马战领.

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1 马战领

2 Pleuragramma antarcticum
Notothenia coriiceps （Nc） Pleuragramma antarcticum （Pa）

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4 the longhorn sculpin，(Mo)
Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus Introduction Type IV AFP from the blood of the longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus (Mo),which is an unusual protein with no similarity with other types of fish AFPs, was identified and classified as a new type IV AFP.

5 Introduction ? apolipoproteins AFPIV
Cloned and sequenced AFPIV cDNAs from two Antarctic notothenioid fishes whose products are highly similar to MoAFPIV, and also determined their genomic structure. Compared to diverse fishes to elucidate the biological function and evolution of fish AFPIV genes. Examined antifreeze activity, including thermal hysteresis (TH) activity and ice crystal morphology.

6 Content Ⅰ. Molecular cloning of cDNA and sequencing of genomic DNA
Ⅱ. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses Ⅲ. Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant AFPIVs

7 Cloning and sequence analysis of PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV cDNAs
5'-UTR 3'-UTR

8 ORF

9 Each cDNA encoded 128 amino acids, with 94% similarity between the two and 83% similarity with AFPIV of Mo. The nucleotide sequence of PaAFPIV was composed of 55 nt in the 5′-UTR, 128 nt in the 3′-UTR, and a 387 nt ORF encoding a protein of 128 amino acid residues. The SignalP 3.0 server predicted a secretion signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues in PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV.

10 Genomic structure of PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV genes
The genome structures of both genes consisted of four exons and three introns, and were highly conserved in terms of sequences and positions. The third intron of PaAFPIV had additional nucleotideswith inverted repeats at each end

11 Multi-alignment of fish AFPIVs

12 Amino acid sequence analysis of type IV AFPs
Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences were conductedbetween PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV with other fish AFPIVs,using the CLUSTALW algorithm. Signal peptides, UCR1, a 33 codon block (1–3), seven 11-mer repeat units (4–9), and UCR2 were well conserved among fish AFPIVs with some minor variations. Each helix contains two 11-residue repeats. Observed variations were generally positioned in the loop regions between helices.

13 The hydrophobic core is highly conserved in each helix
Comparison of helix wheels of four helices of AFPIVs from four fishes, Inner to outer circle: MO, MS, PA, and NC The hydrophobic core is highly conserved in each helix Yellow: nonpolar; Green: uncharged polar; Blue: + charged; Red: charged amino acids

14 Phylogenetic analyses of PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV
The phylogenetic tree of fish AFPIV-like genes showed that they were divided into three clades in the higher taxons of fishes.

15 Expression, purification, and characterization
C, Total cell lysate containing vector only; T, total cell lysate; I, insoluble fraction; S, Soluble fraction; M, size marker.

16 PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV gave ice crystals with star-shaped morphology , and their TH values were 0.08 °C at the concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Ice crystal growth morphology of PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV (each at 0.5 mg/mL).

17 Discussion The sequences of AFPIVs were well accordance with both
common structural features of multiple internal repeat units and gene organizations of fish apolipoproteins. AFPIV and 14 kDa apolipoproteins transcripts were shown in different expression patterns according to developmental stages. AFPIVs do not appear to be major proteins in the lipid transport system, because of their low concentrations in the blood of adults.

18 14 kDa apolipoprotein were expressed stably during embryogenesis and also continued predominantly in adult life stage It could also be assumed that this would be helpful for fishes to evolve and adapt to cold environments before obtaining active antifreeze proteins, such as other types of fish AFPs.

19 Conclusion Although PaAFPIV and NcAFPIV do have antifreeze
activity, the antifreeze activities were very low compared to other type AFPs. Future studies should address its definite roles in these fishes, we regard that the coincidental antifreeze activity of fishAFPIVs may be helpful in adapting to cold environments.

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