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Carcharhinus leucas Bull Shark

Carcharhinus leucasis commonly referred to as Bull Shark. Difficulty in the aquarium: Experts only! Very hard to keep. A aquarium size of at least 1000000 Liter is recommended. Toxicity: Toxic hazard unknown.

Profilbild Urheber Bo Davidsson, Schweden

Copyright Bo Davidsson, Foto: Playa del Carmen, Mexiko


Courtesy of the author Bo Davidsson, Schweden . Please visit www.bodavidsson.com for more information.

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lexID:
2823 
AphiaID:
105792 
Scientific:
Carcharhinus leucas 
German:
Bullenhai, Stierhai, Gemeiner Grundhai 
English:
Bull Shark 
Category:
Sharks 
Family tree:
Animalia (Kingdom) > Chordata (Phylum) > Elasmobranchii (Class) > Carcharhiniformes (Order) > Carcharhinidae (Family) > Carcharhinus (Genus) > leucas (Species) 
Initial determination:
(Müller & Henle, ), 1839 
Occurrence:
Gambia, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Circumtropic, Columbia, Ecuador, Fiji, Florida, Guatemala, Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico, Guyana, India, Indian Ocean, Irak, Iran, Mozambique, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Queensland (Australia), Rangiroa, Senegal, South-Africa, Tansania, Thailand, The Bahamas, the Caribbean, The Gulf of Guinea, Tuamoto Islands, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam 
Marine Zone:
Subtidal, sublittoral, infralittoral, deep zone of the oceans from the lower limit of the intertidal zone (intertidal) to the shelf edge at about 200 m water depth. neritic. 
Sea depth:
1 - 150 Meter 
Size:
88.58" - 157.48" (225cm - 400cm) 
Weight:
317 kg 
Temperature:
°F - 82.4 °F (°C - 28°C) 
Food:
Big fish, Crabs, Crustaceans, Edible crab, Lobster, Predatory, Rock lobster, Sepia, Small Sharks, Snails, Stringrays (small ones) 
Tank:
219978.44 gal (~ 1000000L)  
Difficulty:
Experts only! Very hard to keep 
Offspring:
Not available as offspring 
Toxicity:
Toxic hazard unknown 
CITES:
Not evaluated 
Red List:
Near threatened (NT) 
Related species at
Catalog of Life:
 
Author:
Publisher:
Meerwasser-Lexikon.de
Created:
Last edit:
2021-10-23 14:11:27 

Info

(Müller & Henle, 1839)

Synonyms:
Carcharhinus azureus (Gilbert & Starks, 1904)
Carcharhinus nicaraguensis (Gill, 1877)
Carcharhinus vanrooyeni Smith, 1958
Carcharhinus zambezensis (Peters, 1852)
Carcharias azureus Gilbert & Starks, 1904
Carcharias leucas Müller & Henle, 1839
Carcharias spenceri Ogilby, 1910
Carcharias zambesensis Peters, 1852
Carcharias zambezensis Peters, 1852
Carcharinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Carcharinus zambesensis (Peters, 1852)
Carcharinus zambezensis (Peters, 1852)
Eulamia nicaraguensis Gill, 1877
Galeolamna bogimba Whitley, 1943
Galeolamna greyi mckaili Whitley, 1945
Galeolamna leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Galeolamna mckaili Whitley, 1945
Prionodon platyodon Poey, 1860
Squalus obtusus Poey, 1861
Squalus platyodon (Poey, 1860)

Classification: Biota > Animalia (Kingdom) > Chordata (Phylum) > Vertebrata (Subphylum) > Gnathostomata (Superclass) > Pisces (Superclass) > Elasmobranchii (Class) > Neoselachii (Subclass) > Selachii (Infraclass) > Galeomorphi (Superorder) > Carcharhiniformes (Order) > Carcharhinidae (Family) > Carcharhinus (Genus) > Carcharhinus leucas (Species)

Shark bites can be quite lethal to humans, especially the 10 most dangerous shark species are considered and can launch unprovoked attacks from humans: - Great white shark - Bull shark - Tiger shark - Sand tiger shark - Blacktip shark - Bronze shark - Spinner shark - Blue shark - Hammerhead shark - Whitetip shark The bite by a shark is one of the most basic fears of humans, but the number of deaths caused by shark attacks is very low: in 2015 there were 98 attacks by sharks and in 6 cases the attack resulted in a fatal end for humans. In 2016 there were 107 attacks by sharks and in 8 cases the attack resulted in a fatal end for humans. Sources: http://hai.ch/Hai-Infos/Unfaelle/index.html http://www.focus.de/reisen/videos/auch-urlaubsorte-betroffen-schrecklicher-rekord-2016-gab-es-mehr-hai-angriffe-als-je-zuvor_id_6519581.html http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/hai-angriffe-erreichen-2015-rekordhoch-weiterer-anstieg-erwartet-a-1076339.html http://www.zeit.de/2016/37/haie-toetung-tierschutz-surfer
In 2022, there were a total of 108 shark attacks in the USA.

Conversely, however, 100 million sharks were killed by humans. http://www.zeit.de/2016/37/haie-toetung-tierschutz-surfer The risk of being bitten by a shark varies greatly from region to region, with most attacks occurring in Florida, Australia and South Africa. Please be careful not to go into the water with bleeding skin wounds, heed bathing warnings from the authorities and be very careful when using surfboards, as sharks can easily confuse the boards with seals and harbour seals. After shark bites, always call a doctor or / and the rescue service as soon as possible, as heavy bleeding can be life-threatening.

https://worldanimalfoundation.org/advocate/shark-attack-statistics/

Scientific paper

  1. First evidence of multiple paternity in the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), Pirog, Agathe; Jaquemet, S�bastien; Soria, Marc; Magalon, H�l�ne , 2015
  2. Individual variation in ontogenetic niche shifts in habitat use and movement patterns of a large estuarine predator (Carcharhinus leucas), Matich, Philip; Heithaus, Michael R. , 2015
  3. Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) exclusion properties of the sharksafe barrier and behavioral validation using the ARIS technology, O’Connell, Craig P.; Hyun, Saang-Yoon; Rillahan, Chris B.; He, Pingguo , 2014
  4. Evaluation of an underwater biopsy probe for collecting tissue samples from bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, Daly, R; Smale, MJ , 2013
  5. Comparative Feeding Ecology of Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in the Coastal Waters of the Southwest Indian Ocean Inferred from Stable Isotope Analysis, Daly, Ryan; Froneman, Pierre W.; Smale, Malcolm J.; Klimley, A. Peter , 2013
  6. Evidence for reproductive philopatry in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas, B. J. Tillett; M. G. Meekan; I. C. Field; D. C. Thorburn; J. R. Ovenden, 2012
  7. Effect of Human Body Position on the Swimming Behavior of Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, Amin, Raid; Ritter, Erich , 2012
  8. Assessment of acid–base derangements among bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), bull (Carcharhinus leucas), and lemon (Negaprion brevirostris) sharks from gillnet and longline capture and handling methods, Michael W. Hyatt; Paul A. Anderson; Patrick M. O'Donnell; Ilze K. Berzins, 2012
  9. Phylogeography and conservation of the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA, S. A. Karl; A. L. F. Castro; J. A. Lopez; P. Charvet; G. H. Burgess, 2011
  10. Branchial osmoregulation in the euryhaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas: a molecular analysis of ion transporters, Reilly, B. D.; Cramp, R. L.; Wilson, J. M.; Campbell, H. A.; Franklin, C. E. , 2011
  11. A multi-faceted approach for quantifying the estuarine - nearshore transition in the life cycle of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, Werry, J. M.; Lee, S. Y.; Otway, N. M.; Hu, Y.; Sumpton, W. , 2011
  12. Similar life history traits in bull (Carcharhinus leucas) and pig-eye (C. amboinensis) sharks, Tillett, Bree J.; Meekan, Mark G.; Field, Iain C.; Hua, Quan; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. , 2011
  13. Habitat use and movement patterns of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas determined using pop-up satellite archival tags, J. K. Carlson; M. M. Ribera; C. L. Conrath; M. R. Heupel; G. H. Burgess, 2010
  14. Long-term presence and movement patterns of juvenile bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas , in an estuarine river system, Heupel, Michelle R.; Yeiser, Beau G.; Collins, Angela B.; Ortega, Lori; Simpfendorfer, Colin A. , 2010
  15. Size-based variation in intertissue comparisons of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier), Campana, Steven; Matich, Philip; Heithaus, Michael R.; Layman, Craig A. , 2010
  16. Catching and tracking the world's largest Zambezi (bull) shark Carcharhinus leucas in the Breede Estuary, South Africa: the first 43 hours, McCord, ME; Lamberth, SJ , 2009
  17. Movement patterns and water quality preferences of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Florida estuary, Lori A. Ortega; Michelle R. Heupel; Philip Van Beynen; Philip J. Motta, 2009
  18. Movement and distribution of young bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in a variable estuarine environment, Heupel, MR; Simpfendorfer, CA , 2008
  19. Rectal gland morphology of freshwater and seawater acclimated bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, R. D. Pillans; J. P. Good; W. G. Anderson; N. Hazon; C. E. Franklin, 2008
  20. Occurrence, home range and movement patterns of juvenile bull ( Carcharhinus leucas ) and lemon ( Negaprion brevirostris ) sharks within a Florida estuary, Yeiser, B. G.; Heupel, M. R.; Simpfendorfer, C. A. , 2008
  21. Cloning and expression of aquaporin water channels in the euryhaline bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, L. Meischke; C. Cutler; G. Cramb, 2007
  22. Long-term Declines in Two Apex Predators, Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and Alligator Gar (Atractosteus spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain, an Oligohaline Estuary in Southeastern Louisiana, Martin T. O'Connell, Travis D. Shepherd, Ann M. U. O'Connell and Ransom A. Myers, 2007
  23. Long-term declines in two apex predators, bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary in southeastern Louisiana, Martin T. O’Connell; Travis D. Shepherd; Ann M. U. O’Connell; Ransom A. Myers, 2007
  24. Plasma and erythrocyte solute properties of juvenile bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, acutely exposed to increasing environmental salinity, Richard D. Pillans; W. Gary Anderson; Jonathan P. Good; Susumu Hyodo; Yoshio Takei; Neil Hazon; Craig E. Franklin, 2006
  25. The effects of freshwater to seawater transfer on circulating levels of angiotensin II, C-type natriuretic peptide and arginine vasotocin in the euryhaline elasmobranch, Carcharhinus leucas, W. Gary Anderson; Richard D. Pillans; Susumu Hyodo; Takehiro Tsukada; Jonathan P. Good; Yoshio Takei; Craig E. Franklin; Neil Hazon, 2006
  26. Distribution and Habitat Partitioning of Immature Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Southwest Florida Estuary, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Garin G. Freitas, Tonya R. Wiley and Michelle R. Heupel, 2005
  27. Distribution and habitat partitioning of immature bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Southwest Florida estuary, Colin A. Simpfendorfer; Garin G. Freitas; Tonya R. Wiley; Michelle R. Heupel, 2005
  28. Freshwater to seawater acclimation of juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas): plasma osmolytes and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gill, rectal gland, kidney and intestine, Richard D. Pillans; Jonathan P. Good; W. Gary Anderson; Neil Hazon; Craig E. Franklin, 2005
  29. Sequence, circulating levels, and expression of C-type natriuretic peptide in a euryhaline elasmobranch, Carcharhinus leucas, W. Gary Anderson; Susumu Hyodo; Takehiro Tsukada; Lara Meischke; Richard D. Pillans; Jonathan P. Good; Yoshio Takei; Gordon Cramb; Craig E. Franklin; Neil Hazon, 2005
  30. Plasma osmolyte concentrations and rectal gland mass of bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, captured along a salinity gradient, Richard D Pillans; Craig E Franklin, 2004
  31. Ampullary organs and electroreception in freshwater Carcharhinus leucas, Darryl L. Whitehead, 2002
  32. Fatal mass poisoning in madagascar following ingestion of a shark (carcharhinus leucas): Clinical and epidemiological aspects and isolation of toxins, Pascal Boisier; Gérard Ranaivoson; Noëlson Rasolofonirina; barryson Andriamahefazafy; Jean Roux; Suzanne Chanteau; masayuki Satake; Yasumoto Takeshi, 1995
  33. Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 4. The bull shark Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, Cliff, G.; Dudley, S. F. J. , 1991
  34. Age and growth estimates of the bull shark,Carcharhinus leucas, from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Steven Branstetter; Robert Stiles, 1987
  35. Age, Growth Rate and Longevity of Carcharhinus leucas Estimated from Tagging and Vertebral Rings, Thomas B. Thorson and Edward J. Lacy, Jr., 1982
  36. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) and largetooth sash (Pristis perotteti) in Lake Bayano, a tropical man-made impoundment in Panama, Rafael Vásquez Montoya; Thomas B. Thorson, 1982
  37. The Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from the Upper Mississippi River near Alton, Illinois, Jamie E. Thomerson, Thomas B. Thorson and Ronald L. Hempel, 1977
  38. Body Fluid Solutes of Juveniles and Adults of the Euryhaline Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas from Freshwater and Saline Environments, Thomas B. Thorson, C. Michael Cowan and Donald E. Watson, 1973
  39. The Status of the Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas, in the Amazon River, Thomas B. Thorson, 1972
  40. Movement of Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, between Caribbean Sea and Lake Nicaragua Demonstrated by Tagging, Thomas B. Thorson, 1971
  41. Serum protein variation in the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas müller and henle, 1841, C.Michael Cowan, 1971
  42. Weight, Length, and Sex Ratio of Immature Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana, Charles W. Caillouet, Jr., William S. Perret and Bennie J. Fontenot, Jr., 1969
  43. Additional comments on adult bull sharksCarcharhinus leucas(Müller and Henle), from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Frank J. Schwartz, 1960

External links

  1. Seasonal occurrence and individual variability of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, in a marine reserve of the southwestern Gulf of California (en). Abgerufen am 17.05.2024.
  2. Wikipedia (de). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.

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