation," as used herein, includes any kind of radiation, such as infrared, ultrasonic, visible light or laser radiation, or microwaves or other kinds of electromagnetic waves and, in general, any radiation that may be emitted and received by means known in the art.
The expression "control signals," as used herein, includes any electrical or electronic signals or any signals that may be produced by the activating means in response to sensor output signals due to radiation received by the sensor. The control signals, as already stated, are used to control other devices, most commonly musical instruments or computer-controlled visual games, or other computers or interfaces and, in general, any computer-controlled or electrically- or electronically-controlled devices, generally designated herein as "controlled devices." Since a typical - though not the only - use of the instrument according to the invention is to control musical instruments or visual games, the person using the apparatus and producin~ or controlling the dynamic stimuli which activate it, will hereinafter be called "the player."
The invention also comprises a method for producing control signals in response to dynamic stimuli, which comprises creatiny radiation in a defined space, sensing a physically, generally quantitatively, definable characteristic of the radiation received at one or more points in the space, determining, in a zeroing operation, the value of a sensing parameter, having a predetermined correlation to the characteristic, in the absence of ~0~32 dynamic stimuli - hereinafter called the "reference threshold value" of the parameter - and thereafter, in the nvrmal operation O e the apparatus, repeatedly determining the value o~ the same sensing parameter ancl producing a control si~nal whenever a predeterminecl deviation from the reference threshold value is detected. I'he radiation characteristic will generally be defined in terms of intensity, but may be defined otherwise, e.g., in terms of frequency, etc. It may not, and generally will not, be quantitatively determined since it is represented, in carrying out the invention, by the sensing parameter. The sensing parameter may be defined, e.g., as a number of pulses in a given time interval, or may be defined in terms of different variables, such as a time elapsecl between emission and reception of radiation, a frequency, etc. The correlation between the sensing parameter and the characteristic may be an identity, viz. the parameter may be a measure of the characteristic, or the parameter and the characteristic may be different even in nature, and any convenient correlation between them may be established, as will be better understood hereinafter.
The correlation may be wholly empirical and it may vary in differen-t operating environments and/or circumstances, as will be better understood hereinafter.
Preferably a different contrvl signal is associated with each sensor and, therefore, with each point at which the received radiation is sensed. For instance, the output signal associated with each sensor may be used to produce a given musical tone, by which term is meant any sound having musical significance and, in c~eneral, a definite pitch which, in the customary scales, such as the chromatic scale, is physically definable in terms of basic frequency and octave, or it may produce an instruction to a computer to carry out a given operation, such as the production of an image or its modification or displacement, or any other predetermined action of any 2~g9932 device controllecl by the instrument according to the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAW~NGS
The objects and features of the present invention, which are believed to be novel, are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The present invention, both as to its organi~ation and manner of operation, together with further objects and advantages, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings .
Figure 1 schematically illustrates a poly~on controller made from eight units, according to a preferred embodinlent of the invention;
Figures 2a-2d schematically illustrate the emitters and sensors of a unit according to another embodiment of th~ invention;
Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating the operation of a device accordi.ng to another embodiment of the invention;
Figure ~ is a block diagram schematically illustrating the relationship between the units, the central processor, and the interface to the game or instrument, and the flow and processing of information;
Figures 5a, 5b, and 6 are electronic diagrams of component parts of a specific embodiment of the invention and, more precisely, of a control circuit and a panel circuit, respectively;
Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a panel circuit for another embodiment of the invention;
Figure 8 is a flow chart of a calibration and operator-sensing mode of operation;
Figure 9 is a perspective illustrative view of a video game operation;
Figure 10 is another perspective illustrative view of a video game operation;

~0~3~2 Figure 11 is a diagram of a program flow chart;
Figure 12 is a diagram of a program Elow chart;
Figure 13 is a diagram of a program flow chart, and Figure 1~ is a schematic of the emission and sensing spaces.

D CRIPTION OF T~IE PREFERRED FMBOD~MENTS
The following description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventors of carrying out their invention. Various modifications, however, will remain readily apparPnt to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined herein specifically to provide an optical controller for producing control signals.
In the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, the apparatus according to the invention comp~ises a number of panel units ~rom 1 upwards to 8 in the specific example illustrated, but this number has no particular significance and may be changed at will. Each panel unit has the form of a segment 10, so that the succession o~ those segments in mutual abutment consti-tutes a poly~on, the player generally standing inside the polygon itself. Each segment 10 comprises a bottom portion of base 11 and a top portion or cover 12, connected to the base in any suitable way. In Figure 2 a cover 12 is shown as removed from the base 11 and turned upside down, to show its inner surface. Base 11 carries a single emitter assembly generally indicated at 31 (although this latter may be omitted, as will be explained hereinafter) and a sensor assembly generally indicated at 15. The top cover 12 is provided with a window 24, over the emitter assembly, and a window 26, over the sensor assembly. The emitter assembly comprises an emitter 13, which may be, e.g., an LED ~light-emitting diode) such as 2~8~3~

an infrared emitting diode or any other kind of emitter, and preferably, but not necessarily, means for directing the emitted radiation beam in a predetermined direction such as an optical lens assembly. In the embodiment described, the optical axis or direction of the beam is essentially vertical and is obtained by concentrating the radiation emitted by the LED by means of a cylindrical lens 20 and directing it onto a mirror 22, slanted at about 45 degrees to the vertical, from which the beam is reflected generally upward. These elements are shown in perspective in Figure 2b. The reflected radiation passes through window 24 and forms an upwardly-directed beam.
The beam, o~ course, is outwardly flared from its vertex, viz. from the level of the emitter, upward, and has the general shape of a pyramid havin~ a generally ~uadri-lateral cross-section or base. The geometry of its base depends on the lens 20 which, being cylindrical, tends to produce a beam that is elongated parallel to the direction of the lens a~is. The specific intensity of the radia-tion, viz. the amount of radiation which passes through aunit surface of a horizontal cross-section of the beam, decreases from the vertex of the emission space upward.
The sensing assembly 15 comprises a mirror 25, slanting at about ~5 degrees to the vertical, on which radiation reflected by the ceiling of the room in which the apparatus is placed, or by any other reflecting body which crosses the emission space, impinges after having passed through opening 26 of cover 12, aligned with the mirror. Mirror 25 reflects the radiation to lens 27, these elements being shown in perspective in Figure 2d.
From lens 27 the radiation reaches cylindrical lens 32, shown in perspective in Figure 2c. From cylindrical lens 32, the radiation reaches a sensor, e.g., a photoelectric cell 1~, which procluces an electrical si~nal in response to the radiation received. The geometry of the sensing assembly determines a different sensing beam for each unit 10 so that the units will not interfere with ~9932 each other - viz. the optical components described and the openings in the cover 12 are so dimensioned and positioned that only the radiation from a certain space - "sensing beam" - reaches each sensor, and the radiation which reaches any given sensor does not reach any of the others.
It will be understood that the optical components previously described and their disposition are not critical, and any skilled person can select components that are different in whole or in part and arrange them in a totally or partially different way in order to obtain the desired emission and sensing beams. As already noted, it is not necessary that each segment 10 should comprise an emitter assembly. The apparatus according to the invention may comprise, instead, one or more separate emitters, each of which emits radiation that wil] be received by more than one sensor, in which case there will not be associated with each segment an emitter assembly and an emitter beam.
The operation of a ~ingle element of the apparatus, viz. an emitter and a sensor, which, in the embodiment described, are associated with a given segment 10, will now be described. It will be understood tha~ the same operations will take place for all other elements, although preferably not at the same time, in order to avoid interference between different elements.
In other words, a central processor or computer such as that schematically indicated in Figure ~ (which figure is self-explanatory), e.g., a microprocessor, will activate the several elements of the apparatus at successive time intervals, which, however, are so short as to give the effect of a continuous operation of the apparatus. It will also be understood that, as already stated, an emitter may cooperate with different sensors and, thus, may be considered as a part of a plurality of elements of the apparatus. In the embodiment illustrated, the radiation is emitted by pulses. The frequency of the pulses may be controlled by the central processor. Let us 2t~8~32 assume, by way of example, that it is 2000 pulses per second. The sensor of the element under consideration generates an output signal in response to a pulse receivsd, which i5 also a pulse, the length or duration of which increases with increasing intensity of the radiation received. To dis-tinguish it ~rom the pulses sent by the emitter, it will be called "sensor pulse" or "sensor signal." When the processor activates the element, it triggers the emission of the pulses by the emitter. After a certain time, the processor samples the output of the sensor. The time elapsed between the triggering of the emission and the sampling of thé sensor output will be called "sample delay time" and indicated by SDT. The SDT
can be changed by the computer. It influences the operation of the apparatus and, therefore, it is desirably set at an optimal value, ths determination of which will be explained hereinafter.
When the computer samples the sensor output, it senses and registers at each sampling whether a sensor signal is still being sent. If the sensor has not received an emitter pulse and, therefore, has not responded by sending a sensor signal, or if it has received a weak emitter pulse and has therefore sent a sensor signal that has lasted less than the time SDT, the computer will register the absence of such a signal (zero). If the sensor has received an emitter pulse strong enough to cause it to emit a sensor signal the duration of which exceeds SDT, the computer will register the existence of the signal (one). The computer will count the number of sensor pulses (ones) it detects during a given length of time or "measuring cycle." The maximum number of sensor pulses that could be detected during a measuring cycle is obviously equal to the number of emitter pulses that have been sent during the cycle, which depends on the duration of the cycle and on the frequency of the emitter pulses. In this example, it is assumed that the maximum number of sensor pulses is 64, 2~93~

corresponding to a duration of each measuring cycle of about 1/30-second (more exactly 6~/2000). It is seen that the number of sensor pulses detected in each measuring cycle, which will be called "intensity number" and will be indicated by IN ~and is comprised in the case described between zero and 6~) provides a measure of the intensity of the radiation received by the sensor and is, in this embodiment, the sensing parameter. However, the radiation intensity and the number IN of sensor pulses detected are not proportional, since the latter number is influenced by other factors, mainly by the value of SDT, as it is clear that if SDT increase, more sensor pulses will go undetected, all other things being equal.
The operation by which the apparatus is prepared for operation in a given environment, which will be called the 'Izeroing operation," will now be described with reference to a single sensor. During the zeroing operation, none of the dynamic stimull that will be applied to the apparatus and to which the apparatus will react in normal operation, are present. The apparatus is started and the emitters begin to emit IR (or other radiation) pulses controlled by the computer. The sensor will output sensor pu~lses and the computer will sample them and compute the IN value by counting the pulses - all as explained previously - and will register the value in its memory, all within a few thousands of a second (e.g., 30 milliseconds). Since no dynamic stimuli are present during the zeroing operation, the value may be called "idle mode intensity number" and indicated by IDN. IDN is the reference threshold value of the sensing parameter IN.
Due to the internal and e~ternal electronic and optical noise, this number is not stable and varies from measuring cycle to measuring cycle. Its maximum variation will be called "noise number" and indicated by NN. It is determined empirically by operating the apparatus in the environment in which it is intended to operate normally, which is the same in which the zeroing operation is 2~g~32 carried out, and under normal conditions, e.g., normal room temperature, and measuring IDN repeatedly over a sufficient len~th of time, e.~., one hour. Alternatively, NN could be calculated by summing all the contributions of the various components, e.g., sensor noise, amplifier noise, digital noise, external induction noise, optical noise from external radiation sources, etc., each of which is individually known or easily determined by persons skilled in the art.
According to an elementary embodiment of the invention, the apparatus could be programmed in such a way as to actuate the controlled device, be it a terminal device or an interface to a terminal device, to perform its operations when the apparatus is subject to a radiation the intensity of which corresponds to a sensing parameter IN equal to or less than the reference threshold value IDN, viz. which is not higher than the radiation it would receive in the absence of dynamic stimuli (as this expression has been defined previously). Thus the controlled device would be activated when at least one sensor receives a radiation more intense than that expressed by IDN and deactivated when all sensors receive a radiation equal to or lower than that expressed by IDN.
However, the presence of noise might cause the controlled device to be activated in the absence of dynamic stimuli.
To avoid this, the activation threshold should be increased by NN.
It is desirable to control the sensitivity of the apparatus, viz. the intensity of the dynamic stimulus that is required in order that the actuated device will respond. For this purpose, both activation or lower and deactivation or higher thresholds are increased by a factor that will be called the "sensitivity number" and will be indicated by SN. In this way the apparatus will only respon~ to dynamic stimuli that are not too small and the minimum intensity of which increases with increasing ~9~

SN. The lower and higher thresholds, indicated respec-tively as OFFIN and ONIN, will be expressed by:

OFFIN - IDN ~ SN
ONIN -- IDN + SN -~ NN

S~ is determined empirically by operating the apparatus under normal conclitions and varying it until the apparatus responds satisfactorily to a given dynamic stimulus: e.g., the action of a typical object, such as the hand of the player or an optically equivalent object, at a typical height, e.g., 1~2 meters, at the center of the area in which the player normally operates. The value of SN, and well as that cf NN, are registered in the computer's memory as known parameters, as part of the zeroing operation.
It will be clear from the above description that the fi.rst parameter to be determined or, more correctly, to which an optimum value must be attributed, in the zeroing operation, is SDT. The sensors have a typical delay time between the time they receive the optical pulse and the time they generate the electronic response. As mentioned earlier, khe length of the response signal is proportional to the intensity of the optical signal received. In order to optimize SDT, its value is set at first as close after the delay time as possible, in order to achieve maximum sensitivity. This value will be called "initial SDT" - ISDT. A weak optical signal will cause the sensor to generate a short electronic pulse, but it will still be identified by the processc,r because it samples the output of the sensor right aft~r the pulse is started. The processor will measure the IDN using ISDT.
If the resulting number is too high in order for OFFIN and ONIN to be in their designated range because of a very strong optical signal (IDN > 64 - (NN + SN)), the processor will lower the sensitivity by incrementing the SDT by l microsecond, and check the IDN again.

20~932 By incrementing SDT by 1 microsecond, the processor samples the output of the sensor 1 microsscond ISDT after their response. Only emitted optical signals which cause pulses 1 microsecond ~ ISD'r to be generated by the sensor will be identified by the processor These pulses have to be stronger in their intensity. The processor will repeat this procedure until the sensitivity decreases so that IDN reaches a satisfactory value, which should be in the range: 0 < IDN < (64 - (NN + SN)1. The SDT which produces the result will be r~gistered in the processor's memory and maintained in the normal operation of the apparatus, at least unless and until a change of environment makes a new zeroing operation necessary It may be called "working SDT" and indicated by WSDT.
These operations are illustrated in the diagram of Figure 3, wherein the abscissae are times and the ordinate is the number of sensor pulses counted in a measuring cycle. At the beginning of the zeroing operation, indicated by segment 40, SDT is very small and, as a result, IN is too high (64 as shown in the diagram).
SDT is then increased by 1 microsecond (segment 41) whereby IN decreases to 60, which is still too high. SDT
is repeatedly increased, producing the successive segments shown, and IN decreases, until an IN of 40 is reached (segment 42). This is a satisfactory value, for, with the values of SN and NN which have been previously established, ONIN is 60, comprised in the 0-64 interval.
The SDT which has produced the value of IN - which is taken as IDN = 40, based on which ONIN and OFFIN are calculated - will be used throughout the operation of the apparatus and, therefore, becomes WSDT. Slanted lines 43 and 44 illustrate how the apparatus will work in normal operation. If a dynamic stimulus is present, IN will rise from IDN to 60, which is ONIN, and the controlled device will be activated. I~ the dynamic stimulus ceases, IN
will decrease from 60 to OFFIN, at which point the controlled device will be deactivated.

2~o~

The two thresholds OFFIN and ONIN are actually numbers of pulses counted in a measuring cycle, viz. their dimension is sec1. Of course, NN and SN are expressed in the same units~ I~ the number o~ pulses emitted by tha emitter is 6~ per measuring cycle, as has been assumed herein by way of example, both OFFIN and ONIN must he comprised between zero and 6~. Increasing the number of emitted pulses increases not only the accuracy of the apparatus, but also its response time, while decreasing the number decreases both accuracy and response time.
Since high accuracy and low response time are desirable, a compromise must be reached. In most practical cases, setting the number of pulses at 6~ per measuring cycle achieves a good compromise.
During normal operation, the computer checks the IN every 30-~0 milliseconds. If the IN value rises above ONIN, the computer operates an "on" signal, viz. activates the controlled device (e.g., video/computer game, electronic musical device or interface). If the IN value is between OFFIN and ONIN, no change is effected and the controlled device continues to operate or not to operate, as the case may be. I the IN value decreases below OFFIN, the computer generates an lloff" signal, viz.
deactivates the controlled device. The gap between the two thresholds prevents noise from sending such "on" and "off" signals at inappropriate values of IN.
When more than one sensor is employed, each sensor will be assigned its own specific SDT, OFFIN, and ONIN values, and the computer will compare the IN of each sensor with its specific parameters, and will produce "on"
and "off" signals accordingly.
In this embodiment o~ the invention, the intensity of the radiation received by a sensor is the quantitatively definable characteristic of the radiation received. The number of sensor pulses counted by the processor in a measuring cycle is the sensing parameter.
The correlation be~ween the parameter and the 2~89932 characteristic is the relationship between each intensity of radiation and the corresponding number of sensor pulses, which relationship depends on the apparatus characteristics and on the particular SDT chosen. The reference threshold value of the sensing parameter is the number of pulses IN measured in the environment in which the apparatus is intended to operate and in the absence o e dynamic stimuli. The deviation from the reference threshold value which causes the production of a control ~"on" or "off") signal is a predetermined deviation of the sensing parameter, in excess, from the threshold value -preferably a deviation in excess equal to the sum of the noise number and the sensitivity number, as previously defined.
The zeroing operation has been described with reference to a single sensor. The computer will relate separately to each sensor in the apparatus and if, e.g., there are e.ight segments and eight sensors in the apparatus, the computer will concurrently zero each one of them independently. Depending on the shape of the room, the objects contained therein and the pos.ition of the apparatus within it, the various parameters, including the measuring cycle, used or established in zeroing the apparatus, may be different from sensor to sensor and from unit 10 to unit lO.
When the instrument is used, a player is stationed in the playing area, which is, in general, the area within the polygon defined by the segments lO, and moves parts of his body in such a way as to produce dynamic stimuli, by creating changes in the radiation received by the various sensors. This occurs because in the absence of a player the radiation emitted by the emitters carried by the apparatus segments, or by the central emitter or emitters, is reflected by the ceiling of the room in which the apparatus is placed, but when a part of the body of a player penetrates an emission beam and reflects the radiation to a sensor, it is closer to 2~8~g32 the emitter -than the ceiling. It is obvious that the closer the re1ecting surface is to the emitter, the more intense will the reflected radiation be. The computer will then receive from the sensor or sensors so affected/
S within the ~eas~ring cycle, a num~er oE pulses di~ferent -greater, in this embodiment, but possibly smaller in other embodiments, as will be explained herelnafter - than that which it receives during the zeroing operation, viz. the sensing parameter will deviate from its reference threshold value and reach its activating or upper threshold value. The computer is so programmed as to send to the controlled device, whenever this occurs, an appropriate activating instruction, which will depend on the nature and operation of the controlled device, Oll the particular sensor to which the sensing parameter relates, and optionally on other conditions or parameters which the computer has been programmed to take into account. As noted, the controlled device may be any convsntiona:L
device for creating electrical or electronic signals or signals of another kind; e.g., an interface, or a terminal apparatus, viz. an instrument or device for producing the finally desired effect, such as musical tones or optical images, the actuation of a safety device, etc., or even another computer. It will be understood that the computer may merely register that there is a dynamic stimulus and, therefore, produce in all cases a single output instruc-tion associated with the particular sensor which has received the dynamic stimulus, regardless of the intensity of the latter, or it may take that intensity into account and output instructions which are a function of it, viz., in the example described, a function of the number of pulses received during the measuring cycle, to cause the controlled device to produce effects of different intensities, e.g., stronger or weaker musical tones.
In this embodiment, each segment of the apparatus is provided with an emitter. However, as has been noted, a single emitter may be used for the whole - 2~9~3~

apparatusO In this case, during the zeroing operation the single emitter will beam its radiation towards the ceiling, and the radiation reflected by the ceiling is that which will be sensed by the sensors. In the zeroing operation there is no obstacle between the ceiling and the sensors, and the reflected radiation received by the latter is at a maximum. When a player operates the apparatus, he will intercept with his body part o-f the reflected radiation, and the intensity of the radiation IO received by the sensors will be lower than during the zeroing operation. In other words, the dynamic s-timuli will consist in a decrease of the intensity of the radiation received by the sensors. The apparatus will be so arranged as to respond to such decrease in the way in which i-t responds to an increase thereof in the embodiment previously described, viz. it will generate an ON signal in response to decrease of the sensed radiation below the lower limit established in the zeroing operation - which operation is analogous to that previously describad - and an OFF signal in response to an increase of the sen~ed radiation above the upper limit established in the zeroing operation.
Further to illustrate the invention, a microcontroller program for one sensor/emitter couple is reported hereinafter. The program is written in C. The term "MIDI" indicates a musical instrument digital interface (a protocol used by all electronic musical instruments).

PROGRAM

/* beginning of program */
int SDT, IN, IDN, ONIN, OFFIN; /* variables */
const int ISDT=1, N=10, SN=5, cycle time=30 /* constants */
main {) ( zeroing (); /* zeroing phase */

2~8~33~

while (0==0) /* continues normal operation */

IN=measure cycle ~); /* measure and get result */
if (IN>ONIN) out on (); /* send on signal */
if (IN<OEFIN) out off (); /* send off signal */
) ) int measure cycle () int transmission, counter;
start timer (CYCLE TIME);
for (transmission=0: transmission<64; transmission++) ( transmit pulse ();
delay ~SDT);
counter=counter+receive pulse ();
) wait end timer ();
return (counter);
void transmit pulse () {
/* procedure for transmitting one pulse */
) int receive pulse () {

/* procedure for sampling the sensor output and returning "l" of sensor high, "0" if sensor low */
) void start timer (CYCLE TIME) /* procedure for loading the internal timer to the CYCLE
TlME=90 msecs, and running it */
void wai.t end timer () /* procedure that waits until the timer measured the time loaded to it at start timer () */

2~89~3~

void out on () /* procedure for sendirlg an "on" code with a note value via *"MIDI" protocol to musical instrument */
}

void out off () /* procedure for sensing an "off" code with a note value via "MIDI" protocol to musical instrument */
) void zeroing () SDT=ISDT: /* set SDT to ISDT */
IN=measure cycle ~); /* get first IN value */
WHILE (IN>~64-(SN~NN))) /* proceed until SDT is proper */

( SDT=SDT+l:
IN=measure cycle ();
) /* leaving only if SDT proper */
IDN=measure cycle ();
OFFIN - IDN~SN;
QNIN = IDN+SN+NN;
) /* end of program */

This program should be~completed and compiled according to the microcontroller which is used.
We used: "INTEL" - 8051 microcontroller.
The emitters used: "OPTEK" - OP240 IREDS.
The sensors used: "SEIMENS" SFH205 PIN-P~IOTODIODES with TBA2800 amplifier.

It will be unclerstood that the method which is carried out by the apparatus described in the aforesaid example may be carried out by using radiations which are different from infrared radiation, e.g., ultrasonic waves 20~9932 or microwaves. In such cases the apparatus will be adjusted to emit and receive the particular radiation that is being used. The system which involves producing pulses and counting the number of pulses received in a given time interval can still be used, hut in other cases, the sensing parameter may not count a number of pulses. It may ba, e.g., a direct measure of a racliation intensity, e.g., a tension or current produced by a photoelectric cell, and the correlation between the sensing parameter and the physically definable characteristic of the radiation may be determined by the fact that the sensitivity of the cell may be adjusted so that the tension or current has a predetermined reference threshold value in the absence of dynamic stimuli. The instruction output by the computer, when the apparatus is in use, is a function of the difference between the tension or current produced and their reference threshold values. In other cases, the sensing parameter and the radiation character-istic may coincide, and the instructions output by the computer will be a function of the difference between the value of the characteristic in the absence and in the presence of dynamic stimuli. This may occur, e.g., when the radiation characteristic is the time gap between the emission of a radiation and its reception by the sensor.
However, in this case also, the radiation may be produced by pulses and the time gap measured for each pulse. The computer will then zero the apparatus by registering, for each sensor, the time gap in the absence of dynamic stimuli. It will then register the time gap in the presence of such stimuli and output and instruction which is the function of their difference.
A more specific embodiment of the invention is described hereinafter with reference to Figures 5a, 5b, and 6.

~8~32 ~2~-The embodimenk in question has two kinds of control outputs: 8-bit parallel, to control vide/computer games, and serial, to control musical instruments with MIDI protocol.
With reference to Figure 2, the following components are used: lens 27, focal leng-th 5 cm;
lenses 20 and 32, cylinclrical, focal length 1.5 cm; and mirrors 22 and 25, front-coated aluminum.
The emitter is placed in the focus of the emitter assembly and the sensor is placed in the focus of the sensor assembly. The lens 32 is p:Laced empirically in order to achieve the desired sensing beam, preferably between 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm from the sensor~
The zeroing procedure previously described has been applied to the apparatus in various rooms, and it has been found that the values NN = 10 and SN = 5 are optimal values for most environments. In a room with a 2.5m white ceiling the following values were found: SDT = 5 and IDN = 30~ ~ll the remaining parameters were calculated using the values of NN and SN. The operating height achieved was 1.2m for a standard dynamic stimuli object equivalent to a child's hand. The aforesaid results are for the worst segment. In a room with a 2m white ceiling the following values were ~oundo SDT = 8 and IDN = 3~.
The operating height achieved was lm using the same standard dynamic stimuli object.
Further illustration lists of electronic components conveniently usable for the control circuit and the panel circuit of Figures 5a, 5b, and 6 will be described below.
The panel circuit and control circuit are related to the elements of the block diagram of Figure 4 as follows: The emitter circuit of Figure ~ includes elements D2, Ql, IREDl, R2, C3, and Dl. The remaining components of the panel circuit are included in the sensor circult.

2089g32 Elements J2, U2, DZ1, R6, R5, R4, R3, R2, Q1 and Q2 of the control circuit form part of the units processor interface of Figure 4. Elements U1, Xl, C1, C2, C3 and R1 of the control circuit -form part of the center processor of Figure 4. Elements U3 and J~ for operating a computer device, and U1 serial output (pin 10) and J3 for operating an MIDI device which are in the control circuit, form part of the controller device interface of Figure 4.

BILL OF ELECTRONIC COMPONEN~S
CONTROL CIRCUIT

1~ Semiconductors _ _ _ = .
Re.com-l Quan- Re~er- mended ¦Item tity ence Characteristics Part ¦ 1 1 U1 Microcontroller 4KBYTE ROM 8051 1 usec cycle 6 I/O bits for panel control serial poxt for MIDI
8 I/O bits for external service ¦ 2 1 U2 8 line Analog Multiplexer 4051 _

3 1 U3 latch/buffer for external 74373 l device I _ ¦ 4 1 U4 voltage regulator LM3171 ~ 7.5V 100mAmp ¦ 5 1 U5 voltage regulator LM78L05 l 5V 100mAmp -Required for complex configuration. 2 Kbytes sufficient for basic configuration.
Required only if external device control operational.

208993~

_ . _ Recom-Quan- Refer- mended Item tity ence Characteristics Part _ 6 2 Ql,Q2 small signal low frequency 2N2222 switching transistor VCE=lOV
IC=50mAmps NPN
I
7 1 Q2 small signal low frequency 2N2907 switching transistor VCE=lOV
IC=50mAmps PNP
_ _ _ I
8 1 DZl Zener diode 4.9V 0.25W
_ _ I
9 1 LEDl visible LED 50mAmps _ I
1 Xl crystal 12 M~z _ . ~ ~ _ l 2. Ca~acitors _ _ .
Reco~-Quan- Refer- mended Item tity ence Characteristics Part I _ 11 3 C6, IC's C7,C8 decoupling caps lONF
I _ I
12 2 Cl,C2 3OPF
_ _ 13 1 C3 power on reset lOUF/lOV
_ 14 1 C4 regulator decoupling cap 2.2UF
.
1 C5 regulator decoupling cap 2.2U~
_ 2~89~32 3. Resistors . _ Recom-Quan- Refer- mended Item tity enceCharacteristics Part _ _ 16 2 Rl,R3 ~K 0.25W
17 2 R2,R7 lOK 0~25W
_ 18 2 R8,R4 200 0.25W
19 1 R5 2K 0.25W
1 R6 100 0.25W
21 1 R9 560 0.25W
. _ _ .
22 1 R10 2.7K 0.25W
- _ _ ~ _ -

4. Connectors _ = . . _ Recom-Quan- Refer- mended Item tity enceCharacteristics Part _ _ __ 23 1 J1 power input 2 pln lOV 0.3Amps . _ . . I
24 1 J3 MIDI outpuk 3 pln 5V low current _ _ l 1 J4 ~external device output 9 pin 5V low current I

Required only if external device control operational.

2~8~93~

BILL OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
PANEI. CIRCUIT

1. Semiconductors _ _ Recom-Quan- Refer- mended Item tity ence Characteristics Part I
1 1 Ul IR preamplifier TBA2800 70DB gain 2 1 IRED1 near IR radiation OP240A
3Amps peak current at (Optek) 1 usec 300 pps 100mW power dissipation _ 3 l PD1 wavelength matches IREDl SF~-X205 NEP=3.7E-14 (Sei-[Watt/Sqrt (HZ)] mens) . _ _ _ _ ... .
4 1 Ql VCC=lOV
3Amps peak current at 1 usec 300 pps 100mW power dissipation HFE=200 _ _ 1 Q2 small signal switching 2N2222 transistor VCC=lOV
IC=5OmAmps 6 1 D1 rectifying diode IN4001 10OmAmps 71 DZl Zener diode

5.1V 0.25W .

2~89~32 . Capacitors _ _ - __ Recom- I
Quan~ Refer- mended Item tity ence Characteristics Part l I __ . 11 8 1Cl lON/lOV l I _ _ I
9 2C2,C3 lOOU/6V l I _ _ _ I
1 C4 2.2U/6V
I _ I _ . _ _ 12 1 C6 1.5N/6V
- _ _ 3. Resistors _ . _ ~
Recom-Quan- Refer- mended ¦
Item tity ence Characteristics Part _. , . l 13 1 R1 10 0.25W l -- _ 11 14 1 R2 lOK 0.25W l I i 15 1 R3 lK 0.25W
I _. _ ~
16 2 R4,R5 100 0.2SW ¦
_ __ _ _ While the invention is particularly applicable to the control of musical instruments or computer-operated visual games, it is applicable to the control of different apparatuses. For instance, it can be used as a safety device to prevent or discontinue operation of a machine, an elevator or the like, whenever a part oP the body of a player or any other person is located where it could be endangered by the operation of the machine. In this case, the presence of such a part of the body of a person constitutes the dynamic stimulus which activates the apparatus according to the invention, and the zeroing operation is conducted taking into account the nature of dynamic stimulus.

.

Another embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in Figures 7-10. This embodiment is particu-larly adapted to address the needs of video computer ~ames, such as the Sega Genesis System. Again, a plurality of individual panels, each having an individual emitting LED circuit 100, for example, in the infrared range, and an individual sensor member or photodiode 102 is provided. Figure 7 discloses the schematic circuitry for one slave panel 134, which is responsive to a microprocessor unit 104 contained within a master panel member 132. The master panel member 132 contains a stored program having appropriate algorithms to process informa-tion from the respective slave panels 134 to enable a player to control a video game.
As seen in Figures 9 and 10, an illustration of the interface of a player with an optical controller 136 of this embodiment is disclosed. The optical cantroL-ler 136 is connected to a ~ideo game processing unit 140, which i5 only schematically shown and can constitute a commercial product such as the Sega Ganesis Video Game System. Game cartridges 142 can store game instructions on a ROM, as known in the industry, for projecting video signals that can be controlled with a player interface onto a video monitor or television display 144. For ease of illustration the video display is exaggerated in Figures 9 and 10.
As can be readily appreciated, video ~ame processing units 140 are capable of using other than a ROM
cartridge 142 for the storaye of games, such as a CD disk, which has the capability of providing a greater storage capacity and more intricate game play and images. In a conventional video game processing unit 140, a hand-held controller (not shown) having generally eight functional control switches has been utilized for controlling an interaction between the player and the progress of the game displayed on the television screen 144.

2log9g32 Numerous attempts have been provided to simpliEy such a hand-held controller to facilitate the ability of the player to enjoy the game. The optical controller 136 of the present invention has the capacity, i.n this particular embodiment, to provide 16 control switching functions, since each one of the panel units that make up the optical controller 136 can distinguish between the position of a hand, as shown in Figure ~, for a player 1~6, and the position of a foot, as shown in Figure 10. Thus, the present invention not only encourages the player to create a feeling of iden~ity and simulation with a corresponding video character 1~8, but further enables the player to naturally take advantage of the increased 16-function control switching capacities of the optical controller 136 without being encumbered by holding a hand controller of the conventional configura-tion. The player 146, when stepping within the surrounding radiation shield collectively provided by the individual panel units, can become immersed in playing the game, since his hand and foot movements will appear by themselves to be directly translated into the simulated movements of the video character 1~8. Since the radiation shield can be formed of an infrared energy, the only apparent interaction with the radiati.on shield will be the corresponding simulated movement of the video character 148.
As can be readily appreciated, the optical controller 136 of the present invention is highly advantageous with bo~ing, martial arts, and other sport action games. The optical controller 136, however, having a larger number of control functions than the manual switches of the conventional hand controller, is also capable of not only simulating the hand controller so that a particular panel and a particular high or low position on the panel, can each correspond to the conventional controller hand button, but further, the remaining additional switching functions of the panel units can .

~089~32 enable the optical controller 136 to provide alternative control functions. For example, if one button of a conventional controller is dedicated to be a firing button for a particular action video game, that control ~unction can be emulated by one of the panel units of the optical controller 136. Another panel unit, however, or a high or corresponding low position on the same panel, can provide an enhanced firing capability, for example, for a rapid fire capability that would be incapable of being accomplished by the manual manipulation of the conven-tional hand controller button. The processor 104 in the master panel 132 can, for example, when sensing the activation of the enhance~ panel functioning switch, pulse the firing signals on the conventional communication line to the video game processing unit at a much higher fre~uency to create a machine gun-li]ce firing capacity.
This enhanced game functioning play can, of coursel be accomplished without any apparent player manipulation oP a mechanical control feature on a controller. 'rhe player simply uses the dynamic stimulus of his own body in interfacing with a radiation emission space above the particular panel unit.
The processor 104 can be programmed to interface with games (or other devices) that are not designed to utilize all 16 functional control signals (assuming a hexagonal panel configuration) of the output signals. For example, a standard Genesis game cartridge accepts eight functional input control signals from a conventional hand controller (not shown); however, the optical controller 136 is able to provide at least twice that many. The optical controller 136 can recognize, by polling the appropriate addresses of the game data stored in the game medium, when a standard Genesis game is interfaced therewith, and its processor 104 can switch to a protocol designed to accommodate the interface's limitations.

~89~32 By multiplexing the optical controller 136 outputs through the 8-to-4 dacoder llO, the processor 104 enables an attached standard Genesis game to further utilize the capabilities of th~ optical controller 136 when tha player activates the game inputs in a particular manner reco~nizable to the optical controller 136 via its programming. For example, a player's activation of one panel with his hand, while simultaneously activating another panel with his foot, might cause the data normally present on a first data line to be replaced with data present on a ninth data line.
As an example, a first data line could provide a firing control signal limited by the manual depressin~ of a button on a conventional controller, while the ninth data line would provide firing control signals at a high repetition rate to create a machine gun firing action which would constitute enhanced play action.
Referring to Figure 7, the processor chip 104 can first initialize the variables utilized in its computations. As described earlier, various thresholds can be set and are updated depending upon the reflective characteristics of the room within which the optical controller is to be operated. In this embodiment, a single emitter such as that which is contained within LED
circuit 100 is mounted on each of the individual panels, and a single sensor member or photodiode 102 will sense the reflected radiation from the position of a player appendage such as the hand/arm or foot/leg of the player 146. The optical system, shown in Figure 2, complementing the emission of the radiation from LED
circuit 100 will spread the emitted radiation into an elongated emission space above the specific panel unit so that the radiation in one lateral direction will be simultaneously spread to a lesser degree than in a radial direction to provide a truncated emission space. Since this radiation is being simultaneously emitted throughout this space, when a hand, as shown in Figure 9, is inserted 2~8~2 -3~-into ~his radiation space, the amount of energy reflected back to the sensor member 102 will be a function oE the relative height of the appPndage from the emitting source of radiation. The pOSitiOIl of an appenclage such as a foot or leg at a lower height will reflect a larger percentage of radiation back to the sensor member 102. Since it is assume~ that the player 1~6 will operate the game while standing in an upright position, an empirical determina-tion of a threshold value of radiation received by the sensor can be utilized to determine whether or not the appendage inserted by the player 1~6 is, in fact, a hand/arm or a foot/leg. Thus, a determination can be made of the relative position of the appendage or object in the emission space, depending upon the ~uantity of radiation that is received by the sensor member 102.
Thus, the intensity of the light received by a panel's photodiode sensing member 102 during a predet:er-mined time interval is indicative of whether or not a hand/arm or foot/leg has been inserted within the optical path of the radiation space corresponding to that particular panel. The processor 104 in the master panel 132 can cause a sequential scanning of each oP the slave panels 134 to determine the status of each panel unit. It should be noted that each of the emitter members on each panel unit is not fired simultaneously, but is sequentially fired to prevent erroneous radiation from being received by other sensor members of the other panel units. This permits each panel unit to have identical emitter and sensor components.
The status of each panel unit is determined by comparing values corresponding to the intensity of the light received by each panel (hereinafter COUNTER_HX
represents this value) with the following thresholds:
OF~_LEVEL, ON_LEVEL, and LOW_LEVEL.
I~ COUNTER_HX < OFF_LEVEL, then the panel unit enters into "Operate Panel Off" mode. If OFF_LEVEL <
COUNTER_HX < ON_LEVEL, there is no chan~e in the operation 20~932 mode. If COUNTER_HX > ON_LEVEL, then the panel unit enters into "Operate Panel On" mode. Similarly, i~
COUNTER_HX > LOW_I.EVEL, then the panel unit enters into "Operate Panel Low" mode.
The aforementioned processor 104, referred to in Figure 7 as U5, enables the electronics~ transmittex logic 106, thereby firing the panel's LED circuit 100, enabling the receiver circuitry 108, and setting up the next panel unit. Fi~ure 7 illustrates a preferred embodiment of transmitter logic 106 consisting of NAND
gates 112, 114, 116, and 118, D flip-flop 120, and transistor 122. Additionally, power stabilizing circuit 124 is shown connected to D flip-flop 120 and photodiode 102.
A signal corresponding to the intensity of the light emitted from LED circuit 100 and received by photodiode 102 is output by photodiode 102 to receiv:ing circuit 108. Receiving circuit 108 may be a TBA 2800 infrared preamplifier chip made by ITT or a similar device that is capable of outputting pulses varying in width, wherein such variance is indicative of the magnitude or intensity of radiation of signals received by the receiving circuit 108 over a predetermined time inkerval.
Variations in the aforementioned pulse width convey information which can be utilized by the processor 104 to identify the object which has traversed the optical path between LED circuit 100 and photodiode 102. This can be accomplished by empirically identifying an intensity level which can be used for comparison purposes to distinguish between an object in an upper space of a panel radiation space (e.g., hand/arm) and a lower space (e.g., foot/leg).
The pulses output from receiving circuit 108 further provide an input to NAND gate 118 within transmitter logic 106. Processor 104, which, in a preferred embodiment, may be an Intel 8051 chip, provides outputs P1.0 and P1.1 to transmitter logic 106 and receives an interrupt signal INT1 therefrom. More 2~9~32 specifically, output Pl.0 is provided to NAND gate 116 as an input and to D flip-flop 120 as a clock.
Processor lO~'s output P1.1 is provided as an input to D flip-flop 120 and as an input to NAND gate 114.
When signal P1.1 goes l'high", the transmitter logic is enabled. NAND gate 118 receives the Q output of D flip-flop 120 and the aforementioned output signal from receiving circuit 108 and provides an input to transistor 122. The output of transistor 122 is connected to the DATA line and output to processor 104 as an interrupt signal INT1. This interrupt indicates that the receiver circuit 108 has received LED circuit lOO's light emission and that receiver circuit 108 has output information corresponding thereto in the form of a pulse.
When processor 104 receives interrupt signal INTl, the appropriate counters are reset prior to firing the next panel's LED circuit 100.
LED circuit 100 includes firing circuitry which is connected to the output of NAND gate 112 of transmitter logic 106. NAND gate 112 fires LED circuit 100 in response to processor 104's outputs Pl.0 and P1.1 r as is illustrated in Figure 7.
Processor 104 interfaces with the video game processing unit 138 via an 8 to-4 decoder 110 which acts as a multiplexer. The game processing unit 138, via~
connector P~, sends a signal INT0 to 8-to-4 decoder llO to indicate which data the game processing unit 138 is ready to receive from processor 104.
Figure 8 is a flo~ chart representation of the algorithms executed by processor 104. After power is initially applied to processor 104, initialization 130 of processor 104's variables is automatically performed.
Thereafter, processor 104 enters into loop 140 (the second step of processor's 104 autozeroing routine) wherein processor 104 scans the panels until it has detPrmined that the system is stabilized.

9 3 ~

The final portion of the aforementioned autozeroing routine consists of step 150 wherein a variable (e.g., ON_LEVEL) for each panel is set to an operating reference level, the determination of which depends upon the ambient conditions within which the system is being operated.
Figure 8, in step 160, further shows how processor 104 differentiates between a player's hand and foot by scanning the panels, summing the results of the scanning over a predetermined time interval, and storing the results thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned stored values are indicative of the amount of light intensity reflected back toward and received by each panel. Such values necessarily fall within numerical regions defined by threshold values stored within processor 104.
Steps 170 and 180 illustrate that processor 104 responds to a level of received light Ealling below an OFF_LEVEL threshol~ by deactivating the game panel. When there is no interference with the optical path between L~
circuit lO0 and photodiode 102, the reflected level of light falls below the OFF_LEVEL threshold when tha system is properly calibrated.
If the intensity of light received by a panel exceeds the aforementioned OFF_LEVEL threshold and is below another threshold called the ON_LEVEL threshold, the system deems the received light to be within the boundary of a noise band defined by these two thresholds. When the received intensity level is as described immediately above, step 1~0 shows that processor 104 does n~t change the operational status of the system in response to what is categorized as mere noise.
However, when the reElected and thereafter received light is of an intensity which is above the ON_LEVEL threshold, steps 190 and 200 illustrate that processor 104 activates the game panel in response thereto. The level of received light is higher because 9~
-3~-either the player's hand or foot has interfered with the optical path between LED circuit 100 and photodiode 102.
Step 210 shows how the processor 10~ utiliæes an additional threshold, LOW_LEVEL threshold, to distinguish between the player's hand/arm and foot/leg.
A greater amount of light is typically reflected back toward the panel when the player's foot crosses the optical path than when the player's hand crosses there-through because of the relative vertical position to the emitter member 100 (see Figure 103. Accordingly, and as illustrated by steps 210, 220, and 230, the amount of light received by the panel when this stage of the processing algorithm is reached will necessarily fall above or below the LOW_LEVEL threshold. When the amount of light received falls below the LOW_LEVEL thre~hold, step 220 shows that processor 104 thereafter determines that the player's hand is over the panel. Conversely, when the amount of light received is above the low-level threshold, step 230 shows that processor 104 thereafter determines that the player's foot is over the panel.
Figure 11 discloses schematic program steps for a game processor unit (GPU) interrupt. Step 240 indicates that any panel unit transmission of IR will be stopped in order to prevent a power overload on any individual panel unit LED circuit 100. Step 250 is a decisional step to check the game status and, more particularly, to determine if an ordinary or regular game cartridge or game data has been inserted into the game processing unit 138, or whether game data capable of utilizing the full functions of the optical controller 136 capability has been inserted. The optical controller 136 is designed to emulate a regular hand controller by default.
Accordingly, if the decision at step 250 is that a regular game capability is indicated on one of the communication lines from the game processor unit 138, then the optical controller 136 will function to emulate a standard hand controller. Alternatively, if an optical controller ~8g~32 capability is indicated, then at step 260 a signal will be generated to indicate an optical controller interface with the game processor unit 13~. At step 270, data will be transferred, that is functional control signals, using an optical controller protocol to the GPU.
An additional flow chart is shown in Figure 12 to broadly describe a program for controlling the optical controller 136. An initiation step takes place at step 280, followed by a step of enabling the scanning interrupt at step 290. At step 300, a predetermined scan cycle of the panel units is instigated to provide measurement data to permit, at step 310, the setting of operating reference values. I~ an error is detected at step 320; for example, if the optical controller 136 detects abnormally high intensity reflections in one of the panels during the determination of the operating threshold values, the procedure of steps 300 and 310 are repeated. Subsequently, the game processing unit interrupts are enabled at step 330. At step 340 the program can service both the operational scanning to determine the input of control signals, and the GPU
interrupts and, in addition, can perform enhanced power functions. As can be appreciated, the enhanced power functions described above are performed by the optical controller, and the game will accept those signals in the ordinary play of the game.
Referring to Figure 13, a simplified flow chart of the scannin~ interrupt is disclosed. At step 350 the panels are scanned and the radiation that has been sensed as output signals is accumulated. At step 360 there is an updating of the entire panel status, and there is an output of the emulation results to the GPU. Finally, at step 370 the program sets the timeout value for the next interrupt scan.

9 3.2 --~o--Referring to Figure 1~, a schematic example view of one form of emission space 2 of the radiation projected through wlndow 24 of the panel 10 and the sensing space 4 (in cross-sectional lines) received through the window 26 is shown.
While some embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood that the invention can be carried into practice with a number of variations, modifications, and adaptations, without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the claims.

Claims (19)

What Is Claimed Is.

1. An optical controller for providing control signals, comprising:
means for emitting radiation to laterally spread through a discrete volume of space above a single source of radiation;
sensor means for receiving radiation from the single source as reflected from an object that is positioned within the volume of space to provide a sensor signal;
means for determining a relative position of the object from the sensor signal; and means for providing a control signal representative of the object position.

2. The invention of Claim 1, wherein the means for emitting radiation includes an optical system to emit radiation into an elongated emission space from the radiation source such that the radiation in one lateral direction is simultaneously spread to a lesser degree than in a radial direction to provide a truncated emission space.

3. The invention of Claim 2, wherein a plurality of means for emitting radiation is provided, each including an individual elongated emitting panel member that is operatively connected with the other panel members, each panel member includes an emitting source of radiation and a sensor member, the panel members are positioned to discretely surround a player at a predetermined distance from a player's body so that an extension of a player appendage approximately in a horizontal plane will extend into a radiation space, each emitting source of radiation emitting radiation to laterally spread through a discrete volume of space above an individual emitting source.

4. The invention of Claim 3, further including a master panel member having a microprocessor unit for determining a relative position of a player appendage from the sensor signals of each emitting panel and for providing a control signal representative of the appendage position.

5. The invention of Claim 4, wherein each emitting panel includes logic circuitry to activate a predetermined emission and sensing of radiation and to sequentially initiate the activation of a subsequent emitting panel.

6. The invention of Claim 4, wherein the means for determining includes measuring the quantity of radiation reflected from the appendage to determine which one of an arm and a leg of a player has been positioned in a radiation space of an individual emitting source.

7. The invention of Claim 6, wherein the master panel member has calibration means for initially activating the emission and sensing of each individual emitting panel a predetermined number of times to establish a calibration of the optical controller to compensate for ambient conditions.

8. The invention of Claim 7, wherein the calibration means determines at least two radiation threshold values, a lower threshold value which defines ambient conditions, and an upper threshold value which must be exceeded to provide a control signal.

9. The invention of Claim 7, wherein the means for providing a control signal includes means for sampling the sensor signals, counting only the sensor signals that are produced within a predetermined time period, by reflected radiation having an intensity above a predeter-mined minimum value, and generating control signals in response to an average of the control sensor signals.

10. The invention of Claim 7, wherein the activation means calibrates the optical controller by calculating a plurality of threshold values corresponding to different levels of intensity received by the sensor members and defines the permissive boundaries of various operating modes that are recognized by a microprocessor unit.

11. The invention of Claim 7, wherein a plurality of threshold values is calculated for each panel.

12. The invention of Claim 8, wherein the microprocessor unit initially activates the emission of radiation pulses and samples the respective sensor signals in a predetermined time relationship to the emitted radiation to derive a sensing parameter, the sensing parameter is compared with the threshold values, and the microprocessor unit further generates control signals depending on the comparison.

13. The invention of Claim 10, wherein the plurality of threshold values consists of:
an off-level threshold corresponding to an intensity level below which an optical path corresponding to the sensor member is deemed not to be interrupted by a player's hand or foot;
an on-level threshold corresponding to an intensity level above which the optical path corresponding to the sensor member is deemed to be interrupted by one of a player's hand or foot and, in conjunction with the off-level threshold, defining an intensity region within which any interference with the aforementioned optical path are deemed to be noise, the detection of an intensity level deemed to be within the aforementioned noise region does not affect the status of the microprocessor unit with respect to whether or not it has detected a player's hand or foot; and a low-level threshold greater than the on-level threshold and corresponding to an intensity level above which a player's foot is detected and below which a player's hand is detected.

14. The invention of Claim 11, wherein the plurality of threshold values are determined by further incorporating responsivity/sensitivity characteristics of the sensor member.

15. An improved video game controller for use with a game processor unit that can display a game from stored data and permits a player interaction to thereby control the progress of the game, comprising:
an optical controller that can be connected to the game processor unit, including:
emitting means for emitting radiation into a predetermined radiation space to discretely surround a player at a predetermined distance from a player's body so that an extension of a player appendage approximately in a horizontal plane will extend into the radiation space, the emitting means including a plurality of individual emitting members, each member emitting radiation to laterally spread through a discrete volume of space above an individual emitting member;
means for sequentially activating only one emitting member at a time;
sensor means for receiving radiation reflected from an object that is positioned within the radiation space to provide a sensor signal;
means for determining a relative position of the appendage in the radiation space from the sensor signal; and means for providing a control signal to the game processor unit representative of the position of the appendage.

16. The invention of Claim 15, further including a game cartridge with a ROM memory storing a game including a simulated martial arts performing character capable of striking a foe with arm and leg kicks, the means for providing a control signal further providing a signal to activate one of an arm and leg kick corresponding to a determination of a relative position of the player appendage position.

17. The invention of Claim 16, wherein the means for determining a relative position further determines the intensity of reflected radiation to determine the appendage is positioned relatively close to an individual emitting member or relatively at a further distance from the individual emitting member.

18. An improved video game system, comprising:
a game processor unit for displaying a game on a display screen;
a stored game medium having data for playing a game that is connected to the game processor;
an optical controller for providing a player input of a predetermined number of functional control signals for game play connected to the game processor;
means in the optical controller for determining if the stored game medium can be activated by the predetermined number of functional control signals and, if affirmative, providing the predetermined functional control signals when requested by the game processor unit and, if not, simulating those functional control signals, of a number less than the predetermined number that will play the game;

the optical controller further including:
means for emitting radiation in discrete volumes of spaces to extend about the player;
sensor means for receiving radiation reflected from a player from the radiation volumes of space;
means for determining a specific volume of space interacting with the player; and means for providing functional control signals to the game processor unit depending on the radiation sensed by the sensor means and the means for determining.

19. The invention of Claim 18, wherein the optical controller, after determining that a game requires less than the predetermined number of functional control signals, available from the optical controller, can utilize those remaining available functional control signals, above the number to simulate required by the game, an enhanced play action as an alternative functional control signal to that game.