WO2008102343A1 - Apparatus and method for reducing friction, corrosion and biological growth on the hull of marine vessels - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for reducing friction, corrosion and biological growth on the hull of marine vessels Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008102343A1 WO2008102343A1 PCT/IL2008/000211 IL2008000211W WO2008102343A1 WO 2008102343 A1 WO2008102343 A1 WO 2008102343A1 IL 2008000211 W IL2008000211 W IL 2008000211W WO 2008102343 A1 WO2008102343 A1 WO 2008102343A1
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- vessel
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- engine
- fuel
- exhaust gas
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
- B63B1/32—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
- B63B1/34—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction
- B63B1/38—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction using air bubbles or air layers gas filled volumes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B59/00—Hull protection specially adapted for vessels; Cleaning devices specially adapted for vessels
- B63B59/04—Preventing hull fouling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63G—OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE ARRANGEMENTS ON VESSELS; MINE-LAYING; MINE-SWEEPING; SUBMARINES; AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
- B63G8/00—Underwater vessels, e.g. submarines; Equipment specially adapted therefor
- B63G8/08—Propulsion
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H11/00—Marine propulsion by water jets
- B63H11/12—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being steam or other gas
- B63H11/16—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being steam or other gas the gas being produced by other chemical processes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T70/00—Maritime or waterways transport
- Y02T70/10—Measures concerning design or construction of watercraft hulls
Abstract
An apparatus and method is provided for improving movement of floating or underwater marine vessels. An anaerobic fuel (110) is deflagrated in an engine (120). The exhaust gases (140) from the. deflagration are led to the outer surface of the vessel, creating a continuous gas barrier. By reducing the contact between the outer surface of the vessel and the water through which it travels, the apparatus reduces the friction between the vessel and the water by 90% or more, thus greatly increasing the efficiency of the vessel's propulsion. In addition, the continuous gas barrier acts as a protective layer for the vessel's outer surface, limiting or preventing corrosion and/or biological growth.
Description
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR IMPROVING MOVEMENT OF FLOATING OR
UNDER WATER MARINE VESSELS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for improving movement of afloat or under water marine vessels. The present invention also relates to apparatus and method for propelling any kind of marine vessel, floating or diving, or any type of submarine. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for reducing water friction on a hull of a marine vessel by separating at least a major portion of the outer surface of the hull, which would otherwise engage the water, from the water, by a layer of engine exhaust gas.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Friction between water and the outer surface of the hull of all types of vessel moving through water consumes a significant amount of the energy required to move the vessel. It is well known that reducing the area of contact between water and hull improves the energy efficiency and speed the vessel; therefore many attempts have been made to introduce air or gas in the form of bubbles or streams to separate the water from the hull in order to reduce the friction between them.
Many designs for low drag ship hulls, for example in US 20050126464, make use of air cavities of various shapes and forms. Alternatively, WO 9928180 discloses a system and method for reducing water friction on the hull of a marine vessel in which the contact between hull and water is reduced by induction of compressed air. According to this design, grooves keep air from escaping from the area of contact, and the air is recaptured for further use. US 20050039661 teaches a method for controlling the water friction on the hull by deposition of nano or micro structures on the hull, reducing the contact between the water and the hull. US 20040112269 describes a front drive submarine emitting compressed air which creates an insulating bubble in which the submarine travels, thus reducing friction. US 4,979,917 discloses a means for producing a gaseous boundary layer formed either by air or by exhaust gas ejected around the water emitted by the drive of a vessel, and describes the benefits of stealth and ice
lubrication.
As is well described in WO9928180, there exist fundamental difficulties in any design based on injection of gas between water and hull. Not only does a source of the gas have to be provided, but in addition, the gas has to be compressed in order to overcome the pressure of the water into which it is injected.
The problem is more severe at greater depths, especially in the case of submersible vessels. Compressed air is available in a submarine only in a limited quantity, and its compression requires energy and reduces overall efficiency. Internal combustion engine exhaust gases are usually generated at high pressures, but are usually derived from air containing oxygen, a scarce and limited resource in a submarine.
In addition to increased energy efficiency, benefits of introducing a layer of gas between hull and water include reduction of noise, stealth, and discouraging of the growth of marine organisms such as barnacles on the hull, which in turn further contributes to increased energy efficiency and lowered operating costs.
Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) is a known technology which allows a submarine to operate without the need to surface or use a snorkel to access atmospheric oxygen. AIP is usually implemented as an auxiliary source. Most such systems generate electricity which in turn drives an electric motor for propulsion or recharging the boat's batteries. AIP does not normally provide the endurance or power to replace the atmosphere-dependent propulsion, but allows it to remain on station underwater for longer than a more conventionally propelled submarine could. A typical conventional power plant will provide 3 megawatts maximum, and an AIP source around a tenth of that. A nuclear submarine's propulsion plant is usually much greater than 20 megawatts.
The principal AIP techniques include closed cycle diesel engines; closed cycle steam turbines provided with oxidant, usually stored as liquid oxygen, when submerged; Stirling cycle engines, i.e., a modified version of their nuclear propulsion system with heat being generated by ethanol and compressed oxygen; fuel cells; and nuclear power.
Recently, a family of novel AIP fuels, including W.J.Fuel™, W.J.Ideal Fuel™, W.J.Explofuel™, and W.J.Chimofuel™ were presented. This fuel is useful for anaerobic
reciprocation of a newly developed internal piston called W.J.Engine™ and/or W.J.Ideal Engine™. These fuels and engines are defined in PCT patent application PCT/IL2007/000185, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The W.J.Engine™ comprises at least one piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder in an N- stroke operation. Feeding means were provided for introducing W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ into or adjacent to a cylinder head accommodating at least one piston and cylinder, in at least one event of each of said N strokes. Ignition means were also provided, igniting W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ in or adjacent to the cylinder head, especially in the W.J.Engine™, so that in each stroke, a predetermined burning of W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ actuates the crank. W.J.Fuel™, W.J.Explofuel™, and W.J.Chimofuel™ are highly compacted, especially adapted to the reduced internal volumes of heavy fuel diesel fuel and supporting fuel systems and cabins in all types of submarine and all existing types of vessels.
Additionally, the W.J.Container™, a means of storage for W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ was taught. The W.J.container™ is isolated against heat, extreme cold, static electricity, lightning, sparks, fire, shocks, and shock waves, has high humidity resistance, is fully air-conditioned, and is fully armored and protected against penetration of small caliber firearms. The W.J.container™ can store W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ for more than 10 years without loss of energetic value, and the fuel thus stored is ready for instant use without any necessity for additional treatment.
Lastly, an anaerobic method for pre-determined deflagration driving of a reciprocating internal combustion engine was presented. The method comprises of steps as follows: obtaining at least one piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder; feeding a predetermined measure of W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ at each stroke; igniting W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ at least once, burning said W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ so that the burning mass of gases creates a Shockwave of a pressurized gas, actuating the piston.
A cost-effective and energy efficient apparatus or method for improving the propulsion efficiency of a marine vessel by reducing water friction on its hull via separation by a layer of exhaust gas from a W.J.Engine™ and/or W.J.Ideal Engine™ of at least a major portion of the
outer surface of the hull, which would otherwise engage the water, from the water, thus meets a long felt need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an apparatus and an AlP-based method for improving the propulsion efficiency of a marine vessel by reducing water friction on its hull via separation by a layer of exhaust gas from an engine (e.g. of the type exemplified by the W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™) of at least a major portion of the outer surface of the hull, which would otherwise engage the water, from the water.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for propelling any type of marine vessel, chosen in an non-limiting manner from floating vessels, torpedoes and their like, and submarine vessels[200], said apparatus comprising: anaerobic fuel [110], preferably W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™; an engine, preferably a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™ [120] for burning or deflagrating said fuel, and driving said vessel; a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the hull of said vessel or any type of floating item or any item that is under water; at least one exhaust pipe [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer, so that a continuous gas barrier is obtained.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for lowering the friction between the hull of a marine vessel and the medium through which it travels, said apparatus comprising: anaerobic fuel [110], preferably W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™; an engine, preferably a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™ [120] for burning or deflagrating said fuel; a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the hull of said vessel or any type of floating item or any item that is under water; at least one exhaust pipe [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer, so that a continuous gas barrier is obtained, said continuous gas barrier serving to lower the friction between the vessel and the surrounding medium.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for protecting the hull of a marine vessel, said apparatus comprising: anaerobic fuel [110], preferably W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™; an engine, preferably a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™ [120] for burning or deflagrating said fuel; a water contact layer [130] on the outer side
of the hull of said vessel or any type of floating item or any item that is under water; at least one exhaust pipe [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer, so that a continuous gas barrier is obtained, said continuous gas barrier acting as a protective layer between the hull and the medium, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce, and/or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said hull of said vessel.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction, said apparatus comprising: anaerobic fuel [110], preferably W.J.Fuel™ and/or WJ.Explofuel™ and/or WJ.Chimofuel™; an engine, preferably a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™ [120] for burning or deflagrating said fuel; a water contact layer [130] on the outer surface of said underwater construction; at least one exhaust pipe [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer, so that a continuous gas barrier is obtained, said continuous gas barrier acting as a protective layer between said outer surface of said underwater construction and said medium, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce, and/or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said outer surface of said underwater construction.
It is another object of the present invention to provide any of the apparatuses defined above, wherein the engine is an anaerobic pressure hot gas mass driven reciprocating internal piston engine comprising: at least one piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder in an N-stroke operation, said piston being in communication with a crankshaft; feeding means for introducing anaerobic fuel in or adjacent to the engine's cylinder head accommodating said at least one piston and cylinder, in at least one event of each of said N strokes; and ignition means for igniting said anaerobic fuel in or adjacent to said engine's cylinder head, whereat said piston is in at least one predetermined location in said cylinder along each of said N-strokes, so that with each stroke, a predetermined deflagration of said anaerobic fuel actuates said crankshaft.
It is another object of the present invention to provide any of the apparatuses defined above, wherein the anaerobic fuel is a chemical propellant, preferably nitrocellulose, RDX (C3H6N6O6), TNT (CH3C6H2(NO2)S), nitrocellulose or nitroglycerin, or a propellant composition comprising ingredients selected from the group including sulfur, ammonium nitrate, ammonium picrate, aluminum powder, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), nitrocellulose, pentaerythiotol tetranitrate (PETN), CGDN, 2,4,6 trinitrophenyl methylamine (tetryl) and other
boosters, primers, explosives, single base propellants, double base propellants, triple base propellants, or any other multiple base propellant, cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), octogen-octahydro-1,3,5,7 tetranitro 1.3.5.7. tetrazocine, cyclic nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10, 12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 2,4,6,8, 10,12- hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (HNIW), 5-cyanotetrazolpentaamine cobalt III perchlorate (CP), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), triazidotrinitrobenzene (TATNB), tetracence, smokeless powder, black powder, boracitol, triamino trinitrobenzene (TATB), TATB/DATB mixtures, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN), tertyl, trimethyleneolethane trinitrate (TMETM), trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), sodium azid, nitrogen gas, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, silicone dioxide, alkaline silicate, salts, e.g., salty waters, nitro salts, and especially mixtures comprising about 97.5% RDX, about 1.5% calcium stearate, about 0.5% polyisobutylene, and about 0.5% graphite (CH-6); a mixture of about 98.5% RDX and about 1.5% stearic acid (A-5); or any combination thereof. An anaerobic fuel can be selected, for example, form mixtures of nitrocellulose 98% and diplamine 2%; nitrocellulose 98.5%, diplamine 1% and dyes 0.5% or any combination thereof.
The anaerobic fuel may also comprise colorants, dyes or pigments at relatively low concentrations, salt, salt water, ocean water, Dead Sea waters, nitro-containing derivatives, fusel fuel, any kind of nitro fuel oil or any combination thereof.
It is another object of the present invention to provide the apparatus defined above, wherein the engine is an internal piston or combustion engine, e.g., a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™.
It is another object of the present invention to provide the apparatus defined above, wherein the engine is an external piston engine or combustion engine.
It is another object of the present invention to provide the apparatus defined above, additionally comprising means for ignition of the fuel by an electric spark, and/or heating plug or apparatus, and/or plasma, and/or any other method to ignite or burn said injected exhaust gas.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for propelling a marine vessel, said method comprising: obtaining anaerobic fuel; deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine (e.g., W.J.Engine™) adapted for driving said vessel; and leading exhaust gas, e.g., not treated, before treatment and/or after treatment, from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing the friction between the hull of a marine vessel and the medium through which it travels, said method comprising: obtaining anaerobic fuel; deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine (e.g., W.J.Engine™); and leading exhaust gas, e.g., not treated, before treatment and/or after treatment, from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel, such that a gas barrier between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels is obtained, such that the friction between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels is reduced by about 90% or more.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for protecting the hull of a marine vessel, said method comprising: obtaining anaerobic fuel; deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine (e.g., W.J.Engine™); and leading exhaust gas, e.g., not treated, before treatment and/or after treatment, from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel, such that a gas barrier between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels is obtained, said gas barrier acting as a protective layer for the hull of the vessel, preventing, reducing, or eliminating corrosion, and/or by its contact with the hull of the vessel, preventing, reducing, or eliminating biological growth on the hull of the vessel.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction, said method comprising: obtaining anaerobic fuel; deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine (e.g., W.J.Engine™); and leading exhaust gas, e.g., not treated, before treatment and/or after treatment, from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer surface of said underwater construction, such that a gas barrier between the outer surface of the underwater construction and the medium in which it immersed is obtained, said gas barrier acting as a protective layer for the outer surface of the underwater construction, preventing, reducing, or eliminating corrosion, and/or by its contact with the hull of the vessel, preventing, reducing, or eliminating biological growth on the outer surface of the underwater construction.
It is another object of the present invention to provide any of the methods defined above, further comprising a step of burning or igniting said treated and/or untreated exhaust gas at said water contact layer.
It is another object of the present invention to provide any of the methods defined above additionally comprising steps of lighting said exhaust gas, especially by a means of electric
spark, and/or any heating or lighting type of plug and/or a plasma.
It is another object of the present invention to provide any of the methods defined additionally comprising the steps of leading the exhaust gas to contact the hull of the vessel or outer surface of the construction; wherein the exhaust gases are adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said vessel's wall facing the water.
It is another object of the present invention to provide the apparatus defined above wherein the exhaust gases are adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate biological content, especially barnacles, algae and microorganisms, on marine vessels, comprising flowing said exhaust gas to contact the vessel wall, such that said exhaust gas attacks the biological growth, preventing and/or reducing its growth and/or eliminating it entirely.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for avoiding, reducing or eliminating corrosion in the marine vessel, comprising flowing said exhaust gas to contact the vessel wall, such that wetting of said wall by saltwater is reduced, and corrosion decreases.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for avoiding, reducing or eliminating biological content (especially algae and microorganisms) on marine vessels, comprising flowing said exhaust gas to contact the vessel wall, such that said exhaust gas attacks the biological growth, preventing and/or reducing its growth and/or eliminating it entirely.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be implemented in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of a non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 schematically presents the present invention employed to propel a vessel [200] in the direction indicated by the arrow [150] in which the contact layer surrounds the front of the vessel;
FIG. 2 schematically presents the present invention employed to propel a vessel [200] in the direction indicated by the arrow [150], in which the contact layer surrounds the entire hull of the vessel;
FIG. 3 schematically presents a particular embodiment of the present invention in which the engine, e.g., a W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™ [120] is an internal piston engine, the motion of the pressurized hot gases moving and actuating the said (piston) engine;
FIG. 4 schematically presents a method for propelling a marine vessel; and,
FIG. 5 schematically presents a method for propelling marine vessel, additionally comprising secondary combustion.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following description is provided, alongside all chapters of the present invention, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make use of said invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out this invention. Various modifications, however, will remain apparent to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined specifically to provide apparatus and method for the prevention of infestation inside a volume of interest.
The term 'vessel' refers in the present invention to any type of marine vessel, chosen in an non- limiting manner from floating vessels, torpedoes and their like, and submarine vessels [200].
The term 'underwater construction' refers to any permanent or semi-permanent structure or device which is designed for use while partially or entirely immersed in water, e.g., underwater accommodation, an underwater plant, pipes, storage containers, drilling rigs, underwater mining systems, etc.
The term 'anaerobic fuel' refers in the present invention to any AIP combustible or burning chemical material or propellant composition which requires no extra oxygen to produce hot mass of gases. The term alternatively refers to commercially available propellants such as W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™. The term is especially related to anaerobic fuels and W.J.Explofuel™ propellants selected from e.g., smokeless powder, which consists of nitrocellulose or the like (single-base powders), powders combined with up to 50 percent nitroglycerin or the like (double-base powders), powders combined with nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine or the like (triple-base) or any combination thereof. The term is also related to anaerobic fuels and/or W.J.Fuel™ and/or W.J.Explofuel™ and/or W.J.Chimofuel™ propellants
comprising stabilizers and/or ballistic modifiers. The term is also related to chemo-fuels of any kind or type, and can be in gel, liquid, solid, flake, powder, fine particle, or cake form, or in any form capable of flowing.
The term 'engine' refers to an AlP-propellant engine, especially to anaerobic fuel-propellant engines, e.g., W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™. For purposes of clarification, the engine can comprise an internal or external piston engine. The term alternatively refers to non-AIP engines, e.g., diesel engines, nuclear reactors, electric engines, etc.
The term 'medium' refers to the water through which the vessel travels or in which an underwater construction is immersed, e.g. salt water of any salinity or fresh water. In the case of a floating vessel, that part of the hull that is underwater contacts the medium; in the case of a submersible vessel or underwater construction, the medium completely surrounds the vessel or construction.
The apparatus for propelling a marine vessel according to a most general embodiment of the present invention, is schematically characterized by an engine deflagrating (in a predetermined manner) anaerobic fuel, thus producing exhaust gas, which flows through at least one pipe to a water contact layer on the outside of the hull.
The fuel comprises a propellant, in a form chosen from the group that consists of small pellets, liquid, solid flowing materials, gel, flakes, powder, and droplets or any combination thereof. Said propellant is chosen from the group that consists of RDX (C3H6N6O6), TNT (CH3C6H2(NO2)3), HMX, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin according to some specific embodiments of the apparatus. Additionally, and still in a non-limiting manner, the aforesaid anaerobic fuel is selected from a group including inter alia compositions of sulfur, ammonium nitrate, ammonium picrate, aluminum powder, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), nitrocellulose, pentaerythiotol tetranitrate (PETN), CGDN, 2,4,6 trinitrophenyl methylamine (tetryl) and other booster explosives; a mixture comprising about 97.5% RDX, about 1.5% calcium stearate, about 0.5% polyisobutylene, and about 0.5% graphite (CH-6); a mixture of about 98.5% RDX and about 1.5% stearic acid (A-5); cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), octogen-octahydro-1,3,5,7 tetranitro 1.3.5.7. tetrazocine, cyclic nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10, 12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 2,4,6,8, 10,12- hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (HNIW), 5-cyanotetrazolpentaamine cobalt III perchlorate (CP),
cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), triazidotrinitrobenzene (TATNB), tetracence, smokeless powder, black powder, boracitol, triamino trinitrobenzene (TATB), TATB/DATB mixtures, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN), tertyl, trimethyleneolethane trinitrate (TMETM), trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), sodium azid, nitrogen gas, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, silicone dioxide, alkaline silicate, salts, e.g., salty waters, nitro salts, or any combination thereof. An anaerobic fuel can be selected, according to one embodiment of the invention, from mixtures such as about 98% nitrocellulose and about 2% dipicamine; about 98.5% nitrocellulose, about 1% dipicamine, and about 0.5% dye; or any combination thereof. The anaerobic fuel may also comprise colorants, dyes or pigments at relatively low concentrations, salt, salty waters, ocean water, dead sea waters, fusel oil, nitro-containing fuel or any combination thereof.
The methods for propelling marine vessels according to a most general embodiment of the present invention schematically characterized by combusting, burning, or deflagrating some fuel in an engine, and leading some of the exhaust gas to a water contact layer at the outer side of the hull of the vessel.
The method also comprises combustion of the gases, e.g., flammable gases, at the contact layer as defined below.
Reference is thus made now to FIG. 1, presenting a schematic and generalized presentation of the aforementioned novel apparatus for propelling a marine vessel [200] through water in the direction indicated by the arrow [150]. The apparatus comprises a storage volume [110] in which some fuel, e.g., anaerobic fuel, is stored. FIG. 1 represents an embodiment of the invention in which the contact layer is restricted to the forward part of the vessel. FIG. 2 represents an embodiment in which the entire hull of the vessel is surrounded by the contact layer.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a fuel-like propagating composition is fed in small quantities to the engine [120], in a form chosen from the group consisting of, small droplets, pellets, liquids, solids, gel, cake, flakes, or powder.
The fuel burns in the engine releasing at least one type of gas that can itself be used as a fuel (e.g. CO). The energy obtained during the deflagration of the fuel is used to drive the vessel through the water. There are many forms of engine known in the art. An internal combustion engine directly uses the energy as mechanical energy to drive a propeller, and an external combustion engine use the energy as heat to produce steam which in turn drives a propeller.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the exhaust gas comprises a mixture of gases and soot, and can be upgraded by means of adding a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen (obtained from electrolysis of the water surrounding the vessel) to the injected exhaust gas mixture.
At least the lower forward portion of the hull of the vessel that is equipped with a water contact layer, and any kind of under water unit and/or any type of submarine, torpedoes, or under water accommodation, underwater plant, pipes, storage drilling rigs ,underwater mining systems etc [130].
The exhaust gas is led to this location by a pipe [140] and injected at this layer into the water, so that the water makes contact with the gas rather then material of which the hull is made.
The water contact layer comprises a plurality of nozzles, holes or exit paths through which the gas is injected towards the surrounding water, and in any kind of water and in any depth or height.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the exhaust gas is combusted at the water contact layer, thus increasing the pressure in which it is injected towards the water.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which presents a schematic and generalized presentation of a specific embodiment of the aforementioned novel apparatus for propelling a marine vessel, in which the engine [120] is an internal piston engine.
For example, and as a best mode, the reciprocating internal piston engine (for example, of the type W.J.Engine™ or W.J.Ideal Engine™) is driven by anaerobic fuel. The engine comprises at least one piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder in an N-stroke operation, said piston being in communication with a crankshaft; a means for introducing the fuel in or adjacent to a cylinder head accommodating said at least one piston and cylinder, at least once for each of the N strokes; and a means for igniting and/or heating said fuel in or adjacent to said cylinder head, whereat said piston is in at least one predetermined location in said cylinder along each of the N strokes, so that at each stroke, a predetermined deflagration of fuel actuates said crankshaft.
The engine is selected in a non-limiting manner, from a group comprising rotary engine, horizontal engine, V-shaped, a line-shaped, or engines with "H", "U", "X", or "W" configurations and/or any internal angled piston engine
Hence, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the engine comprises at least one
piston [210] moving inside a cylinder [220]. Fuel [110] enters the cylinder, and exhaust gas [140] leaves.
The fuel is ignited using a method chosen in a non-limiting manner from an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug or by an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire [230]. This is the commercially available design of a piston combustion engine fitted to use propellant chemicals as fuel instead of the conventional use of droplets of diesel fuel or heavy fuels.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4, presenting a schematic and generalized presentation of a specific embodiment of the aforementioned novel method for propelling a marine vessel. The method comprises three steps.
The first step comprises burning anaerobic fuel in an engine, and it leads to two subsequent steps. The first comprises driving the vessel through the water; the second, directing the exhaust gas to the water contact layer at the outer side of the hull of the vessel.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5, presenting a schematic and generalized presentation of a specific embodiment of the aforementioned novel method for propelling a marine vessel, and any kind of submarines.
The method comprises a fourth step following the step of leading the exhaust gas to a water contact layer. This fourth step comprises igniting the gas at the water contact layer.
The following is an example which illustrates a best mode for practicing the present invention.
This example should not be construed as limiting. In this example any kind of military, commercial, research, rescue and conventional submarines a chemical propellant, and/or any type of vessel using a water jet for propulsion, and/or a sailboat using the above system, and/or drilling rigs or any underwater unit, manned or unmanned, is retrofitted to achieve the benefit of the present invention. According to one embodiment of the invention, the following modifications are required: The fuel storage container is modified to contain pellets of anaerobic fuel as propellant material as defined in any of the above. The engine is modified to receive this fuel, and to operate under anaerobic conditions (e.g., by sealing the air intake). A pipe is installed leading the exhaust gas to the front of the vessel. A water contact layer is installed in the frontal area of the hull comprising multiple nozzles through which the exhaust gas is emitted into the
water to form a lubricating layer around the vessel or underwater unit.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the exhaust gases serve to reduce the friction between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which the vessel travels. According to this embodiment, the engine described above need not necessarily be adapted to drive the vessel, but may additionally or alternatively serve as an auxiliary engine to the engine that drives the vessel, for example (which is not to be construed as limiting) in the case of a nuclear-powered vessel. In this embodiment, the exhaust gases form a continuous gas barrier between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which the vessel travels, lowering the friction between the vessel and the medium.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the exhaust gases produced by the deflagration of the fuel as defined above are additionally or alternatively led to the outer surface of the hull of the vessel. In this embodiment, the gas barrier serves as a protective layer, preventing, reducing, or limiting corrosion at the outer surface of the hull by reducing the contact between the hull and the medium through which the vessel travels. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction between the gases in the gas barrier and any organisms found in the vicinity of or attached to the hull of the vessel will prevent, limit, or eliminate any biological growth on the hull of the vessel.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is used to protect an underwater construction. In this embodiment, the exhaust gases from the engine and fuel defined above are led to the outer surface of the underwater construction, forming a continuous gas barrier. This gas barrier serves as a protective layer for the underwater construction. By reducing contact between the outer surface of the construction and the medium in which it is immersed, the apparatus acts to prevent, reduce, and/or limit corrosion at the outer surface of the construction. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction between the gases in the gas barrier and any organisms found in the vicinity of or attached to the outer surface of the underwater construction will prevent, limit, or eliminate any biological growth on the outer surface of the underwater construction.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a novel method for propelling a marine vessel. The first step of the method comprises providing anaerobic fuel adapted to drive the vessel as described above. The second step comprises deflagrating the fuel,
as defined above, thus providing energy to drive the vessel. The next step of the method comprises leading the exhaust gas from the fuel's deflagration (before, without, or after additional treatment as described above) to a water contact layer on the outer side of the vessel's hull, such that the vessel travels through the medium surrounded by a continuous gas barrier.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the method of propulsion described above includes the additional step of burning the exhaust gases at the contact layer. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the method of propulsion includes the additional step of igniting the exhaust gas by a means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug, an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire, and any other means of igniting said exhaust gas.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a novel method for reducing the friction between the hull of a marine vessel and the medium through which it travels. The first step of the method comprises providing anaerobic fuel to an engine as described above. The engine may drive the vessel; additionally or alternatively, the engine is auxiliary to the drive engine, as described above. The second step comprises deflagrating the fuel, as defined above. The next step of the method comprises leading the exhaust gas from the fuel's deflagration (before, without, or after additional treatment as described above) to a water contact layer on the outer side of the vessel's hull, such that the vessel travels through the medium surrounded by a continuous gas barrier. The continuous gas barrier reduces contact between the hull and the medium, reducing friction between the hull and the medium by about 90% or more.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the method of reducing the friction between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels described above includes the additional step of burning the exhaust gases at the contact layer. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the method of reducing the friction between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels includes the additional step of igniting the exhaust gas by a means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug, an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire, and any other means of igniting said exhaust gas.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a novel method for
protecting the hull of a marine vessel. The first step of the method comprises providing anaerobic fuel to an engine as described above. The engine may drive the vessel; additionally or alternatively, the engine is auxiliary to the drive engine, as described above. The second step comprises deflagrating the fuel, as defined above. The next step of the method comprises leading the exhaust gas from the fuel's deflagration (before, without, or after additional treatment as described above) to a water contact layer on the outer side of the vessel's hull, such that the vessel travels through the medium surrounded by a continuous gas barrier. The gas barrier serves to protect the hull of the vessel by reducing contact between the hull of the vessel and the medium through which it travels, thus preventing, limiting, or reducing corrosion at the outer surface of the hull. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction between the interaction between the gases in the gas barrier and any organisms found in the vicinity of or attached to the outer surface of the underwater construction will prevent, limit, or eliminate any biological growth on the outer surface of the hull of the vessel.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the method of protecting the hull of a marine vessel described above includes the additional step of burning the exhaust gases at the contact layer. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the method of protecting the hull of a marine vessel includes the additional step of igniting the exhaust gas by a means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug, an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire, and any other means of igniting said exhaust gas.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the invention provides a novel method for protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction. The first step of the method comprises providing anaerobic fuel to an engine as described above. The second step comprises deflagrating the fuel, as defined above. The next step of the method comprises leading the exhaust gas from the fuel's deflagration (before, without, or after additional treatment as described above) to a water contact layer on the outer surface of the construction, such that the construction is surrounded by a continuous gas barrier. The gas barrier serves to protect the outer surface of the construction by reducing contact between the outer surface of the construction and the medium in which it is immersed, thus preventing, limiting, or reducing corrosion at the outer surface of the hull. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction between the interaction between the gases in the gas barrier and any organisms found in the vicinity of or
attached to the outer surface of the underwater construction will prevent, limit, or eliminate any biological growth on the outer surface of the underwater construction.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the method of protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction described above includes the additional step of burning the exhaust gases at the contact layer. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the method of protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction includes the additional step of igniting the exhaust gas by a means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug, an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire, and any other means of igniting said exhaust gas.
EXAMPLE
This example reports an illustrative example of the use of anaerobic fuel in the present invention. It presents experimental results for deflagration of a nitrocellulose explosive with a nitrogen content of 13.15%. The chemical reaction that occurs upon ignition of the explosive is given by x C24H29O9(ONO2)H + y C24H29O i0(ONO2)u → a CO2 + b CO + c H2 + rf N2 + e H2O +/alkane
The enthalpy of reaction (for production of gaseous H2O) is -946 cal/g of propellant. The deflagration temperature was 3045 0C, and the product distribution was 14.3% CO2; 40.5% CO; 9.2% H2; N2 11.9%; H2O 24.1%; <0.1% alkane; 7 ppm NOx. This experiment demonstrates that a significant fraction (approximately half) of the gases produced by deflagration of the fuel comprises energy-containing materials capable of further exothermic reaction. After the second combustion, >98% of the CO is oxidized to CO2, demonstrating that the final product of the reaction sequence is not poisonous.
Claims
1. An apparatus for propelling a marine vessel [200], said apparatus comprising: a. anaerobic fuel [HO]; b. an engine [120] designed for deflagrating and/or burning said fuel, and adapted for driving said vessel; c. a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the hull of said vessel; and, d. a means for [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer; wherein a continuous gas barrier between the hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained.
2. An apparatus for lowering the friction between the hull of a marine vessel [200] and the water through which it travels, said apparatus comprising: a. anaerobic fuel [110]; b. an engine [120] designed for deflagrating and/or burning said fuel, and driving said vessel; c. a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the hull of said vessel; and, d. a means for [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer; wherein a continuous gas barrier between said hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained.
3. An apparatus for protecting the hull of a marine vessel [200], said apparatus comprising: a. anaerobic fuel [110]; b. an engine [120] designed for deflagrating and/or burning said fuel; c. a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the hull of said vessel; and, d. a means for [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer; e. a means for leading said exhaust gas to the outer surface of said hull of said vessel; wherein a continuous gas barrier between said hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained, and further wherein said continuous gas barrier acts as a protective layer between said hull and said medium, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said hull of said vessel.
4. An apparatus for protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction, said apparatus comprising: a. anaerobic fuel [HO]; b. an engine [120] designed for deflagrating and/or burning said fuel; c. a water contact layer [130] on the outer side of the surface of said underwater construction; and, d. a means for [140] leading exhaust gas from said engine to said water contact layer; e. a means of flowing said exhaust gas to said outer surface of said underwater construction; wherein a continuous gas barrier between said outer surface of said underwater construction and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said outer surface of said underwater construction.
5. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4 inclusive, wherein said engine is an anaerobic burning driven reciprocating internal piston engine comprising: a. at least one piston reversibly actuated inside a cylinder in an N-stroke operation, said piston being in communication with a crankshaft; b. means for introducing anaerobic fuel in or adjacent to a cylinder head accommodating said at least one piston and cylinder, in at least one event of each of said N strokes; and, c. means of igniting said fuel in or adjacent to said cylinder head, said piston being in at least one predetermined location in said cylinder along each of said N strokes, wherein during the course of each stroke, a predetermined deflagration of said fuel actuates said crankshaft.
6. The apparatus according any one of claims 1-5 inclusive, wherein said anaerobic fuel is a chemical fuel and/or propellant.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said anaerobic fuel is selected from the group consisting of RDX (C3H6N6O6), TNT (CH3C6H2(NO2)3), HMX, Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerin.
8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said propellant is selected from a group containing compositions of sulfur, ammonium nitrate, ammonium picrate, aluminum powder, potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate (saltpeter), nitrocellulose, pentaerythiotol tetranitrate (PETN), CGDN, 2,4,6 trinitrophenyl methylamine (tetryl) and other booster explosives, a mixture of about 97.5% RDX, about 1.5% calcium stearate, about 0.5% polyisobutylene, and about 0.5% graphite (CH-6), a mixture of about 98.5% RDX and about 1.5% stearic acid (A-5), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), octogen- octahydro-1, 3,5,7 tetranitro 1.3.5.7. tetrazocine, cyclic nitramine 2,4,6, 8, 10,12-hexanitro- 2,4,6,8, 10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 2,4,6,8, 10, 12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (HNIW), 5-cyanotetrazolpentaamine cobalt III perchlorate (CP), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), triazidotrinitrobenzene (TATNB), tetracence, smokeless powder, black powder, boracitol, triamino trinitrobenzene (TATB), TATB/DATB mixtures, triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN), tertyl, trimethyleneolethane trinitrate (TMETM), trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), sodium azid, nitrogen gas, potassium oxide, sodium oxide, silicone dioxide, alkaline silicate or any combination thereof, salt, saltwater, sea water, ocean water, or any combination thereof.
9. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4 inclusive, wherein said engine is an internal piston engine.
10. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4 inclusive, wherein said engine is an external piston engine.
11. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4 inclusive, additionally comprising means for ignition of the fuel, said ignition means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, a heating plug or apparatus, a plasma, and any other method ignite said fuel; and/or means for igniting and/or burning said injected exhaust gas.
12. The apparatus according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said exhaust gases are adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said vessel's wall facing the water.
13. The apparatus according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said exhaust gases are adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate biological growth on said hull of said vessel, additionally comprising a means for flowing said exhaust gas to contact the vessel wall, such that said exhaust gas attacks the biological growth and further such that its growth is prevented, reduced, or eliminated.
14. A method of propelling a marine vessel, said method comprising: a. obtaining anaerobic fuel; b. deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine adapted to drive said vessel; c. leading exhaust gas, before treatment, without treatment and/or after treatment from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel, wherein said marine vessel travels in a continuous gas barrier between the hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed.
15. A method of reducing the friction between the hull of a marine vessel and the medium through which it travels, said method comprising: a. obtaining anaerobic fuel; b. deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine; c. leading exhaust gas, before treatment, without treatment and/or after treatment from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel, wherein said marine vessel travels in a continuous gas barrier between the hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed and further wherein said continuous gas barrier reduces the friction between said hull of said vessel and said medium.
16. A method for protecting the hull of a marine vessel, said method comprising: a. obtaining anaerobic fuel; b. deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine; c. leading exhaust gas, before treatment, without treatment and/or after treatment from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer surface of the hull of said vessel; and, d. leading said exhaust gas to contact said outer surface of said hull of said vessel; wherein a continuous gas barrier between said hull of said vessel and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained, and further wherein said continuous gas barrier acts as a protective layer between said hull and said medium, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said hull of said vessel.
17. A method for protecting the outer surface of an underwater construction, said method comprising: a. obtaining anaerobic fuel; b. deflagrating said anaerobic fuel in an engine;
,c. leading exhaust gas, before treatment, without treatment and/or after treatment from said engine to a water contact layer on the outer side of the hull of said vessel; and, d. leading said exhaust gas to said outer surface of said underwater construction; wherein a continuous gas barrier between said outer surface of said underwater construction and the medium in which it is immersed is obtained, and further wherein said continuous gas barrier acts as a protective layer between said outer surface and said medium, said protective layer adapted to prevent, reduce or eliminate corrosion and/or biological growth on said outer surface of said underwater construction.
18. The method according to any one of claims 14-17 inclusive, additionally comprising a step of burning said treated and/or untreated exhaust gas at said water contact layer.
19. The method according to any one of claims 14-17, additionally comprising a step of igniting said exhaust gas by a means chosen from the group consisting of an electric spark, an electric heating plug, a plasma plug, an electric voltage supplied to the inside of the cylinder head by a wire, and any other means of igniting said exhaust gas.
20. The method according to claims 14 or 15, additionally comprising steps of a. flowing said exhaust gas to contact said hull of said vessel; and, b. reducing the contact between said hull of said vessel and said medium through which said vessel travels, wherein reducing said contact between said hull of said vessel and said medium through which said vessel travels reduces the rate of corrosion of said hull of said vessel and/or said contact between said exhaust gas and said hull prevents, reduces, or eliminates biological growth on said hull of said vessel.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL181423A IL181423A0 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2007-02-19 | Apparatus and method for improving movement of floating or under water marine vessels |
| IL181423 | 2007-02-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008102343A1 true WO2008102343A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
Family
ID=39522316
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL2008/000211 WO2008102343A1 (en) | 2007-02-19 | 2008-02-18 | Apparatus and method for reducing friction, corrosion and biological growth on the hull of marine vessels |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| IL (1) | IL181423A0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008102343A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2459854A (en) * | 2008-05-07 | 2009-11-11 | Univ Newcastle | Anti-fouling apparatus using a gas permeable membrane and a gas |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| IL181423A0 (en) | 2008-01-06 |
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