WO2009117730A1 - Electro-optic displays and color filters - Google Patents
Electro-optic displays and color filters Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009117730A1 WO2009117730A1 PCT/US2009/037938 US2009037938W WO2009117730A1 WO 2009117730 A1 WO2009117730 A1 WO 2009117730A1 US 2009037938 W US2009037938 W US 2009037938W WO 2009117730 A1 WO2009117730 A1 WO 2009117730A1
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- electro
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/201—Filters in the form of arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1391—Bistable or multi-stable liquid crystal cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F1/1677—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. reflectors or illuminating devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/52—RGB geometrical arrangements
Definitions
- This invention relates to electro-optic displays and color filters for use in such displays.
- optical property is typically color perceptible to the human eye, it may be another optical property, such as optical transmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displays intended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range.
- electro-optic displays are known.
- One type of electro-optic display is a rotating bichromal member type as described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761; 6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791 (although this type of display is often referred to as a "rotating bichromal ball” display, the term "rotating bichromal member" is preferred as more accurate since in some of the patents mentioned above the rotating members are not spherical).
- Such a display uses a large number of small bodies (typically spherical or cylindrical) which have two or more sections with differing optical characteristics, and an internal dipole. These bodies are suspended within liquid-filled vacuoles within a matrix, the vacuoles being filled with liquid so that the bodies are free to rotate. The appearance of the display is changed by applying an electric field thereto, thus rotating the bodies to various positions and varying which of the sections of the bodies is seen through a viewing surface.
- This type of medium is typically bistable.
- an electrochromic medium for example an electrochromic medium in the form of a nanochromic film comprising an electrode formed at least in part from a semi-conducting metal oxide and a plurality of dye molecules capable of reversible color change attached to the electrode; see, for example O'Regan, B., et al., Nature 1991, 353, 737; and Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24 (March 2002). See also Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845. Nanochromic films of this type are also described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,301,038; 6,870.657; and 6,950,220. This type of medium is also typically bistable.
- Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays. [Para 9] As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid.
- electrophoretic media In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, but electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., "Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCSl-I, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., "Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically", IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. Patent Publication No.
- Electrophoretic particles, fluids and fluid additives see for example U.S. Patent No. 7,002,728 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0146310;
- microcell electrophoretic display A related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called "microcell electrophoretic display".
- the charged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449, both assigned to Sipix Imaging, Inc.
- electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media, the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through the display) and operate in a reflective mode
- many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate in a so-called "shutter mode" in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light- transmissive. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Patents Nos. 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856.
- Dielectrophoretic displays which are similar to electrophoretic displays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Patent No. 4,418,346.
- Other types of electro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode.
- An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates.
- printing is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; electrophoretic deposition (see U.S. Patent No. 7,339,715); and other similar techniques.)
- pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating
- roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating
- gravure coating dip coating
- spray coating meniscus coating
- spin coating brush coating
- electro-optic media may also be useful in the present invention.
- Many types of electro-optic media are essentially monochrome, in the sense that any given medium has two extreme optical states and a range of gray levels lying between the two extreme optical states. As already indicated, the two extreme optical states need not be black and white. For example, one extreme optical state can be white and the other dark blue, so that the intermediate gray levels will be varying shades of blue, or one extreme optical state can be red and the other blue, so that the intermediate gray levels will be varying shades of purple.
- [Para 1 7] There is today an increasing demand for full color displays, even for small, portable displays; for example, most displays on cellular telephones are today full color. To provide a full color display using monochrome media, it is either necessary to place a color filter array where the display can be viewed through the color filter array, or to place areas of different electro- optic media capable of displaying different colors adjacent one another.
- FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic section through a color electrophoretic display (generally designated 100) comprising a backplane 102 bearing a plurality of pixel electrodes 104.
- a color electrophoretic display (generally designated 100) comprising a backplane 102 bearing a plurality of pixel electrodes 104.
- this backplane 102 has been laminated an inverted front plane laminate as described in the aforementioned 2007/0109219, this inverted front plane laminate comprising a monochrome electrophoretic medium layer 106 having black and white extreme optical states, an adhesive layer 108, a color filter array 110 having red, green and blue areas aligned with the pixel electrodes 104, a substantially transparent conductive layer 112 (typically formed from indium-tin-oxide, ITO) and a front protective layer 114.
- ITO indium-tin-oxide
- the electrophoretic layer 106 is of course not 100 per cent reflective, and the saturation of the color filter elements in the array 110 must be reduced to allow enough light to pass through the array 110, reflect from the electrophoretic layer 106, and return through the array 110.
- using a color filter array does enable a single black/white electro-optic medium to provide a full color display, and it is typically easier to control the color gamut of a display by varying the colors in a color filter array than by varying the colors of electro-optic media, there being far more materials available for use in color filter arrays than in most electro-optic media.
- the color filter array shown in Figure 1 is an RGB color filter. It is known that improved contrast can be obtained from a filter if a white pixel is included, thus producing an RGBW filter. However, it has been found that when an RGBW filter is used with an electro- optic display and the red, green and blue pixels use reasonably saturated red, green and blue colors, the white state of the display is rather poor. It has been suggested that a CMY (cyan/magenta/yellow) filter, similar to the CMY printing systems used in the color printing industry, be used in place of the RGB filter. In color printing, the cyan, magenta and yellow inks can overlap, so the resultant print can provide well saturated colors using a subtractive color mode.
- CMY cyan/magenta/yellow
- CMYW cyan/magenta/yellow/white
- the result of using the new set of primary colors is a compromise between the aforementioned properties of RGB and CMY primaries; more specifically, the new set of primaries produces red, green and blue color saturation greater than that achieved by CMY primaries, while producing a white state better than that achieved with RGB primaries, and the resulting properties render color images more attractive to the human eye than those achieved with either RGB or CMY primaries.
- the use of a white pixel is still highly desirable to maintain adequate contrast.
- this invention provides a color filter array comprising a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels comprising: an orange sub-pixel having a hue within the range of 25 to 65° in the a*b* plane of the La*b* color space; a lime sub-pixel having a hue within the range of 145 to 185° in said a*b* plane; and a purple sub-pixel having a hue within the range of 265 to 305° in said a*b* plane.
- each orange sub-pixel has a hue within the range of 35 to 55° (most desirably 40 to 50°) in the a*b* plane;
- each lime sub-pixel has a hue within the range of 155 to 175° (most desirably 160 to 170°) in the a*b* plane;
- each purple sub-pixel has a hue within the range of 275 to 295° (most desirably 280 to 290°) in the a*b* plane.
- Each pixel may further comprise a white sub-pixel.
- the color gamut of the color filter is affected by the chrominance of the orange, lime and purple and it is desirable that, for each of the orange, line and purple sub-pixels, the a* and b* coordinates satisfy the relationship:
- angles between the orange, lime and purple sub-pixels in the a*b* plane all fall within the range of 120 ⁇ 5°.
- This invention extends to an electro-optic display provided with a color filter of the present invention.
- This invention is particularly, though not exclusively intended for use in such displays having an electro-optic medium which is reflective, such that light passes through the color filter, is reflected from the electro-optic medium, and passes back through the color filter to an observer.
- the electro-optic display may make use of any of the types of electro-optic medium discussed above.
- the electro-optic material may comprise a rotating bichromal member or electrochromic material.
- the electro-optic material may comprise an electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of electrically charged particles disposed in a fluid and capable of moving through the fluid under the influence of an electric field.
- the electrically charged particles and the fluid may be confined with a plurality of capsules or microcells.
- the electrically charged particles and the fluid may be present as a plurality of discrete droplets surrounded by a continuous phase comprising a polymeric material.
- the fluid may be liquid or gaseous.
- This invention extends to an electronic book reader, portable computer, tablet computer, cellular telephone, smart card, sign, watch, shelf label or flash drive comprising a display of the present invention.
- this invention provides a method of converting an RGB image for display on a display according to claim 12, the method comprising, for each pixel:
- step (b) determining the lowest of the cyan, magenta and yellow values estimated in step (a), and subtracting this lowest value from each of the cyan, magenta and yellow values estimated in step (a) to provide modified cyan, magenta and yellow values;
- step (c) determining the lowest of the red, green and blue values, and adding this lowest value to the modified cyan, magenta and yellow values calculated in step (b) to produce final cyan, magenta and yellows values C, M and Y respectively;
- Figure 2 is a graph showing the variation of certain properties of a display of the present invention as functions of the exact orange primary used.
- Figure 3 is a color diagram showing in La*b* space the red, green, blue, cyan magenta and yellow colors obtainable using a color filter array of the present invention.
- the present invention provides color filters based upon orange, lime and purple primaries; thus the color filters of the present invention will be referred to as
- OLED color filters
- OLEDW organic light-emitting diode
- RGB image data for use with such color filters.
- the primaries used in the color filters of the present invention are produced by mixing weighted amounts of the relevant primaries from the RGB and YCM sets (in that order), so that the primaries may be defined as:
- the new primaries can be produced by blending the RGB and YCM primaries in different proportions depending upon the desired color gamut and contrast requirements. Optimization of the blending can be achieved by changing the proportions of the RGB and YCM primaries in a manner that effectively rotates the primaries to achieve the best balance in the saturation of the individual RGBCMY colors available from the color filter.
- the optimum ratios depend on the desired balance between maximum gamut and the ability to match a standard
- the selected primaries fall exactly 120 ⁇ 5° apart in hue angle so that the "white" state of the display is essentially a neutral gray. This may be achieved by ensuring that the same ⁇ i: ⁇ 2 , 013:014 and 015:016 ratios are used in the calculation of each of the OLP primaries.
- the precise location of the primaries may be selected to obtain a desirable white point for the white state of the display. In particular, it is well known to those skilled in color science that many people prefer a slight blue hue over a strictly neutral gray in the white state of a display, but strongly dislike any hint of a red or green hue in the white state.
- the OLP(W) primaries can also be desaturated slightly to improve the white state, but at some cost in color richness.
- RGB images which is the form in which most images are stored by computers
- OPLW primaries The preferred method for converting RGB images to OPLW primaries is as follows:
- OPLW color filter arrays allow for balanced display of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta and yellow colors in a manner which conventional RGBW or CMYW color filter arrays do not.
- Figure 3 shows the results obtained by modeling an OPLW color filter array of the present invention using the known spectral characteristics of set of RGB and CMY dyes, and assuming that the OPL color filter elements using equal amounts of the two relevant dyes.
- the color filter array of the present invention is capable of achieving colors (at the inward ends of the lines in Figure 3) which, while less saturated that the desirable goals for display of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta and yellow colors (as indicated at the outward ends of the lines) were well balanced, and had good L* values.
- This balanced color display by the color filter array of the present invention is in marked contrast to conventional RGBW color filter arrays (which produce good red, green and blue colors but poor cyan, magenta and yellow colors) and to conventional CMYW color filter arrays (which produce good cyan, magenta and yellow colors but poor red, green and blue colors).
- RGBW color filter arrays which produce good red, green and blue colors but poor cyan, magenta and yellow colors
- CMYW color filter arrays which produce good cyan, magenta and yellow colors but poor red, green and blue colors.
- RGB color filter As already noted, this conversion method should be adjusted for the precise blend of color filter array primaries when modified OPLW primaries are used.
- the present invention provides an improved white state of a color display with only minor impact on the saturation of basic colors, provides balanced rendering of color and better apparent saturation, and can provide energy savings when front or back lighting is used.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020107021196A KR101237263B1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-23 | Electro-optic displays and color filters |
JP2011501010A JP2011517490A (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-23 | Electro-optic display and color filter |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US3852308P | 2008-03-21 | 2008-03-21 | |
US61/038,523 | 2008-03-21 |
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WO2009117730A1 true WO2009117730A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
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PCT/US2009/037938 WO2009117730A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-03-23 | Electro-optic displays and color filters |
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US (1) | US8054526B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2011517490A (en) |
KR (1) | KR101237263B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009117730A1 (en) |
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KR20100116224A (en) | 2010-10-29 |
JP2011517490A (en) | 2011-06-09 |
US8054526B2 (en) | 2011-11-08 |
US20090237776A1 (en) | 2009-09-24 |
KR101237263B1 (en) | 2013-02-27 |
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