WO2013102578A2

WO2013102578A2 - Thermal analysis device

Info

Publication number: WO2013102578A2
Application number: PCT/EP2012/076463
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hervé Pouliquen; Raymond Aschheim
Original assignee: Pouliquen Herve; Raymond Aschheim
Priority date: 2012-01-02
Filing date: 2012-12-20
Publication date: 2013-07-11
Also published as: WO2013102578A3; EP2800958A2; FR2985302A1; FR2985302B1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a device for measuring the energy savings of premises provided with heating or air-conditioning equipment. The device combines the following functions: a) a model for the dynamic or transient-mode simulation of the thermal behavior of said premises; b) the adaptation of the parameters of said model by means of control by comparing the measured energy consumption for heating or air-conditioning and the consumption supplied by said model; and c) developing a reference energy consumption for heating or air-conditioning from said model. The novel combination of said functions makes it possible to provide the overconsumption or underconsumption of energy for heating or air-conditioning by said equipment, characterized by the difference between the curve of said reference consumption and the curve (30) of said consumption measurement. The device can be used for measuring energy-saving activities.

Description

THERMAL ANALYSIS DEVICE

The present invention relates to methods and devices for measuring the heating or cooling energy savings of a room equipped with a heating or air conditioning system. It also relates to an installation equipped with such a device.

Measuring energy savings in buildings is an important topic that addresses the need for reducing energy costs and protecting the environment.

It can be useful to measure the energy savings for a given Local, especially in the following cases:

to measure the effects of improvements to the Local or its equipment;

- to penalize energy-consuming behaviors or to valorize saving behaviors;

to dissociate the heating or air-conditioning energy savings resulting from the improvement of the occupants' behaviors, those resulting from modification of the environment or appliances.

Local means a room, a dwelling (apartment, house, etc.), one or more offices, etc. that make up a building.

The policy of reducing energy consumption in dwellings implements the identification of energy consumption characteristics of dwellings defined by the criterion of consumption in kWh per square meter per year in which heating or cooling energy consumption is generally the most important component. This criterion is based on the calculation of a thermal resistance. Existing methods for calculating heat resistance are considered inefficient and expensive. In addition, the mere calculation of the thermal resistance is not enough to bring about energy savings. In particular, it lacks a device that combines a high-performance identification of the thermal resistance and makes it possible to measure the energy savings. There is therefore a need for improvement to define a complete means of measuring heating or air-conditioning energy savings that can be standardized, reliable and automatable. This would measure energy savings on a standardized basis that facilitates comparisons, evaluation of improvement actions, learning and behavioral control, in a progressive, explicit and understandable way for users.

We already know devices to measure the energy consumption of the various systems that exist in a Local: heating system, radiator, household appliance ... Consumptions are reported on displays. These measuring and display devices are supposed to sensitize the occupants of the premises to different consumptions in order to encourage more economical behavior. However, these devices are based only on past information and do not present the possibility of predicting future consumption which would be useful to the occupant to define a savings strategy. Nor do they give the occupant the ability to compare their heating or cooling energy consumption with a reference situation that takes into account factors that affect consumption such as building characteristics and temperature. exterior.

The problem of determining energy savings of heating or air conditioning is indeed difficult because it must be possible to separate what depends on the behavior of the occupant, which depends on changes in his environment.

The invention proposes to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks by providing a device that provides a count of energy savings of heating or cooling in a room. Such a meter does not exist and it would be useful for any form of contracting in the same way that today there are counters that are used to charge consumption.

To obtain a measurement as accurate as possible of heating or air-conditioning energy savings, the invention is based on a dynamic model of the thermal behavior of the local under transient conditions. This model includes as input variables the outdoor temperature of the room, the indoor temperature and the heating or cooling power of said installation. The Model coefficients are related to the thermal characteristics of the Local. One can refer to the patent FR 1001207 which presents a description and the interest of such a dynamic model.

By simulating said model on a computer, it is possible to find the heating or cooling energy consumption which maintains the simulated internal temperature θ _mod in the vicinity of an internal temperature θ as a function of the variations of the outside temperature 6 _ext . This consumption corresponds to the thermal losses of the Local towards the outside.

In order that the power consumption provided by the model is well representative of the local heating or cooling energy consumption, it is necessary to adapt the thermal resistance Ri of the model.

For the adaptation of said thermal resistance, the invention comprises an original solution using a servo loop and said model. On the one hand, the heating or cooling energy consumption C of Local is measured for several successive time intervals. This series of consumptions is used as setpoint C _cons of the servo. On the other hand, the external temperature e _ext and the internal temperature θ used by said model are also measured to provide by simulation a series of values of the heating or cooling energy consumption C _mod for the same intervals of time. time. The difference between C _cons and C _mod provided by the model is applied to a regulator. The output of the regulator provides a value of said thermal resistance of the model. When the output of the model C _mod converges towards the setpoint C _cons , the output of the regulator gives a value R _CO nv of the thermal resistance of the model.

The thermal resistance of the model being adapted by said servocontrol, the model is used to produce, by computer simulation, a reference consumption of heating or air conditioning C _ref , a function of the measurement of the outside temperature Q _e tr of a chronic evolution of an internal reference temperature 6i_ _ref , Rconv and other coefficients of the model (depending on the components of the model as described below).

The difference, between the measurement of the heating consumption C and this reference consumption resulting from the model, then makes it possible to measure the overconsumption or the under-consumption of energy of heating or air-conditioning. Under-consumption reflects energy savings from heating or cooling. It results from actions that the occupant has undertaken: lowering the indoor temperature set point of radiators or air conditioners at certain times, replacement of appliances, insulation, etc.

The invention therefore proposes a device for measuring the heating or cooling energy savings of a room equipped with a heating or air-conditioning installation, which comprises at least one heating or air-conditioning apparatus, this device comprising at least:

means for providing a representative measurement or an estimate of a temperature of the air outside the Local, said external temperature 6 _ext ;

means for providing a measurement representative of an indoor air temperature of the Local, said internal temperature Q ±;

- Means for providing a chronic evolution of an indoor reference temperature, reflecting a level of comfort, said indoor reference temperature 6i_ _ref ;

means for providing a measurement representative of the heating or cooling energy consumption C of the Local;

a model describing the thermal behavior of the Local, said model comprising at least one element known as thermal resistance representative of the local thermal resistance and an element known as thermal capacity representative of the thermal capacity of the Local, and giving a consumption C _mod representing said consumption. C from at least said measurements 6 _ext and θ _ί , a servo-control means composed of a regulator which adjusts the value of said thermal resistance of said model from the difference between a series of measurements of the heating or cooling energy consumption and a series of values the heating or cooling energy consumption calculated by said model.

Said device being characterized in that said model, said servo-control means and said reference internal temperature, are arranged to provide a reference consumption of heating or cooling energy C _mod _ _ref whose difference with the measurement of said C consumption gives a measure of heating or cooling energy savings.

Said model provides the energy consumption of heating or cooling C _mod from a representation, called dynamic or transient, of the thermal behavior of Local incorporating the following components:

thermal losses through the envelope of the Local represented in the form of said thermal resistance (Ri); the thermal capacity of the mass to be heated or the thermal capacity of the Local, represented by said thermal capacity (Ci); the outside temperature, simulated by a voltage source;

the heat flux generated by said installation represented by a current source, and given by the heating or cooling power;

and eventually,

thermal exchanges between said installation and the ambient air represented in the form of a resistor; the thermal capacity of the whole of said installation, represented by a capacity.

Said model uses a discrete characteristic equation established for each sampling instant nT _e (n natural integer, n> l) separated from the next instant by a time interval T _{e =} At, said equation being defined as follows or in a simplified or near form:

6 _ext (nT _e ) + λ ₀ + À _! e ^" < ^nTe > ^{/ Tl} + λ _{2 e} ^{" (nTe) / T2} ,

(equation 1)

The coefficients λ ₀ , X ± _t X ₂ , being linked to 1 and 1 ₂ the two characteristic time constants of said model connected to said resistors and capacitors, and 4> _Ch the thermal flux generated by said installation, 6 _ext being the outside temperature,

T _e being the measurement sampling period.

Said model provides the heating or cooling energy consumption C _mod which maintains, by means of a regulator internal to the model, the simulated internal temperature 6i_ _mod around the internal temperature Q ± as a function of the outside temperature 6 _ext and heat flow provided by said heating or air conditioning system.

Said servo means adapts said thermal resistance of said model from a series of N deviations between the measurement of consumption heating or cooling energy Ci (i = 1 to N, i natural number) during a time interval D _i; and the value C _mod _i of the heating or cooling energy consumption calculated by said model by simulation for the same time interval using, at least, said measurements of 6 _ext and Q ± made during the period of time. sampling T _e .

The value of the thermal resistance supplied to each step (i) of calculation by the regulator of said servocontrol means is reinjected into said model, to gradually obtain the value of the thermal resistance of said model, said convergent value R _co nv _/ - for which the output of the model C _mod _i converges to Ci.

The regulator of said servo means of the invention can equally well also provide a value of said thermal capacitance Ci of said model from a series of measurements made during a transient which accounts for the storage effect of the capacitance thermal.

It follows from these characteristics that the value of said thermal resistance R _Co nv necessary for the adaptation of the model to the thermal characteristics of the Local, can be obtained simply and quickly by comparing the measurement of said heating or cooling consumption and the value of this consumption obtained by said model of the thermal behavior of Local. The quality of the result is improved by advantageously using a precise model using equation 1 or its simplification according to the case. The fact of using a servo loop using the difference between the measurement of the consumption and the value of said consumption resulting from the model makes it possible in particular to better deal with the problems of uncertainties and noises, which authorizes to make the measures in a standard way, under normal conditions, and makes the result more reliable.

The other existing methods for determining the thermal resistance are based on a thermal performance in steady state, as described for example in patents FR 2,506,937 "Method and apparatus for analyzing the energy consumption of a building", FR 0 165 899 "Apparatus allowing to raise the energy signature of a building" and FR 95 11984 "Method and device for measuring the voluminal coefficient of heat loss of an electrically heated room", which on the one hand is an oversimplified representation of the thermal behavior of Local and secondly requires to be placed in the conditions of particular measures which makes these methods impractical and imprecise. In practice, they have not been used.

In addition, the features of the invention solve the problem of measuring energy savings of a heating or air conditioning system.

To solve this problem, it is first necessary to define a reference consumption of heating or cooling energy C _mod _ _ref from which will be compared the measurement of the heating or cooling consumption C; The device according to the invention allows using said model to provide C _mod _ _ref as a function of:

said convergent value R _CO nv given by said servocontrol means;

- said reference indoor temperature 6i_ _ref translating a reference level of comfort;

said outside temperature 6 _ex t;

- The values of said components characterizing a reference state of said heating or air conditioning system. Normally the characteristics of said installation are stable; if this is not the case, the value of the power of said installation can be modified in particular.

Therefore, the difference between the measurement of the heating or cooling consumption C and the reference consumption of heating or cooling energy from the model C _mo d_refr provides a measure of the overconsumption or the underconsumption of heating or air conditioning energy.

Equipped with the combination of the three functions described previously:

a) dynamic or transient simulation model of the thermal behavior of the local equipped with said installation,

b) adaptation by means of servocontrol of the thermal resistance of said model,

c) development of a reference consumption of heating or cooling energy, the invention can provide energy saving heating or air conditioning.

The energy savings can be observed accurately over short periods of time (hours, days) or longer (week, month, year ...) which allows to accurately detect the various saving actions (on even short periods, up to less than one hour, due to the representation of thermal phenomena under transient conditions). It will be noted that the invention proceeds according to a processing and modeling approach that can be standardized and automated, which will facilitate standardized embodiments and employing digital and computer techniques.

It is possible to simplify the device according to the invention to reduce the number of measurement sensors.

In a particular embodiment, the device according to the invention further comprises processing means for reconstructing the temporal evolution of the outside temperature without using measuring means and thus simplify the device and reduce its cost. The device uses the daily minimum, maximum, and average outdoor temperature data tables recorded by meteorological organizations or other organizations providing tables of local temperature data. It is known that the temperature during the day generally follows a sinusoidal shape. The device thus performs a treatment on the one hand with, for example, sinusoidal functions used to describe the temporal evolution of the temperature during the day and the night, and on the other hand with functions making it possible to connect said sinusoidal functions of amplitude and average values different between two successive days. We can also replace these sinusoids by splines or mathematical functions that approximate them.

In another particular embodiment, in the case of electric heating or air-conditioning systems comprising a meter of the electrical consumption, (in particular the electronic or digital meters make it possible to have this information directly), it is advantageous to use measuring the consumption of electricity C _L delivered by said counter. It is then necessary to make the adaptation of the thermal resistance of the model, during a nocturnal period whereas the other electrical appliances that the electrical heating or the air conditioning have a low or no consumption. In particular, care should be taken to avoid night charging periods for electric hot water tanks or to account for their consumption. In this case, the consumption of electric energy heating or air conditioning C is close to the power consumption C _L given by said counter.

In this particular embodiment, the invention therefore uses the consumption data of the local electricity consumption counter for adapting said thermal resistance during N successive nights with each night a measurement time interval during which the electricity consumption of the Local measured by said meter is close to the electrical consumption of heating or cooling, the other electrical appliances contributing to the consumption of Local electricity is off or in low consumption, to avoid a means of specific measurement of the electrical consumption of heating or air conditioning. The device according to the invention can also be inserted in the meter or in the electrical panel.

The present invention will be better understood with reference to the description of the following example and the accompanying drawings which illustrate the invention and the results obtained by a model made, and allow to describe more finely its characteristics. The example is that of a heating installation but the invention applies equally well to an air conditioning installation:

Fig. 1 describes the model used by the invention. Fig. 2 describes the servo means for adapting the thermal resistance of the model.

FIG. 3 describes the combination of functions to measure energy savings with the development of the baseline

Fig. 4 gives a representation of the dynamic model used. Fig. 5 shows an example of a chronic evolution of the reference indoor temperature.

Fig. 6 shows an electric heating installation.

Fig. 7 shows the output of said servo means and the evolution of the value of the thermal resistance of the model to the so-called convergent value, in the model of the invention.

Fig. 8a and FIG. 8b show the consumption curves and the energy savings respectively over several days and during a day, in the model of the invention. In accordance with the scheme of FIG. 1, the device according to the invention comprises a model (la) which provides the heating energy consumption C _mod (8). The model simulates an internal temperature 9j_ _mod (3) Local from a characteristic equation of the thermal behavior of the Local (6) equipped with said installation as described by equation 1. The 6j_ indoor temperature, after (2 ), Local is used. A control or a temperature regulation in the model maintains 6i_ _mod in the vicinity of θι thanks to the internal regulator of the model (5) which controls a power (7) injected according to (20) in the equation of the thermal behavior (6) with reference in equation 1. The measurement of the outside temperature 6 _ext , resulting from (4), of the Local is used by the model, as is the value of the thermal resistance Ri (9). The heating energy consumption C _mod (8) varies according to Q ± and 6 _ext , and depends on the value of the thermal resistance (9) set by the servo means (11), and depends on the components of the model (16), (18), (19), (20), related to the coefficients of said characteristic equation (6) according to the transfer (6a).

In one embodiment of the invention that uses digital techniques, the model is simulated with a sampling period T _e sufficiently small to represent the temporal evolution of the different variables or measures. Typically of the order of a few minutes to ten minutes. These measurements are recorded at the sampling period T _e .

Approximate values of the components R ₂ (16), C 1 (18), C ₂ (19) are used from the characteristics of the Local; indeed, it is most often the thermal resistance Ri which has the most important effect on the heating consumption. 4> _Ch the heat flux (20) is given by the characteristics of said installation.

Fig. 2 describes the servo-control means (11) or servo-control loop, which makes it possible to adapt said thermal resistance (9).

On the one hand, the heating energy consumption is measured N times during N successive time intervals Dj (i = 1 to N). This series of consumptions Ci (10i) is used as setpoint of the control (11).

On the other hand, we use the model (la) with, at least, the measurements of the external temperature 6 _ext , resulting from (4), and of the internal temperature Q ±, resulting from (2), made in the period sample T _e , to calculate the value of the heating energy consumption C _mod _i (8i) during the N same time intervals. For each of said intervals D i, the model (Ia) therefore calculates the heating energy consumption C _mod i (8i) as described in FIG. 1.

At each step i (i = 1 to N, i natural number) of calculation of said servocontrol loop (11), the difference between the measurement of the heating energy consumption Ci (10i) and the value of the heating energy consumption provided by said model _mod C _i (8i) is applied to a regulator (IIa). The regulator is of an advantageously simple form of proportional integral in the completed model but it may be another type of regulator depending on the desired performance requirements. In the case of integral proportional, the thermal resistance at each step i of the servo loop is given by the formula:

Ru = Ri (i) = Ki T _e e (il) + Ri (il) + K _p [(ε (ί) - e (il)]

Ri (i) is the value of said thermal resistance of the model at computation step i; K _p and Kj_ are respectively the proportional and integral coefficients of the regulator;

ε (ί) is the difference between the measurement of the heating energy consumption Ci (ACT) and the value of the heating energy consumption provided by said model _mod C _i (8i).

The value of the thermal resistance supplied by the regulator (11a) at each computation step by said servo-control means (11) is reinjected into said model (1a) so as to progressively obtain the value of the thermal resistance of the model, referred to as the value R convergent _CO nv (9c), to which the output of model _mod _i C converges to Ci.

For example, it is chosen to measure the heating energy consumption over a period of 4 hours per day over 20 days (N = 20). Means of measurement with a sampling period of T _{e are used} to measure the heating energy consumption C from (10), the outside temperature 6 _ext and the internal temperature Q.. The heating energy consumption C is measured for a period of 4 hours (d.sub.2) at night between 2 am and 6 am, for each day, which makes it possible to obtain a series of 20 consumption values Ci. This series constitutes the instruction (10i) for said servocontrol (11). This situation is simulated with the model. As a result of each time interval Dj_ (i = 1 to N), the difference between the value of the heating consumption resulting from model C _i _mod (8i) and the measurement of the heat consumption Ci (ACT) corresponding to said consumption during Dj_ time interval. This difference is applied to the regulator (11a) to calculate a value of the thermal resistance Ru which will be used by the model to calculate the heating energy consumption of the model during the time interval Dj ₊ 1. Gradually, by adapting the value of the thermal resistance (9) used by the model, the difference between the two consumptions Ci (10i) and C _mo d_i (8i) is reduced and the value of the thermal resistance of the model tends to convergent value R _CO nv (9c). In accordance with the scheme of FIG. 3, the device according to the invention (1) measures overconsumption or under-consumption of the heating system by means of a combination of three functions.

To determine a heating energy reference consumption C _mo d_ref (8r), said model (la) uses:

- said convergent value R _CO nv (9c) provided by the controller (IIa) said servo means (11), said reference indoor temperature 6i_ _ref (2a)

said external temperature 6 _ext , issued from (4),

and the coefficients of the model which depend on the components (16), (18), (19), (20) characterizing a reference state of said heating installation. The comparison between the reference heating energy consumption C _mod _ _ref (8r) provided by the model (la) and the measured energy consumption C resulting from (10) gives a measure of the overconsumption or the underconsumption (12) heating energy.

By the combination of the three functions described previously, (la): model of dynamic simulation or in transient mode of the thermal behavior of the Local equipped with said installation, (Ib): adaptation by a servo means (11) of the thermal resistance of said model, (the): development of a reference heating consumption (8r), the invention provides a measure of heating energy savings.

Fig. 4 gives the simplified diagram of the thermal model of the Local integrating the following components: heat losses through the envelope of Local represented in the form of said thermal resistance Ri (9);

the thermal capacity of the mass to be heated, represented by said thermal capacity Ci (18); thermal exchanges between said installation and the ambient air represented in the form of a resistance R ₂ (16);

the thermal capacity of the whole of said installation, represented by a capacitance C ₂ (19);

the outside temperature 6 _ext , simulated by a voltage source (17); the heat flux 4> _Ch generated by said installation represented by a current source (20), and given by the heating power.

Fig. 5 shows an example of a chronic evolution of the internal temperature reference 6i_ _ref (2a) having a day period at 21 ° C and an overnight period at 19 ° C. The evolution of refi can just as well be a constant or any temporal function.

Fig. 6 shows an electric heating installation in a Local (21) comprising the power supply of the electricity distributor (22), an electric meter (23), a circuit breaker (24), an electrical panel (25), a power plant heating (26a).

In such an electrical installation, it is advantageous to use the electricity consumption of the Local C _L (27) supplied by said electric meter. The consumption of electric heating or air-conditioning energy C resulting from (10) is close to the electrical consumption C _L given by said electricity meter when the other local appliances connected to the electric panel (26b) have a low or no consumption, therefore negligible, during certain periods of the night for example. The invention therefore uses the consumption data of the local electricity meter to adapt said resistance thermal model from Ci measurements for N successive nights with each night a measurement time interval Dj_ during which the electricity consumption of the Local measured by said electric meter is close to the heating power consumption.

In the model of the invention, FIG. 7 illustrates the curve (28) of the values of the inverse of the thermal resistance (1 / Ri) provided by the regulator (11a). Initially, the value of 1 / Ri used by the model is initialized to 200. The servo means (11) acts according to the invention to obtain l / R _conv = 127 after about 18 computation steps (or 18 days in relation to the previous example, but another series of consumptions on a shorter time could be chosen).

In the model of the invention, FIG. 8a illustrates results over twenty successive days. The measurements are made with a sampling period T _e . The model is simulated with the same sampling period T _e set at 300 seconds.

the curve (29 j) of the daily heating energy reference consumption C _mod _ref is provided by the invention with the value of the thermal resistance established in FIG. 7 (l / R _conv = 127) to an internal temperature reference (2a) of 22 ° C and a constant measurement of the outside temperature, resulting from (4). - The curve (30) of the daily measured heating energy consumption C is provided for an indoor temperature of 19 ° C.

- the curve (4m) is the daily average of the outside temperature.

The difference between the two curves, (29j) and (30j), gives the heating economy. Changes in outdoor temperature over the course of the day result in more or less heating energy consumption. In this example, the heating economy comes from a change in user behavior that lowered the indoor temperature by 3 ° C. In the model of the invention, FIG. 8b illustrates during a day for another Local where the value of l / R _conv = 350:

- the curve of the outside temperature, resulting from (4);

- the curve (29) of the reference heating energy consumption C _mo d_ref (8r) provided by the model for an indoor reference temperature of 22 ° C;

the curve (30) of the heating energy consumption from (10) measured for an indoor temperature of 19 ° C.

The difference (12) between the two curves, (29) and (30), gives the saving of heating observed every 300 seconds during the day.

Claims

1) Device (1) for measuring the heating or cooling energy savings of a room equipped with a heating or air conditioning installation, characterized in that it comprises at least:

means (4) intended to provide a representative measurement or an estimate of a temperature of the air outside the Local, said external temperature 6 _ex t;

means (2) for providing a measurement representative of an indoor air temperature of the Local, said internal temperature Q ±;

- Means (2a) for providing a chronic evolution of an indoor reference temperature, reflecting a level of comfort, said indoor reference temperature 6i_ _ref ;

means (10) for providing a measurement representative of the heating or cooling energy consumption C of the Local;

a model (la) describing the thermal behavior of Local, said model comprising at least one element said thermal resistance (9) representative of the local thermal resistance and an element said thermal capacity (18) representative of the thermal capacity of Local, and giving a consumption C _mod (8) representing said consumption C from at least said measurements 6 _ext and Q ±; a servo-control means (11) composed of a regulator which adjusts the value of said thermal resistance (9) of said model from the difference between a series of measurements (10i) from the means (10) and a series of values (8i) of the heating or cooling energy consumption calculated by said model;

Said device being characterized in that said means (la), (11) and (2a) are arranged to provide a reference consumption of heating or cooling energy C _mo d_ref (8r) whose difference with the measurement of said C consumption gives a measure of heating or cooling energy savings. 2) Device according to claim 1, characterized in that,

said model (1a) provides the heating or cooling energy consumption C _mod from a representation, called dynamic or transient, of the thermal behavior of Local incorporating the following components:

thermal losses through the envelope of the Local represented in the form of said thermal resistance (9); the thermal capacity of the mass to be heated or the thermal capacity of the Local, represented by said heat capacity (18);

the outside temperature, simulated by a voltage source (17); the thermal flux generated by said installation represented by a current source (20), and given by the heating or cooling power;

and eventually,

thermal exchanges between said installation and the ambient air represented in the form of a resistor (16);

the thermal capacity of the whole of said installation, represented by a capacitance (19).

and in that,

said model uses a discrete characteristic equation (6) established for each sampling instant nT _e (n natural integer, n> l) separated from the next instant by a time interval T _{e =} At, said equation being defined from the following way or in a simplified or close form:

e _ext (nT _e ) + λ ₀ + λχ e ^" < ^nTe > ^{/ Tl} + λ _{2 e} ^{" (nTe) / T2} , λο, λι, λ ₂ , being bound, at Ti and τ _2, the two characteristic time constants said model connected to said resistors and capacitors (9), (16),

(18), (19), and at 4> _ch the heat flux (20) generated by said installation,

6 _ext being said outside temperature,

T _e being the measurement sampling period. and in that,

said model provides the heating or cooling energy consumption C _mod (8) which maintains, by means of a regulator (5) internal to the model, the simulated internal temperature 6i_ _mod (3) around said inner end temperature ± Q (2) according to said outside temperature 6 _ext end (4) and flow thermal 4> _Ch (20) provided by said heating or air conditioning system.

3) Device according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said servo means (11) adapts said thermal resistance (9) of said model from a series of N deviations between the measurement of the consumption of heating or air conditioning Ci (lOi) (i = 1 to N, i natural number) during a time interval Di and the value C _mod _i (8i) of the heating or cooling energy consumption calculated by said model by simulation for the same interval time, the value of the thermal resistance Ri (9) supplied at each step (i) of calculation by the regulator (11a) of said servo means (11) being reinjected into said model (1a), to progressively obtain the value the thermal resistance of said model, said convergent value R _CO nv (9c), to which the output of model _mod _i C (8i) converges to Ci (ACT).

4) Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that to provide a consumption of heating energy or cooling reference C _mod _ref (8r), said model uses at least said converging value R _CO nv (9c) provided by the controller (IIa) of the servo means (11), said inner 6i_ reference temperature _ref (2a), said outdoor temperature after 6 _ext ( 4) and the coefficients of said model which depend on the components (16), (18), (19), (20) characterizing a reference state of said heating or air conditioning system. 5) Device according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that the regulator (11a) also provides a value of the heat capacity (18) of said model. 6) Device according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that it further comprises means for reconstructing the outside temperature from tables of data of minimum, maximum and average daily values of the outside temperature recorded by meteorological organizations or any other organization supplying tables of local temperature data, avoiding the use of said means (4) for measuring the outside temperature.

7) Device according to any one of the preceding claims, of a room equipped with an electric heating or air conditioning system (26a), characterized in that it uses the energy consumption data of the electricity meter. (23) of the Local, and that the said measures to determine said thermal resistance (9) occur during N successive nights with each night a measurement interval Dj_ during which the consumption of the Local C _L (27) measured by said counter is close to the electrical consumption of heating or air conditioning C the other electrical appliances (26b) contributing to the electricity consumption of the premises being switched off or in low consumption, so as to avoid a means of measurement (10) specific to the heating or air conditioning energy consumption C.

8) Device according to any one of the preceding claims, inserted in an electricity meter (23) or in an electrical panel (25).

9) A heating installation comprising a device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 to provide a value representative of said local thermal resistance (9c) or a time evolution of the underconsumption or overconsumption of energy (12) of heating with respect to a reference consumption of heating energy C _mo d_ _ref (8r).

10) An air conditioning installation comprising a device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 to provide a value representative of said local thermal resistance (9c) or a time evolution of the under-consumption or overconsumption of energy (12) air conditioning compared to a reference consumption of cooling energy

11) Method for measuring the heating or cooling energy savings of a room equipped with a heating or air-conditioning installation, this method including a series of measurements and a simulation of a dynamic model or in a transient state of the local thermal behavior, said model comprising at least one thermal resistance (9) and a thermal capacity (18), and this method comprising the steps of:

measuring with a sampling period T _e at least, a temperature of the outside air of the so-called external outside temperature 6 _ext from (4), a temperature of the inside air of the so-called internal temperature θι resulting from (2) ), and the heating or cooling energy C, from (10), consumed by the heating or air-conditioning system;

- simulate with said model (la) the heating or cooling energy consumption C _mod (8) from, at least, the outside temperature 6 _ext and the indoor temperature θ _ί ;

adapting the value of the thermal resistance (9) of said model by a regulator (11a) which supplies the value of said thermal resistance from a series of N differences between the measurement of said heating consumption Ci (10i) (i = 1 to N, i natural number) for a time interval Dj_, and the value of the energy consumption of heating or air conditioning C _i _mod (8i) calculated by said model for the same time interval, and gradually get the value of the thermal resistance of said model, said convergent value R _CO nv (9c), to which the output of C _i _mod model ( 8i) converges to Ci (10i);

- providing heating energy consumption reference or air conditioning _mod _r C _ef (8r) from the model according to a 6i_ reference indoor temperature _ref reflecting a level of comfort, outdoor temperature 6 _ext, of the thermal resistance of said model R _CO nv (9c) and coefficients of said model which depend on the components (16), (18), (19), (20) characterizing a reference state of said heating or air conditioning system.

- calculating an over-consumption or under-consumption of heating or cooling energy (12) from the difference between the measurement of the heating or cooling consumption C from (10) and said reference energy consumption heating or air conditioning C _mod _r _ef (8r) from said model.