WO2012171904A1 - Terminal registration strategies - Google Patents

Terminal registration strategies Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012171904A1
WO2012171904A1 PCT/EP2012/061092 EP2012061092W WO2012171904A1 WO 2012171904 A1 WO2012171904 A1 WO 2012171904A1 EP 2012061092 W EP2012061092 W EP 2012061092W WO 2012171904 A1 WO2012171904 A1 WO 2012171904A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
terminal
network
registration
strategy
base station
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2012/061092
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
William Webb
Original Assignee
Neul Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB1109874.6A external-priority patent/GB2491840B/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1109863.9A external-priority patent/GB201109863D0/en
Priority claimed from GB201109867A external-priority patent/GB201109867D0/en
Priority claimed from GB1109844.9A external-priority patent/GB2491834B/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1109830.8A external-priority patent/GB201109830D0/en
Priority claimed from GB1109848.0A external-priority patent/GB2491835A/en
Priority claimed from GB1109829.0A external-priority patent/GB2491832A/en
Priority claimed from GB1109840.7A external-priority patent/GB2492051B/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1109837.3A external-priority patent/GB201109837D0/en
Priority claimed from GB1109854.8A external-priority patent/GB2491837A/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1109836.5A external-priority patent/GB201109836D0/en
Priority claimed from GB1109850.6A external-priority patent/GB2492052B/en
Priority claimed from GB1109853.0A external-priority patent/GB2491836B/en
Priority claimed from GBGB1116910.9A external-priority patent/GB201116910D0/en
Application filed by Neul Ltd filed Critical Neul Ltd
Publication of WO2012171904A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012171904A1/en

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Definitions

  • the invention relates to registering a terminal with a base station, and particularly to registering a terminal with a new base station as it moves from the coverage area of one base station to the coverage area of another.
  • Each cell may comprise a base station that is configured to communicate with mobile stations located within its cell. This results in a need to track mobile stations as they move from one cell to another, so that incoming calls or other communications can be directed to the correct part of the network.
  • One option is for mobile stations to always register with a base station when entering its coverage area.
  • the advantage of this approach is that the finding costs are low, because the network always knows where the terminal is.
  • the disadvantage is that the update costs are very high.
  • a compromise is to reduce the number of occasions on which the mobile station registers with a new base station. For example, cells might be divided into registration areas, with a mobile station only registering with a new base station if it moves from one registration area to another.
  • a similar option is to designate some of the base stations as reporting centres, with the mobile station only registering with base stations that are designated as reporting centres. The trade-off between "update costs” and "finding costs” is dependent on the size of the registration areas and the number and distribution of the reporting centres.
  • time-based systems where mobile stations register periodically
  • movement-based systems where mobile stations count the number of cell boundaries crossed and register when that number crosses a predetermined threshold
  • distance-based systems where mobile stations register whenever they have moved a predetermined distance since their last update.
  • serial paging in which the network pages the mobile sequentially, one cell at a time.
  • parallel paging where the network pages the mobile in a collection of cells simultaneously. In parallel paging the cells may be partitioned into paging areas. When a call arrives for a mobile station, the cells in the first paging area may be paged simultaneously in the first round and if the mobile station is not found, the cells in the second paging area may be paged simultaneously in the second round.
  • a network operator will select a registration strategy that is considered to be optimal for the network.
  • the decision may be based on the size of the cells, the overall coverage area of the network, the number of mobile stations in the network etc. This approach is reasonable for most networks because the behaviour and communication requirements of the mobile stations tend to be broadly similar. However, some networks accommodate terminals that differ widely in their capabilities, requirements and behaviour. An alternative approach is needed for a network in which terminal behaviour is more unpredictable.
  • a network controller for selecting a registration strategy for a terminal operating in a communication network comprising a plurality of base stations, the network controller having multiple registration strategies available to it that set out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into a geographical area associated with that base station, the network controller being configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it.
  • the network controller may be configured to select the registration strategy in dependence on the terminal such that, at any one time, different terminals in the network can be operating under different registration strategies.
  • the network controller may be configured to dynamically allocate registration strategies to terminals in the network such that a terminal can be operating under a first registration strategy at a first time instant and a second registration strategy, different from the first registration strategy, at a second time instant.
  • the network controller may be configured to monitor conditions in the network and select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on current network conditions.
  • the network controller may be configured to monitor one or more of: a bandwidth available to the network, a traffic level associated with the network, a predicted traffic level associated with the network and a distribution of traffic between the multiple base stations.
  • the network controller may be configured to select a long-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that long-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a default registration strategy.
  • the network controller may be configured to arrange for the long-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal when it first registers with a base station in the network.
  • the network controller may be configured to select a short-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a limited period of time.
  • the network controller may be configured to arrange for the short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a predetermined period of time.
  • the network controller may be configured to arrange for the short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used until the terminal receives information indicating otherwise from the network.
  • the network controller may be configured to arrange that the terminal reverts to its long-term registration strategy after the limited period of time has elapsed.
  • the network controller may be configured to monitor conditions in the network, determine whether conditions warrant a change in the registration strategies being selected for the terminals and if so, determine whether conditions warrant a change in long-term registration strategies or short-term registration strategies.
  • the network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal that allows the terminal autonomy within the rules of the strategy to determine whether or not to register with a base station in dependence on a current condition of the terminal.
  • the network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy that allows the terminal to register with a base station if it has data to transmit to the base station.
  • the network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on an application associated with that terminal.
  • the network controller may be configured to select from multiple registration strategies that include two or more of: the terminal registering with a base station whenever it enters a geographical area associated with that base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if it has data to communicate with that base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if a predetermined period of time has elapsed since it last registered with a base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if it has been located in the geographical area associated with that base station for a predetermined period of time; the terminal only registering with a base station if it receives an indication from the network that there is sufficient network capacity for it to transmit a registration message to the base station; and the terminal only registering with a base station when the signal level from that base station exceeds a predetermined threshold.
  • Figure 1 shows an example of a communication network
  • Figure 2 shows an example of a process for selecting a registration strategy
  • Figure 3 shows an example of a process for implementing a two-level registration strategy
  • Figure 4 shows an example of a network controller.
  • a terminal operating in a communication network may adopt a registration strategy that is selected for it by a network controller.
  • the network controller may have multiple different registration strategies available to it, each setting out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into that base station's coverage area.
  • the network controller selects a registration strategy for the terminal from the multiple different registration strategies it has available.
  • An example of a wireless communication network is shown in Figure 1.
  • the network comprises a wireless section, shown generally at 104, that comprises one or more base stations 105 that are each capable of communicating wirelessly with a number of terminals 106.
  • Each base station may be arranged to communicate with terminals that are located within a particular geographical area or cell.
  • the base stations transmit to and receive radio signals from the terminals.
  • the terminals are entities embedded or machines or similar that communicate with the base stations.
  • the wireless network is arranged to operate in a master-slave mode where the base station is the master and the terminals are the slaves.
  • the base station controller 107 is a device that provides a single point of communication to the base stations and then distributes the information received to other network elements as required.
  • the base station controller may assemble frames. It may also make scheduling decisions and plan radio-related resources, including bandwidth allocation, frequency planning, code assignment synchronisation word planning and load balancing.
  • Base stations may be simple devices that take pre-formatted frames of information and transmit them under the control of their respective base station controller.
  • the result is an architecture in which a simple physical device acts as the "base station” in the conventional sense, by transmitting and receiving signals over the air interface.
  • the "base station controller” controls the operation of the "base station”. Moving more of the intelligence into the software renders the controller readily transferrable to different physical devices.
  • the controller may be implemented as a virtual machine running on a PC. Preferably the controller can be moved to a new machine without having to be adapted to the particular physical attributes of that machine.
  • the radio might be implemented by a modem.
  • the PC might be connected to the modem over an Ethernet connection.
  • the network may be arranged to communicate with a client-facing portion 101 via the internet 102. In this way a client may provide services to the terminals via the wireless network.
  • Other logical network elements comprised in core network 103 and shown in this example are:
  • Core network This routes traffic information between base stations and client networks.
  • Billing system This records utilisation levels and generates appropriate billing data.
  • Broadcast register This retains information on group membership and can be used to store and process acknowledgements to broadcast messages.
  • OMC Operations and maintenance centre
  • Client information portal This allows clients to determine data such as the status of associated terminals, levels of traffic etc.
  • many of the logical network elements may be implemented as databases running software and can be provided on a wide range of platforms.
  • a number of network elements may be physically located within the same platform.
  • the communication network preferably comprises a controller for allocating registration strategies to the terminals in the network.
  • the controller may be a standalone device or form part of another device, such as a base station controller.
  • the controller is implemented by a part of the core network that has an overview of the network as a whole (e.g. traffic conditions, terminal distribution, bandwidth availability).
  • the controller might be implemented as part of the OMC.
  • a network such as that shown in Figure 1 may be used for machine-to-machine communications, i.e. communications that do not involve human interaction.
  • the protocol for the wireless link is therefore suitably one that is optimised for machine-to- machine communication.
  • the protocol also operates in so-called whitespace: a part of the spectrum that is made available for unlicensed or opportunistic access.
  • whitespace a part of the spectrum that is made available for unlicensed or opportunistic access.
  • that may be in the UHF TV band and spans all or part of the range from 450MHz to 800MHz, depending on the country. A large amount of spectrum has been made available for unlicensed wireless systems in this frequency range.
  • Machine-to-machine communications are well-matched to the limitations of operating in white space, in which the bandwidth available to the network may vary from one location to another and also from one time instant to the next. As the network does not have any specific part of the spectrum allocated to it, even unallocated parts of the spectrum may become unavailable, e.g. due to a device in the vicinity that is operating outside of the network but using the same part of the spectrum. Machines are well-adapted to tolerating the delays and breaks in communication that can result from these varying communication conditions.
  • the network is also preferably adapted to the communication conditions by, for example, making use of frequency hopping sequences (which are suitably different for neighbouring cells), different data rates (which can be adapted to the signal conditions and technical capabilities of the relevant terminals), spreading codes and acknowledgement mechanisms so that lost packets can be identified and resent.
  • frequency hopping sequences which are suitably different for neighbouring cells
  • different data rates which can be adapted to the signal conditions and technical capabilities of the relevant terminals
  • spreading codes and acknowledgement mechanisms so that lost packets can be identified and resent.
  • Each of the base stations 105 suitably covers a particular geographical area or cell.
  • a terminal When a terminal moves out of the coverage of one base station, it may search for new base stations. When it finds one, it has the option of sending an "attach" message to inform the network of its new location. This allows the network to readily route traffic to that terminal. However, sending an "attach" message consumes radio resources, in some cases unnecessarily.
  • the network preferably has some flexibility in allocating registration strategies to terminals so that they can be tailored both to the requirements of individual terminals and to conditions in the network.
  • the network preferably provides a platform on which as many different machine applications as possible can be based.
  • the mobility and resource usage of the terminals is likely to vary widely.
  • the terminals will be mobile (e.g. vehicle telemetry), in many applications the terminals will be static (e.g. electricity meters). Therefore, the network may not be able to identify the optimal registration strategy unless it differentiates between static and mobile terminals.
  • the network may not be able to identify the optimal registration strategy unless it differentiates between static and mobile terminals.
  • terminals may behave unexpectedly due to their specific application. For example, some terminals may frequently move from cell to cell but infrequently send information. An example of this might be an accident message from a car that might only be sent once a year or less but the car might cross tens of cells per day. If there are many terminals in this category of "frequent handover, infrequent communications" then there is a risk that the network might become congested due to signalling information unless an appropriate registration strategy is adopted.
  • Another difference between the network described above and existing cellular networks is the variability of the bandwidth that is available to the network.
  • Most existing networks operate in licensed parts of the spectrum, so they have a specific part of the spectrum allocated to them.
  • the network can operate in accordance with one registration policy, which can be selected to be optimal in view of the amount of bandwidth allocated to the network.
  • a network configured to operate in an unlicensed part of the spectrum does not have a fixed amount of bandwidth allocated to it.
  • the network needs to adapt to changes in bandwidth as other users cause interference in the network and also needs to manage the uneven distribution of bandwidth across the coverage area of the network.
  • the network controller may be provided with multiple different registration strategies.
  • the controller may arrange so that different parts of the network use different strategies. It is also suitably capable of dynamically allocating the registration strategies so that they can be adapted to current network conditions.
  • One way in which the network controller may achieve this is by allocating registration strategies to terminals. This may be done in dependence on the application that the terminal is used for, the location of the terminal, current traffic conditions in the network etc.
  • the terminal may also be allowed some degree of autonomy within the rules of the strategy so that account can be taken of their own behaviour. For example, a terminal might be instructed to only send attach messages once per hour (if it has entered a new cell) unless it has data to send, in which case it may send an attach message immediately. In this way the network is able to make some allowance for the entirely unpredictable nature of some communications in a machine-to-machine network.
  • the network controller may also monitor conditions in the network so that the registration strategies it assigns can be adapted to current conditions. To make this process as flexible as possible, the network controller may assign terminals both short-term and long-term strategies. The network controller may monitor current traffic conditions, predicted traffic conditions and availability and distribution of bandwidth in the network. Some cells may have less bandwidth available to them than others. The network controller may assign terminals considered likely to move into those cells (e.g. because they are located in the same general area) a different registration strategy from similar terminals in other areas of the network.
  • the network controller may allocate any suitable registration strategy. Preferably it has a number of different strategies at its disposal. Examples might include:
  • the communication might be data that the terminal needs to send to the base station or it might be data that it is expecting to receive from the network, e.g. a scheduled software update.
  • a terminal sends an attach message to a base station.
  • the message is passed to the base station controller, which identifies an application or terminal type associated with the terminal and sends a request for a registration strategy to the network controller with this information.
  • This step might equally be performed by a base station in a network in which base stations have this capability.
  • the network controller selects a registration strategy for the terminal and returns it to the base station controller (step 204).
  • the registration strategy may be selected in dependence on the application or device type associated with the terminal. Other factors may also be taken into account by the network controller, such as the bandwidth available to the network and the general traffic loading.
  • the base station controller on receiving the registration strategy, may format it and then pass it to the base station for transmission (step 205).
  • the selected registration strategy is then transmitted to the terminal (step 206), which implements it (step 207).
  • the process terminates in step 208.
  • the network may instruct the base stations controller about the available registration strategies and the device types they can be used for. These instructions may be updated from time to time, as network conditions change.
  • the network suitably has a two-stage approach for setting registration strategies:
  • the first strategy level may be a "long-term" strategy that might be set within the terminal when it first registers, based for example on the application running over the terminal, and which forms the default in the absence of other information.
  • the second strategy level may be a "short-term" strategy, which will typically be implemented by a terminal based on information from the network.
  • the short-term strategy will typically depend on network loading and/or available bandwidth.
  • FIG. 3 An example of a process for implementing a two-level approach to setting registration strategy is shown in Figure 3.
  • the process starts at step 301.
  • the network controller monitors network conditions.
  • the network controller determines that the network conditions are such that the registration strategy should be changed (step 303). This change will often only affect some of the terminals. If the change in network conditions is determined to be sufficiently permanent to warrant a change in the long-term strategy of the network, the network controller may arrange to have the new strategy communicated to terminals when they first register with the network as their default strategy (step 304). This will not, however, address the terminals who have already registered with the network. Therefore, the network controller may also arrange to have the new strategy communicated to all terminals whose default strategy has changed (step 305).
  • the controller may arrange for this new short-term strategy to be communicated to the relevant terminals in step 306.
  • the network controller may also arrange to have an indication of when they can revert to their default strategy transmitted to the terminals (step 307). That indication might be, for example, a time limit or other criterion included with the original communication implementing the short-term strategy, or it could be a separate transmission from the base station indicating that the terminal should revert to its default long-term strategy.
  • the process terminates in step 308.
  • each terminal may be associated with a group identity for broadcasting linked to its device type.
  • a set of messages are defined in the communication protocol that governs the network for informing terminals of which strategy to adopt and the particular parameters (e.g. time period duration) to follow.
  • the network controller shown generally at 401 , comprises a memory 402 for storing the multiple registration strategies available to it, a communication unit 403 for interfacing with other network elements such as base stations or base station controllers, a selection unit 404 for selecting an appropriate registration strategy and a monitoring unit 405 for monitoring conditions in the network.
  • the controller shown in Figure 4 is shown illustratively as comprising a number of interconnected functional blocks. This is for illustrative purposes and is not intended to define a strict division between different parts of hardware on a chip.
  • the controller preferably uses a microprocessor acting under software control for implementing the processes described herein. In some embodiments, the processes may be performed wholly or partly in hardware.
  • the embodiments described herein might be advantageously implemented in any wireless communication network.
  • the method might, for example, be advantageously implemented in a communication network that implements a communication protocol such as the Weightless protocol for machine communications.
  • a communication protocol such as the Weightless protocol for machine communications.
  • Weightless communication between a base station and its associated terminals is achieved by means of a series of frames, each comprising a preamble, a downlink data portion and an uplink data portion. Weightless is also designed to operate in unlicensed parts of the frequency spectrum, which are particularly susceptible to fluctuating bandwidth. Weightless is mentioned for the purposes of example only. It should be understood that the methods described herein might be implemented in accordance with any suitable communication protocol.

Abstract

A network controller for selecting a registration strategy for a terminal operating in a communication network comprising a plurality of base stations, the network controller having multiple registration strategies available to it that set out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into a geographical area associated with that base station, the network controller being configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it.

Description

TERMINAL REGISTRATION STRATEGIES
The invention relates to registering a terminal with a base station, and particularly to registering a terminal with a new base station as it moves from the coverage area of one base station to the coverage area of another.
The geographical area covered by a wireless communication network is often divided up into so-called "cells". Each cell may comprise a base station that is configured to communicate with mobile stations located within its cell. This results in a need to track mobile stations as they move from one cell to another, so that incoming calls or other communications can be directed to the correct part of the network. There is often a trade-off between the traffic generated by having a mobile station register with a base station when it enters a new cell (the "update cost") and the time and effort involved in finding the mobile station when the network needs to communicate with it (the "finding cost").
One option is for mobile stations to always register with a base station when entering its coverage area. The advantage of this approach is that the finding costs are low, because the network always knows where the terminal is. The disadvantage is that the update costs are very high. A compromise is to reduce the number of occasions on which the mobile station registers with a new base station. For example, cells might be divided into registration areas, with a mobile station only registering with a new base station if it moves from one registration area to another. A similar option is to designate some of the base stations as reporting centres, with the mobile station only registering with base stations that are designated as reporting centres. The trade-off between "update costs" and "finding costs" is dependent on the size of the registration areas and the number and distribution of the reporting centres.
There are other options that use more dynamic policies. These include: time-based systems, where mobile stations register periodically; movement-based systems, where mobile stations count the number of cell boundaries crossed and register when that number crosses a predetermined threshold; and distance-based systems, where mobile stations register whenever they have moved a predetermined distance since their last update.
It is also possible to implement different strategies for finding terminals. One option is serial paging, in which the network pages the mobile sequentially, one cell at a time. Another option is parallel paging, where the network pages the mobile in a collection of cells simultaneously. In parallel paging the cells may be partitioned into paging areas. When a call arrives for a mobile station, the cells in the first paging area may be paged simultaneously in the first round and if the mobile station is not found, the cells in the second paging area may be paged simultaneously in the second round.
In general a network operator will select a registration strategy that is considered to be optimal for the network. The decision may be based on the size of the cells, the overall coverage area of the network, the number of mobile stations in the network etc. This approach is reasonable for most networks because the behaviour and communication requirements of the mobile stations tend to be broadly similar. However, some networks accommodate terminals that differ widely in their capabilities, requirements and behaviour. An alternative approach is needed for a network in which terminal behaviour is more unpredictable.
According to a first embodiment of the invention, there is provided a network controller for selecting a registration strategy for a terminal operating in a communication network comprising a plurality of base stations, the network controller having multiple registration strategies available to it that set out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into a geographical area associated with that base station, the network controller being configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it.
The network controller may be configured to select the registration strategy in dependence on the terminal such that, at any one time, different terminals in the network can be operating under different registration strategies. The network controller may be configured to dynamically allocate registration strategies to terminals in the network such that a terminal can be operating under a first registration strategy at a first time instant and a second registration strategy, different from the first registration strategy, at a second time instant.
The network controller may be configured to monitor conditions in the network and select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on current network conditions.
The network controller may be configured to monitor one or more of: a bandwidth available to the network, a traffic level associated with the network, a predicted traffic level associated with the network and a distribution of traffic between the multiple base stations.
The network controller may be configured to select a long-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that long-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a default registration strategy.
The network controller may be configured to arrange for the long-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal when it first registers with a base station in the network.
The network controller may be configured to select a short-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a limited period of time.
The network controller may be configured to arrange for the short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a predetermined period of time. The network controller may be configured to arrange for the short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used until the terminal receives information indicating otherwise from the network.
The network controller may be configured to arrange that the terminal reverts to its long-term registration strategy after the limited period of time has elapsed.
The network controller may be configured to monitor conditions in the network, determine whether conditions warrant a change in the registration strategies being selected for the terminals and if so, determine whether conditions warrant a change in long-term registration strategies or short-term registration strategies.
The network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal that allows the terminal autonomy within the rules of the strategy to determine whether or not to register with a base station in dependence on a current condition of the terminal.
The network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy that allows the terminal to register with a base station if it has data to transmit to the base station.
The network controller may be configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on an application associated with that terminal.
The network controller may be configured to select from multiple registration strategies that include two or more of: the terminal registering with a base station whenever it enters a geographical area associated with that base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if it has data to communicate with that base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if a predetermined period of time has elapsed since it last registered with a base station; the terminal only registering with a base station if it has been located in the geographical area associated with that base station for a predetermined period of time; the terminal only registering with a base station if it receives an indication from the network that there is sufficient network capacity for it to transmit a registration message to the base station; and the terminal only registering with a base station when the signal level from that base station exceeds a predetermined threshold.
For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made by way of example to the following figures, in which:
Figure 1 shows an example of a communication network;
Figure 2 shows an example of a process for selecting a registration strategy;
Figure 3 shows an example of a process for implementing a two-level registration strategy; and
Figure 4 shows an example of a network controller.
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the system, and is provided in the context of a particular application. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
The general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
A terminal operating in a communication network may adopt a registration strategy that is selected for it by a network controller. The network controller may have multiple different registration strategies available to it, each setting out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into that base station's coverage area. Suitably the network controller selects a registration strategy for the terminal from the multiple different registration strategies it has available. An example of a wireless communication network is shown in Figure 1. The network comprises a wireless section, shown generally at 104, that comprises one or more base stations 105 that are each capable of communicating wirelessly with a number of terminals 106. Each base station may be arranged to communicate with terminals that are located within a particular geographical area or cell. The base stations transmit to and receive radio signals from the terminals. The terminals are entities embedded or machines or similar that communicate with the base stations. Suitably the wireless network is arranged to operate in a master-slave mode where the base station is the master and the terminals are the slaves.
The base station controller 107 is a device that provides a single point of communication to the base stations and then distributes the information received to other network elements as required. The base station controller may assemble frames. It may also make scheduling decisions and plan radio-related resources, including bandwidth allocation, frequency planning, code assignment synchronisation word planning and load balancing. Base stations may be simple devices that take pre-formatted frames of information and transmit them under the control of their respective base station controller.
The result is an architecture in which a simple physical device acts as the "base station" in the conventional sense, by transmitting and receiving signals over the air interface. The "base station controller" controls the operation of the "base station". Moving more of the intelligence into the software renders the controller readily transferrable to different physical devices. The controller may be implemented as a virtual machine running on a PC. Preferably the controller can be moved to a new machine without having to be adapted to the particular physical attributes of that machine. The radio might be implemented by a modem. The PC might be connected to the modem over an Ethernet connection.
The network may be arranged to communicate with a client-facing portion 101 via the internet 102. In this way a client may provide services to the terminals via the wireless network. Other logical network elements comprised in core network 103 and shown in this example are:
• Core network. This routes traffic information between base stations and client networks.
• Billing system. This records utilisation levels and generates appropriate billing data.
• Authentication system. This holds terminal and base station authentication information.
• Location register. This retains the last known location of the terminals.
• Broadcast register. This retains information on group membership and can be used to store and process acknowledgements to broadcast messages.
• Operations and maintenance centre (OMC). This monitors the function of the network and raises alarms when errors are detected. It also manages frequency and code planning, load balancing and other operational aspects of the network.
• White space database. This provides information on the available white space spectrum.
• Client information portal. This allows clients to determine data such as the status of associated terminals, levels of traffic etc.
In practice, many of the logical network elements may be implemented as databases running software and can be provided on a wide range of platforms. A number of network elements may be physically located within the same platform.
The communication network preferably comprises a controller for allocating registration strategies to the terminals in the network. The controller may be a standalone device or form part of another device, such as a base station controller. In a preferred embodiment, the controller is implemented by a part of the core network that has an overview of the network as a whole (e.g. traffic conditions, terminal distribution, bandwidth availability). In one example the controller might be implemented as part of the OMC. A network such as that shown in Figure 1 may be used for machine-to-machine communications, i.e. communications that do not involve human interaction. The protocol for the wireless link is therefore suitably one that is optimised for machine-to- machine communication. Preferably the protocol also operates in so-called whitespace: a part of the spectrum that is made available for unlicensed or opportunistic access. Conveniently, that may be in the UHF TV band and spans all or part of the range from 450MHz to 800MHz, depending on the country. A large amount of spectrum has been made available for unlicensed wireless systems in this frequency range.
Machine-to-machine communications are well-matched to the limitations of operating in white space, in which the bandwidth available to the network may vary from one location to another and also from one time instant to the next. As the network does not have any specific part of the spectrum allocated to it, even unallocated parts of the spectrum may become unavailable, e.g. due to a device in the vicinity that is operating outside of the network but using the same part of the spectrum. Machines are well-adapted to tolerating the delays and breaks in communication that can result from these varying communication conditions. The network is also preferably adapted to the communication conditions by, for example, making use of frequency hopping sequences (which are suitably different for neighbouring cells), different data rates (which can be adapted to the signal conditions and technical capabilities of the relevant terminals), spreading codes and acknowledgement mechanisms so that lost packets can be identified and resent.
Each of the base stations 105 suitably covers a particular geographical area or cell. When a terminal moves out of the coverage of one base station, it may search for new base stations. When it finds one, it has the option of sending an "attach" message to inform the network of its new location. This allows the network to readily route traffic to that terminal. However, sending an "attach" message consumes radio resources, in some cases unnecessarily. The network preferably has some flexibility in allocating registration strategies to terminals so that they can be tailored both to the requirements of individual terminals and to conditions in the network. The network preferably provides a platform on which as many different machine applications as possible can be based. Therefore, unlike existing cellular networks in which the requirements and behaviour of the mobile stations is broadly similar, the mobility and resource usage of the terminals is likely to vary widely. For example, although some of the terminals will be mobile (e.g. vehicle telemetry), in many applications the terminals will be static (e.g. electricity meters). Therefore, the network may not be able to identify the optimal registration strategy unless it differentiates between static and mobile terminals. Furthermore, even where terminals are mobile, they may behave unexpectedly due to their specific application. For example, some terminals may frequently move from cell to cell but infrequently send information. An example of this might be an accident message from a car that might only be sent once a year or less but the car might cross tens of cells per day. If there are many terminals in this category of "frequent handover, infrequent communications" then there is a risk that the network might become congested due to signalling information unless an appropriate registration strategy is adopted.
Another difference between the network described above and existing cellular networks is the variability of the bandwidth that is available to the network. Most existing networks operate in licensed parts of the spectrum, so they have a specific part of the spectrum allocated to them. Thus the network can operate in accordance with one registration policy, which can be selected to be optimal in view of the amount of bandwidth allocated to the network. However, a network configured to operate in an unlicensed part of the spectrum does not have a fixed amount of bandwidth allocated to it. The network needs to adapt to changes in bandwidth as other users cause interference in the network and also needs to manage the uneven distribution of bandwidth across the coverage area of the network.
The network controller may be provided with multiple different registration strategies. The controller may arrange so that different parts of the network use different strategies. It is also suitably capable of dynamically allocating the registration strategies so that they can be adapted to current network conditions. One way in which the network controller may achieve this is by allocating registration strategies to terminals. This may be done in dependence on the application that the terminal is used for, the location of the terminal, current traffic conditions in the network etc. The terminal may also be allowed some degree of autonomy within the rules of the strategy so that account can be taken of their own behaviour. For example, a terminal might be instructed to only send attach messages once per hour (if it has entered a new cell) unless it has data to send, in which case it may send an attach message immediately. In this way the network is able to make some allowance for the entirely unpredictable nature of some communications in a machine-to-machine network.
The network controller may also monitor conditions in the network so that the registration strategies it assigns can be adapted to current conditions. To make this process as flexible as possible, the network controller may assign terminals both short-term and long-term strategies. The network controller may monitor current traffic conditions, predicted traffic conditions and availability and distribution of bandwidth in the network. Some cells may have less bandwidth available to them than others. The network controller may assign terminals considered likely to move into those cells (e.g. because they are located in the same general area) a different registration strategy from similar terminals in other areas of the network.
The network controller may allocate any suitable registration strategy. Preferably it has a number of different strategies at its disposal. Examples might include:
• Always attach on finding a new cell.
• Only attach when the terminal has something to communicate with the base station. The communication might be data that the terminal needs to send to the base station or it might be data that it is expecting to receive from the network, e.g. a scheduled software update.
• Only attach once per time period (e.g. every hour).
• Only attach when the terminal has been in the cell for longer than a predetermined period of time (e.g. 10 minutes).
• Only attach when the network indicates that there is spare resource for attach messages. • Only attach when the signal level from the base station exceeds a predetermined threshold. This allows lower spreading factors to be used, so that the registration request consumes fewer resources.
Combinations of these strategies could be adopted.
An example of a process that may be implemented by the network controller is shown in Figure 2. The process starts in step 201. In step 202, a terminal sends an attach message to a base station. The message is passed to the base station controller, which identifies an application or terminal type associated with the terminal and sends a request for a registration strategy to the network controller with this information. This step might equally be performed by a base station in a network in which base stations have this capability. The network controller then selects a registration strategy for the terminal and returns it to the base station controller (step 204). The registration strategy may be selected in dependence on the application or device type associated with the terminal. Other factors may also be taken into account by the network controller, such as the bandwidth available to the network and the general traffic loading. The base station controller, on receiving the registration strategy, may format it and then pass it to the base station for transmission (step 205). The selected registration strategy is then transmitted to the terminal (step 206), which implements it (step 207). The process terminates in step 208.
An alternative approach would be for the base station controller to select the appropriate registration strategy for the terminal. The network may instruct the base stations controller about the available registration strategies and the device types they can be used for. These instructions may be updated from time to time, as network conditions change.
The network suitably has a two-stage approach for setting registration strategies:
• The first strategy level may be a "long-term" strategy that might be set within the terminal when it first registers, based for example on the application running over the terminal, and which forms the default in the absence of other information.
• The second strategy level may be a "short-term" strategy, which will typically be implemented by a terminal based on information from the network. The short-term strategy will typically depend on network loading and/or available bandwidth.
An example of a process for implementing a two-level approach to setting registration strategy is shown in Figure 3. The process starts at step 301. In step 302, the network controller monitors network conditions. The network controller then determines that the network conditions are such that the registration strategy should be changed (step 303). This change will often only affect some of the terminals. If the change in network conditions is determined to be sufficiently permanent to warrant a change in the long-term strategy of the network, the network controller may arrange to have the new strategy communicated to terminals when they first register with the network as their default strategy (step 304). This will not, however, address the terminals who have already registered with the network. Therefore, the network controller may also arrange to have the new strategy communicated to all terminals whose default strategy has changed (step 305). This could be conveniently done when the terminals next register with a base station. Alternatively the new strategy could be communicated immediately to all affected terminals. If the change in network conditions detected in step 302 is considered to only warrant a change in short-term strategy, the controller may arrange for this new short-term strategy to be communicated to the relevant terminals in step 306. The network controller may also arrange to have an indication of when they can revert to their default strategy transmitted to the terminals (step 307). That indication might be, for example, a time limit or other criterion included with the original communication implementing the short-term strategy, or it could be a separate transmission from the base station indicating that the terminal should revert to its default long-term strategy. The process terminates in step 308.
Rather than the strategy being communicated to the terminal from the network each time that it changes, one possibility would be for the different strategies to be stored by the terminal and then retrieved from memory when the network indicates that a particular strategy should be employed. The strategies may be pre-stored in the terminal at manufacture or may be downloaded to the terminal when it first registers with the network. The network would then only have to indicate to the terminal which of those strategies it should use, which may save traffic resources in the long-run. Another mechanism the network might use to conserve traffic resources is to broadcast changes in registration strategy to groups of terminals rather than sending individual messages. For example, each terminal may be associated with a group identity for broadcasting linked to its device type.
Preferably a set of messages are defined in the communication protocol that governs the network for informing terminals of which strategy to adopt and the particular parameters (e.g. time period duration) to follow.
An example of the functional blocks that might be comprised in a network controller is shown in Figure 4. The network controller, shown generally at 401 , comprises a memory 402 for storing the multiple registration strategies available to it, a communication unit 403 for interfacing with other network elements such as base stations or base station controllers, a selection unit 404 for selecting an appropriate registration strategy and a monitoring unit 405 for monitoring conditions in the network.
The controller shown in Figure 4 is shown illustratively as comprising a number of interconnected functional blocks. This is for illustrative purposes and is not intended to define a strict division between different parts of hardware on a chip. In practice, the controller preferably uses a microprocessor acting under software control for implementing the processes described herein. In some embodiments, the processes may be performed wholly or partly in hardware.
The embodiments described herein might be advantageously implemented in any wireless communication network. The method might, for example, be advantageously implemented in a communication network that implements a communication protocol such as the Weightless protocol for machine communications. In Weightless, communication between a base station and its associated terminals is achieved by means of a series of frames, each comprising a preamble, a downlink data portion and an uplink data portion. Weightless is also designed to operate in unlicensed parts of the frequency spectrum, which are particularly susceptible to fluctuating bandwidth. Weightless is mentioned for the purposes of example only. It should be understood that the methods described herein might be implemented in accordance with any suitable communication protocol.
The applicants hereby disclose in isolation each individual feature described herein and any combination of two or more such features, to the extent that such features or combinations are capable of being carried out based on the present specification as a whole in light of the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art, irrespective of whether such features or combinations of features solve any problems discloses herein, and without limitation to the scope of the claims. The applicants indicate that aspects of the present invention may consist of any such feature or combination of features. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1 . A network controller for selecting a registration strategy for a terminal operating in a communication network comprising a plurality of base stations, the network controller having multiple registration strategies available to it that set out when the terminal has to register with a base station on moving into a geographical area associated with that base station, the network controller being configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it.
2. A network controller as claimed in claim 1 , configured to select the registration strategy in dependence on the terminal such that, at any one time, different terminals in the network can be operating under different registration strategies.
3. A network controller as claimed in claim 1 or 2, configured to dynamically allocate registration strategies to terminals in the network such that a terminal can be operating under a first registration strategy at a first time instant and a second registration strategy, different from the first registration strategy, at a second time instant.
4. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to monitor conditions in the network and select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on current network conditions.
5. A network controller as claimed in claim 4, configured to monitor one or more of: a bandwidth available to the network, a traffic level associated with the network, a predicted traffic level associated with the network and a distribution of traffic between the multiple base stations.
6. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to select a long-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that long-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a default registration strategy.
7. A network controller as claimed in claim 6, configured to arrange for the long- term strategy to be communicated to the terminal when it first registers with a base station in the network.
8. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to select a short-term registration strategy for a terminal from the multiple registration strategies available to it and arrange for that short-term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a limited period of time.
9. A network controller as claimed in claim 8, configured to arrange for the short- term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used for a predetermined period of time.
10. A network controller as claimed in claim 8, configured to arrange for the short- term strategy to be communicated to the terminal as a registration strategy to be used until the terminal receives information indicating otherwise from the network.
1 1. A network controller as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, configured to arrange that the terminal reverts to its long-term registration strategy after the limited period of time has elapsed.
12. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to:
monitor conditions in the network;
determine whether conditions warrant a change in the registration strategies being selected for the terminals; and
if so, determine whether conditions warrant a change in long-term registration strategies or short-term registration strategies.
13. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal that allows the terminal autonomy within the rules of the strategy to determine whether or not to register with a base station in dependence on a current condition of the terminal.
14. A network controller as claimed in claim 13, configured to select a registration strategy that allows the terminal to register with a base station if it has data to transmit to the base station. 5. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to select a registration strategy for a terminal in dependence on an application associated with that terminal.
16. A network controller as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to select from multiple registration strategies that include two or more of:
the terminal registering with a base station whenever it enters a geographical area associated with that base station;
the terminal only registering with a base station if it has data to communicate with that base station;
the terminal only registering with a base station if a predetermined period of time has elapsed since it last registered with a base station;
the terminal only registering with a base station if it has been located in the geographical area associated with that base station for a predetermined period of time;
the terminal only registering with a base station if it receives an indication from the network that there is sufficient network capacity for it to transmit a registration message to the base station; and
the terminal only registering with a base station when the signal level from that base station exceeds a predetermined threshold.
17. A network controller substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
PCT/EP2012/061092 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal registration strategies WO2012171904A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (30)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1109874.6 2011-06-13
GB1109867.0 2011-06-13
GB201109867A GB201109867D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Signal acquisition from cold start
GB1109854.8 2011-06-13
GB1109844.9A GB2491834B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Acknowledgment mechanism
GB1109837.3 2011-06-13
GB1109850.6 2011-06-13
GB1109829.0 2011-06-13
GB1109863.9 2011-06-13
GBGB1109837.3A GB201109837D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Transmission mode
GB1109848.0 2011-06-13
GB1109848.0A GB2491835A (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Communication using time frames of at least one second duration
GB1109840.7A GB2492051B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Channel bandwidth
GBGB1109836.5A GB201109836D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Broadcast mechanism
GB1109874.6A GB2491840B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Inter-device communication
GB1109853.0 2011-06-13
GB1109854.8A GB2491837A (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Whitespace channel allocations in dependence on geographical location and an estimated coverage area of a communications station
GBGB1109863.9A GB201109863D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Slot flexibility
GB1109836.5 2011-06-13
GB1109830.8 2011-06-13
GB1109850.6A GB2492052B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Interference mitigation
GB1109844.9 2011-06-13
GB1109853.0A GB2491836B (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Frequency planning
GB1109840.7 2011-06-13
GB1109829.0A GB2491832A (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Antenna nulling
GBGB1109830.8A GB201109830D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-06-13 Allocation of whitespace spectrum
GB1116910.9 2011-09-30
GBGB1116910.9A GB201116910D0 (en) 2011-06-13 2011-09-30 Communication network
GB1209407.4 2012-05-28
GB1209407.4A GB2492624A (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-28 Selection of registration strategy for a mobile terminal

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PCT/EP2012/058203 WO2012171716A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-04 Calibration mode
PCT/EP2012/058191 WO2012171715A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-04 Communication controller in a machine to machine communication network
PCT/EP2012/058730 WO2012171731A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-11 Static terminals
PCT/EP2012/059332 WO2012171746A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-21 Unscheduled messages
PCT/EP2012/059566 WO2012171763A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-23 Device and method for deriving alignment information
PCT/EP2012/060978 WO2012171866A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-11 Data caching in a communication network
PCT/EP2012/061106 WO2012171910A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal handover
PCT/EP2012/061104 WO2012171909A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Synchronisation mechanism
PCT/EP2012/061097 WO2012171906A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal location using forced handover of m2m device in white space
PCT/EP2012/061103 WO2012171908A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Communication network
PCT/EP2012/061092 WO2012171904A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal registration strategies
PCT/EP2012/061147 WO2012171931A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Assigning licensed and unlicensed bandwidth
PCT/EP2012/061173 WO2012171945A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Combined frame of two communication protocols on same carrier for machine -to -machine and for broadband communication
PCT/EP2012/061149 WO2012171932A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Channel division
PCT/EP2012/061172 WO2012171944A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Dc offset compensation

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PCT/EP2012/058203 WO2012171716A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-04 Calibration mode
PCT/EP2012/058191 WO2012171715A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-04 Communication controller in a machine to machine communication network
PCT/EP2012/058730 WO2012171731A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-11 Static terminals
PCT/EP2012/059332 WO2012171746A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-21 Unscheduled messages
PCT/EP2012/059566 WO2012171763A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-05-23 Device and method for deriving alignment information
PCT/EP2012/060978 WO2012171866A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-11 Data caching in a communication network
PCT/EP2012/061106 WO2012171910A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal handover
PCT/EP2012/061104 WO2012171909A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Synchronisation mechanism
PCT/EP2012/061097 WO2012171906A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Terminal location using forced handover of m2m device in white space
PCT/EP2012/061103 WO2012171908A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-12 Communication network

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PCT/EP2012/061173 WO2012171945A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Combined frame of two communication protocols on same carrier for machine -to -machine and for broadband communication
PCT/EP2012/061149 WO2012171932A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Channel division
PCT/EP2012/061172 WO2012171944A1 (en) 2011-06-13 2012-06-13 Dc offset compensation

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EP (4) EP2710845B1 (en)
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GB (18) GB201114079D0 (en)
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