WO2007098366A2

WO2007098366A2 - Trace collection system and method

Info

Publication number: WO2007098366A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/062230
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gil Perlberg; Robert Landon Roach; Offer Shemesh; Steven Shamash
Original assignee: Traceguard Technologies Inc.
Priority date: 2006-02-16
Filing date: 2007-02-15
Publication date: 2007-08-30
Also published as: WO2007098366A3

Abstract

A trace collection system and method for collecting traces or residues from an object, e.g., for analysis thereof. The process is enhanced by sensing at least one characteristic of the object prior to collection, and/or applying a preparing process to the object before situating the object within a particle or residue detection space adapted to release particles from the object for collection. The object may be provided in a tray or conveyor system for sensing and/or preparing. The system and method may also provide a space enclosed within a tunnel or shroud, providing for example, a buffer space and transit time between initial deposit of an object at under inspection an entrance and a trace collection process at an intermediate position or exit, to permit sensing, preparing and hazard abatement relating to the object.

Description

TRACE COLLECTION SYSTEM AND METHOD

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to trace collection systems and, more particularly, to enhanced trace collection systems and methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The term "trace" as used herein refers to any minute amount of material in solid, liquid or gas form, such as but not limited to, particles and vapor. Existing trace collection systems are widely used for screening carry-on inspected items and personal belongings.

Trace collection systems may collect the particles using a particle trace collection chamber or other means as known in the art. The particles are transferred to a trace detection system that analyzes trace particles by various means as is known in the art, for example ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The results of the particle trace collection process and of the particle detection process may typically be displayed at a monitoring station for a human operator to observe. Human operators may clear an inspected item and allow it to pass if no suspicious indicators are revealed. If suspicious indicators are revealed, the inspected item may be required to undergo additional levels of inspection, e.g., a physical search and further trace collection. A trace collection system may include a conveyor. There are many conveyors, of various types, used for moving inspected items, known in the art. Trays for containing and/or protecting inspected items being passed to and from the trace collection system are often provided at the inspection station. For example, passengers passing through an airport security checkpoint will often place keys, coins and other metal objects in trays that are transported through the inspection region.

Passengers may also place luggage, cell phones, PDA's and other portable electronic devices in trays, enabling a more thorough inspection of the inspected items. Furthermore, passengers may be required to place coats, shoes, belts or other inspected items of clothing in trays for passing those inspected items through inspection region. Typically, a stack of trays is provided at the entrance to the inspection station. Passengers place their inspected items in a tray and set the tray on a conveyor, which moves the tray and the inspected items in and out of the trace collection system. The trays may accumulate at the exit region until an operator carries them back to the entry point of the inspection station or they may be transported by an automated tray circulation system. A number of methods are available for bringing articles to a machine. However, tray and/or conveyor systems for enhancing the performance of a trace collection system, by implementing additional operations on the inspected item, remain undeveloped.

U.S. 6,082,522, issued to Ludger Polling, titled "Tilting-conveying element for a sorter- conveyer", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses a tilting-conveying element for a sorter conveyer for sorting parcels, particularly luggage pieces. The element comprises an essentially planar carrying base, which can be tilted about a shaft from a horizontal normal position to a slanted delivery position., and on each of whose longitudinal edges, running essentially in its longitudinal direction, is a side wall , which forms a lateral limit stop in the normal position of the carrying base, at least one side wall being movably mounted relative Io the carrying base on the tilting-conveying element such that it can be moved from its limit-stop position to a second position, in which it no longer protrudes over the upper side of the carrying base, so as to form a limit stop.

U.S. 3,587,829, issued to Robert P. Sorensen, titled "conveyor with interchangeable receivers", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses conveyor with interchangeable receivers.

U.S. 3,880,298, issued to James D. Habegger, titled "Sorting conveyor control system", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses an endless loop sorting conveyor includes a plurality of article-carrying trays which receive randomly fed articles from one or more induction stations and selectively discharge the articles onto a plurality of discharge chutes adjacent the conveyor, such that articles on trays identified by destination codes for the articles thereon will be sorted by discharging the articles onto correspondingly identified discharge chutes.

U.S. 6,580,778, issued to Claus Meder, tilted "inspection device", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses an inspection device for inspecting objects, particularly for explosives. The device provides, particularly where space for the inspection system is tight, for use a scanning area, around which is arranged a movable radiation source at which is aimed a detector that can be moved mechanically independently of the radiation source. The radiation source and the detector can be moved parallel to and simultaneously with one another by mechanical or electrical coupled actuators. The synchronous movement is controlled and monitored with the aid of a computer. U.S. 6,321,904, issued to Charles Mitchell, titled "conveyor belt with locking member for holder elements", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses a conveyor apparatus for transporting inspected items via an endless conveyor belt having at least one locking member. At least one interchangeable holder element is adapted to releasably interlock with the locking member provided on the conveyor belt, with the locking member exerting a downward force on the holder element when tension is applied to the belt in use. As a result, the holder element is preloaded against the outer surface of the belt.

U.S. Published Application 20050006209, to Brian Lynge Sorensen, titled "Tote for conveyor", expressly incorporated herein by reference, discloses a tote for a conveyor system having an upper part defining an upper, article-supporting surface being of concave cross-section, and a lower part defining a lower, substantially plane bearing surface that extends an area substantially equal to the article-supporting surface. The upper part and the lower arc transparent to x-rays. The lower part is injection molded from a wear resistant plastic. The preferred shape and type of the tote is one wherein the upper part and the lower part together form a substantially closed, hollow body. A damping means may be included in a cavity beLween the upper part and the lower part of the tote, to silence the conveyor system

There is thus a need for, and it would be highly useful, to have an article screening and transport system for enhancing the performance of a trace collection system. It is also desirable to have a conveyer for enhancing the performance of a trace collection system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides enhanced trace detection systems, having a number of different embodiments. According to a first embodiment, a trace collection process is enhanced by commencing processing prior to enclosing an object to be inspected within in inspection chamber. Such initial processing may include, but is not limited to static electrical neutralization, humidity normalization, acoustic or vibration processes, electromagnetic processes, or the like. According to a second embodiment, a trace collection process is enhanced by sensing one or more characteristics of an object to be inspected prior to trace collection, in order to optimize the trace collection process. Such sensing may include, for example, static electrical charge, humidity, physical dimensions, mass or weight, density, porosity, characterization of contents or composition^), recognition of the object class or identity, or the like. According to a third embodiment, objects to be inspected are overtly or covertly labeled, to allow ready identification of the object as it lasses through various stations and locations. An overt tag might be, for example, a bar code or printed label, RFID tag, or the like. A covert label may include volatile organic or inorganic tracer molecule, custom nanoparticles, custom dyes, invisible (IR, UV, and/or fluorescent markers which have little or no optical signature within a visible optical range)(either as a presence-based identification or a basis for printing a code), customized nucleic acids, or the like, RFID, and/or radio-frequency interactive particles. Typically, sensing, processing, and/or labeling are performed in a tray, which is, for example, has a base adapted to support the object, and optionally a set of sidewalls, a conveyor, which may be a continuous belt or a object movement device effecting discrete movements, such as a robot or arm, and often shrouded in a semi-enclosed space, such as a tunnel. Preferred labeling technologies include paper bar code or 3D code labels, and/or invisible fluorescent unstable dyes which are applied to the objects by an ink jet technology to apply a machine readable code, and which degrade to harmless and non-interfering substances shortly after application cither spontaneously or when subjected to a treatment, e.g., UV light. See, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,017,661, 6,066,439, 6,791,592, 6,829,000, 7,167,194, 7,079,230, 7,172,121, and 5,388,384, and all references cited therein, each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. It is noted that the symbols may be formed by an information matrix formed as a set of dots, symbols or characters imprinted on the item with in ink or dye, or as a negative image wherein a background of ink or dye is formed, with the information matrix formed as a set of bleached or removed dots, symbols or characters on the background. Thus, an appropriate laser may be used to selectively photobleach, degrade, change or volatilize a detectable compound (typically an organic compound) formed as a continuous film or spray on the object, leaving a negative image of the information pattern.

Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a trace collection system including: (a) at least one preparation stage for at least one inspected item, whereby the inspected item is enclosed in a tunnel, and (b) a particle collection system, whereby the particle collection system collects a portion of the released particles and the portion of the released particles is analyzed for traces.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a trace collection system including: (a) at least one tray supporting at least one inspected item, and (b) a particle collection system, whereby the particle collection system collects a portion of the released particles and the portion of the released particles is analyzed for traces.

According to a further aspect of the invention, the tray, conveyor and/or another element of the system comprises a humidity sensor. Likewise, the tray, conveyor and/or may comprise a humidifier and/or dehumidifϊer. The present invention also comprises methods for measuring humidity with a sensor mounted in the tray, conveyor, or other element of the system, and further comprises methods for controlling the humidity with a humidity-altering element mounted in the tray, conveyor, or other element of the system. Advantageously, the various elements may be integrated and both communicate and cooperate with each other; for example, a humidity sensor in the tray may communicate wirelessly, for example using a ZigBee protocol, with a centralized control system, which, in turn, controls a humidifier associated with the conveyor, for example in a tunnel leading to an inspection zone, to prepare and optimize the item to be inspected for the inspection process.

According to further features in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the system further comprises at least one element or encapsulating device which varies the effective volume of an inspection chamber (e.g., by altering a chamber configuration and/or a tray configuration), in dependence on characteristics of the item to be inspected.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the system further comprises a particle release mechanism, which, for example, dislodges or separates particles associated with the inspected item, from the exterior and/or interior portions thereof.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparation stage comprises a conveyor, which comprises, for example, a conveyor belt and/or robotic or mechanized actuator.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one liquid detection sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one material property sensor for determining a property or characteristic of an object under inspection.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one humidity sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one odor sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one temperature measurement sensor. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one electrostatic charge sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises any other sensor which may be useful to the inspection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one sound measurement sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one vibration measurement sensor and/or accelerometer.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one dimension measurement sensor. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one weight, mass and/or density measurement sensor.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one humidifϊcation device. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one electrostatic charge neutralization device.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one vibrating mechanism.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one temperature control device, e.g., for heating and/or cooling the object or portions thereof, and/or the air surrounding the object.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for forming a chamber around at least one inspected item, applying at least one particle release measure on the inspected item, and collecting released particles, comprising the step of preparing the inspected item before the inspected item is enclosed with the chamber.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of vibrating the inspected item.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of measuring the dimensions of the inspected item, whereby the measurements serve as parameters in an optimization of the particle collection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of measuring the weight of the inspected item, whereby the weight measurements serve as parameters in an optimization of the particle collection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of measuring the weight and dimensions of the inspected item, whereby the weight and dimensions measurements are used to compute a gross density of the inspected item.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of measuring the humidity, electrostatic charge, and/or temperature surrounding the inspected item in one or more locations. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises the step of measuring any other properties which may be determined useful for the inspection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the preparing further comprises heating, cooling, drying, and/or moistening the at least one item. According to still further embodiment, tlie preparing further comprises two or more of heating, cooling, drying, or moistening the at least one item, either concurrently or sequentially. Preferably, an adaptive control is provided to control the preparing, in dependence on a sensor provided to determine characteristics of the object. The preparing may also be adaptive to a response of the object to the preparing, that is, sensors are operative during the preparing, which in turn control the preparing process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises a disposable material, and/or is disposable.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray has fixed forms that compartmentalize the tray into at least two sections.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises an changeable shape area and a rigid outer rim.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises a changeable shape area and a non-continuous rigid outer rim. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray assumes different spatial dimensions according to a predefined set of constraints.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises rigid and elastic elements connected by flexible joints.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises tubes containing gas or fluids, whereby the tray changes shape upon pressure calibration inside the tubes.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises multiple trays and the multiple trays can be placed one on top of another, side by side, or one inside another. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises a plurality of rigid and non-rigid sections, whereby the rigid sections are vibrated mechanically, and the non-rigid sections are agitated using pneumatic mechanics.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray comprises a revolving circular table. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one integrated aspiration component, e.g., a vacuum port or suction conduit. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one integrated expiration component, e.g., a nozzle, jet or exhaust conduit.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises at least one integrated jetting component.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray further comprises a cover which encloses the object under inspection.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray further comprises at least sealing surface which interfaces with a cover comprising a portion of the particulate extraction system, to form a sealed chamber.

Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for collecting particles comprising: (a) providing at least one item for inspection on a tray, (b) applying at least one particle release measure on the inspected item, and (c) collecting a portion of the released particles, whereby the collected particles are analyzed. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprising forming a chamber around the inspected item, with a volume determined according to the inspected item.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray is made of disposable material and tray disposal is a step in a cleaning process. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray dynamically changes its shape according to the size or shape of the inspected item, whereby pressurized gas and/or vacuum ports can be positioned relative to the inspected item at different locations as needed during the particle collection.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the metihod further comprises the step of detecting the presence of possible spillage.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the method furtiier comprises the step of halting the particles collection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the method further comprises the step of measuring the relative humidity in the vicinity of the inspected item, whereby too low or too high values of the relative humidity may significantly alter the effectiveness of the trace collection system process. The humidity may then be controlled by addition moisture or dehumidifying or drying an object under inspection of an associated gas sample.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the method further comprises the step of measuring the electrostatic charge field of the inspected item, whereby too high values of the electrostatic charge gradient may significantly alter the effectiveness of the trace collection system process. The charge may then be diminished or neutralized as appropriate. In some cases, a charge may be inferred on the particles for collection, and therefore an electrostatic collection and/or particle transport facilitation system may be controlled dependent on the measured charge or field.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the method further comprises the step of measuring any other property of the inspected item whereby that property affects the performance of the trace collection, the safety of the inspected item, or even the safety of the trace collection system. These other properties may also be useful in determining the optimum inspection process for the inspected item and/or whether the process selected will be effective.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the convetor and/or tray vibrates or shakes the inspected item, or otherwise applies oscillatory movements along one or more axes. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray measures the dimensions of the inspected item, whereby the measurement serves as a parameter in an optimization of the particle collection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray measures the weight of the at least one inspected item, whereby the weight measurement serves as a parameter in an optimization of the particle collection process.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the weight measurement serves as an indicator for operating aspiration and jetting components. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the weight measurements serve as indicators for operating aspiration and expiration components. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the tray measures the weight and dimensions of the at least one inspected item, whereby the weight and dimensions measurements are used to compute the gross density or other characteristic of the at least one inspected item.

According to still another features of a preferred embodiments, the collecting of the portion of the released particles is modified in accordance with the physical dimensions of the tray.

According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments, the conveyor and/or tray heats and/or cools the at least one inspected item.

The present invention successfully enhances the performance of a trace collection system. Implementation of the method and device of the present invention involves performing or completing selected tasks or steps manually, serni-automatically, fully automatically, and/or a combination thereof. Moreover, depending upon actual instrumentation and/or equipment used for implementing a particular preferred embodiment of the disclosed system and corresponding method, several embodiments of the present invention could be achieved manually or automatically.

BRTEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings, it is stressed that Hie particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only.

In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the present invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. Identical structures, elements or parts which appear in more than one figure are preferably labeled with a same or similar number in all the figures in which they appear. In the drawings:

FIGS. IA and IB, illustrate a dynamic tray, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a conformal tray, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a conformal tray with embedded sensors, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a conformal tray with an external vibration mechanism, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a conformal tray with an embedded vibration mechanism, in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 6 illustrates a conformal tray with an embedded vibration mechanism and embedded sensors, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 illustrates a conformal tray with an embedded vibration mechanism, external vibration mechanism, and embedded sensors, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a conformal tray with an embedded aspiration and jetting Lubes, external vibration mechanism, and embedded sensors, in accordance with the present invention;

FlG. 9 illustrates a trace collection system with a conveyer system, partially enclosed by a tunnel, for preparation of the article to be inspected in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 10 illustrates an object labeling system having an ink jet print head. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is not limited in its application by the details of the order or sequence of steps of operation or implementation of the method and/or the details of construction, arrangement, and composition of the components of Hie device set forth in the following description, drawings or examples. While specific steps, configurations and arrangements are discussed, it is to be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other steps, embodiments, configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The present invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology, terminology and notation employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

In an embodiment option of the present invention, the tray is made of disposable material, meaning that the tray can be safely discarded when necessary. For example, any event that renders the tray contaminated, unsafe or undesirable for reuse. Or, if the inspected items are found to have trace particles that are classified as predefined suspect materials sxich as, but not limited to, explosives, drugs, toxic materials, hazardous materials, or materials that are otherwise unfit to handle and a possible threat to public safety - while taking into account that trace collection systems may operate in congested areas and/or that the trace collection system must be clean and not contaminated by the predefined suspected materials, if the tray cannot be cleaned or decontaminated, the operator should be able to dispose of the tray in order to ensure public safety and/or prevent possible contamination of the trace collection system. It is noted that, in a preferred embodiment, the particulate fraction released, collected and analyzed may be significantly less than 100%, and indeed, a complete removal or particulates (e.g., decontamination) is neither efficient nor in many cases necessary. On the other hand, the systems and methods set forth herein may be adapted for nearly complete particle removal and high efficiency collection and analysis, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Each tray may be permanently labeled, for example using a bar or other type of optical code, RFID tag, or a labeling may be temporary or associative. That is, as a traveler places objects into a tray, a preexisting identifier on the tray, or a newly applied identifier on the tray, is associated with the traveler, for example by his or her boarding pass, passport, or other ID, so that items are properly returned to the traveler, and in the event of an alarm condition, the traveler is identified for further screening. Preferably, the association is made based on a bar code scanner for both the tray and the boarding pass, which is stored in a database, permitting information obtained to be used at other stations within the traveler infrastructure, including at other airports or the like. Each tray may also comprise a power and communications module, to transmit data to, and/or receive data from, a control system. For example, radio frequency communications in the 13.56 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, UWB, or other ISM or unlicensed bands, or in licensed bands, may be supported. The tray may communicate using standard protocols, such as Bluetooth, 802.11 b/g/a, Wireless USB, Zigbee, IRdA, etc. The tray in accordance with various embodiments comprises sensors, which may be of generally known types. These sensors may be self-powered, or receive power from a tray battery pack (or, e.g., ultracapacitor power supply), which, for example, is recharged between uses, photovoltaic array, fuel cell, induction coupling, electrical connection (e.g., cable, rail(s)), etc. Specifically, lray disposal is useful for preventing contamination of the inspection equipment and surrounding, including the trace collection system after hazardous materials have been detected, meaning that tray disposal is a standard step in the trace collection system cleaning process after a contamination event. Applying this measure reduces the incidence of false alarms. Optionally, as a preventive measure, a tray can be disposed of after either a single use or after a number of uses, or at the operator's discretion.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, the tray upon which inspected items are placed during the trace collection process is of fixed form. This means that the operator, the inspected items, or any other mechanical element or human interaction with the tray cannot, under reasonable application of force, alter, deform or otherwise reshape the tray. It is preferable in this embodiment that the particle collection process not make a possible deformity in the shape of the tray as a parameter. Doing so can complicate, lengthen, and/or otherwise impede the particles collection process. Some of the trace collection process phases are distinguished by vibration, possibly at a resonant frequency or frequencies. A durable tray should be adapted to withstand repeated exposure to the forces exerted during the trace collection process, and not alter its makeup in shape, contour, density, number of components, or any other property that can hinder or in any other way influence the trace collection process. On the other hand, a disposable tray may have a limited design service life.

Optionally, the shape of the tray can take many forms. Fixed forms that compartmentalize the tray into more than one section are designed to hold an inspected item, or inspected items, of specific size and weight. This can improve the process by shortening the particle collection time. In an embodiment option of the present invention, a particle collection cycle is performed on multiple inspected items simultaneously. This embodiment increases throughput. The advantage is more evident in cases where setup time is significant, such as when using heating elements. A fixed tray shape can also prevent inspected items from experiencing dislocation during the trace collection process, due to forces exerted on the inspected items in the chamber during collection. Movement of inspected items inside the chamber may interfere with the collection process. In an embodiment option of the present invention, the dynamic tray of the present invention features a rigid and or elastic center area and a rigid outer rim (or part of the outer rim). The inspected items arc placed for example, in the center area. The area is propped up by the conveyor, and more particularly horizontal and solid surface thereof. As the dynamic tray enters the trace collection system, it is supported by handles or mechanisms that only grasp the rigid outer rim of lhe Iray. The elastic center then assumes the shape of the inspected items since there is no longer a supporting surface beneath the elastic region.

Optionally, the particle collection process is performed on the inspected item^'s in a hanging posture. Alternatively, the collection process is performed on the inspected items in any other posture as required. Referring to FIG. IA and FIG. IB, the dynamic tray features the following components: rigid outer rim 10, and rigid or elastic center area 12.

According to another optional embodiment, at least one section of the outer rim is rigid. The at least one rigid section features sufficient length to secure the flexible part as well as to be connected to the particle collection system. In another embodiment of the present invention, the tray shape can alter its shape. The tray can assume different spatial dimensions according to a predefined set of constraints. A valid predefined set of constraints on the shape of the tray manifests as a shape that assumes different spatial dimensions or properties while supporting the inspected items, and not compromising the trace collection process. Referring to FIG. 2, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14 and a flexible connecting joint 18. In this embodiment, the shape of the tray is conformed by forming the tray out of both rigid and elastic elements, and connecting the rigid and elastic elements using flexible joints. Optionally, alteration of the tray configuration or shape can be achieved by relocating parts of the tray surface in a way that does not dismember the tray into more than one entity. For example, a tray's shape can be altered if an area belonging to it is joined to another by a metallic, plastic, or any other form of mechanical joint. The operator can set the shape of the tray using these joints in such a way that it conforms to the contours of the inspected items. The method of assuming different shapes can also use other known mechanisms to dynamically change the shape profile of the conjoined areas by any means applicable to modify the shape profile. For example, a tray that has embedded resilient wall tubes containing air or fluids can change shape upon changing of the pressure inside the tubes, resulting in a controlled shift in the shape of the tray.

Dynamically changing the shape of the tray, according to the size and shape of the inspected items, as well as to the trace collection cycle requirements, is advantageous since the air jets or inlets and exhaust drain components can be positioned relative to the inspected item at different locations as needed during the trace collection cycle. In addition, conforming the shape of the tray to the article may reduce the volume of air to be collected.

A multiple tray device may also be used. A multiple tray device can hold multiple parallel trays, placed one on lop of another, side by side trays, and one inside another. Performing a (race collection process on multiple inspected items can improve throughput, and reduced average per unit process time, as well as reduced wear on device components. It will also reduce resources needed to execute the trace collection process hence reducing overall inspection costs.

Liquid detection sensors may be integrated within the tray to, in order to generate an alert in case the presence of spillage is detected, and to halt the trace collection process. Liquid originating from the inspected items which makes its way to the surface of the tray will come in contact with the liquid detection sensor embedded in the tray. The operator can quickly stop the machine, or the machine controls may stop the machine, mid cycle and disengage the tray, hence, reducing the possibility of liquid causing damage to or contamination of the trace collection system or its components.

The collection of liquid on the tray may be an indication that one or more of the trace collection machine parameters are out of range, or point to some other malfunction in the collection device.

Referring to FIG. 3, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14, a flexible connecting joint 18, and an embedded sensor 20 designating an integrated liquid detection sensor.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, sound measurement sensors are integrated within the tray to alert for a problem in the trace collection process. Sound originating from the inspected items during the collection process can indicate a malfunction, or that an inspected item is being deformed or otherwise agitated to excess. If this occurs, the operator, for example, can quickly stop the machine or the machine controls may automatically stop the machine, mid-cycle and disengage the tray, avoiding further damage to the inspected article, its contents as well as to the trace collection system. In a further embodiment of tlie invention, a robot or actuator mechanism is provided to selectively process the OUI, to permit application of alternate treatments or conditions based on information obtained or sensed regarding the OUI. Thus, the robot or actuator may move the OUI to a station which applies a treatment, or may itself apply a treatment, such as a heating, a humidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, a vibration or shaking, and/or subjecting the object to an acoustic process. Thus, for example, it may be undesirable to expose a laptop computer to high intensity shock waves or microwave radiation. In some cases, the exciting elements may be modulated to avoid applying such treatments, but in other cases, the OUI itself may be diverted from a normal path, e.g., on a conveyor, and optionally subjected to alternate examination. A robot or mechanism may also be used Io reorient an OUI to an optimal position, or to permit examination in multiple defined positions. Due to the potential flexibility and fine degree of control and multiple degrees of freedom, a robot device or other manipulator may itself be used to agitate or otherwise treat the OUI to facilitate inspection and examination. The robot or mechanism may be a general purpose robot, having at least one arm and grasper, or a more specialized device particularly adapted to manipulate common types of OUI. The robot may also have a probe or hose which may enter the OUI without damage, to sense internal conditions and/or apply an internal treatment. One way to simultaneously heat and humidify an object is to expose it to steam. It is possible to form a jet of steam, which is directed towards the object to achieve, in addition to humidification and heating, a mechanical effect such as a net gas volume flow, vibrational oscillation, or the like.

Accordingly, a robotic arm or actuator may be provided with at least one sensor, adapted to sense characteristics of an object, and a jet device, adapted to blow a condensing gas (e.g., steam) or a non-condensing gas (e.g., air) on the object, and/or a probe or sampling device (e.g., vacuum), with a vision system to assist in directing the jet, probe or sampling device at an appropriate location, and/or limiting the jet device to avoid or limit damage to the OUI.

A mechanism may also be used to gate a series of OUl, to group together one or more objects as will fit within the inspection chamber. Therefore, the size and basic characteristics of the OUI will be initially estimated, and compatible objects grouped and together inspected, especially for particulates. Optionally, each object is identified prior to inspection and labeled to identify its owner, to ensure that the regrouped objects are properly re-associated with their owner after inspection. For example, a self-adhesive label may be printed and applied to each object corresponding to a boarding pass and name of the owner.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, humidity sensors, e.g., relative or absolute, may be integrated within the tray to assess whether the humidity is too high, causing particles intended to be extracted to stick to the internal surfaces, or whether the humidity is too low possibly permitting accumulation of a large electrostatic charge field, which also causes particles to stick to interior surfaces.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, electrostatic charge sensors are integrated within the tray. If the electrostatic charge gradient is too high, then particles will be propelled to the interior walls of the inspected item and will fail to be extracted. The sensor can indicate whether some mitigation effort must be expended such as humid air or ionized air.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, other sensors are integrated within the tray to measure properties of the inspected item which affect the ability of the inspection device to perform a suitable collection. For example, sensors indicating an excess of particulate debris which can clog the inspection machine may result in an alarm to inspect the item manually.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, humidity sensors are integrated within the tray. Since the extraction of particles is affected by the presence of high humidity levels due to moisture absorption or very low levels where static charge attracts particles to walls, a humidity sensor may alert the system to our of range conditions.

According to further aspects of the invention, remediation devices, such as electrostatic charge neutralizers, humidifiers, or the like, may be part of the tray.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, electrostatic charge sensors are integrated within the tray. Electrostatic charge may result from any number of environmental or historical events of the inspected item and is a severe detriment to the particle extraction process. The electrostatic charge sensor can be used to alert the system of such a charged article and steps can be done to mitigate the charge. These include adding humid air to the vicinity of the inspected item or bathing the article in ionized air.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, other sensors are integrated within the tray. These sensors detect other properties of the inspected item which may be of particular concern to the inspection process, the safety of the machine, or even the suitability of the inspected item to be inspected. If the item is unsuitable, then an alert could trigger a manual inspection.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, there is vibrating of the inspected items. Vibrating the inspected items increases the probability that traces within the inspected items dislodge and become more susceptible to forces caused by air movement inside the inspected item. Vibrating the inspected items improves the effectiveness of the collection process since it increases the number of particles freed from surfaces and which may then be collected.

In an embodiment option of the present invention, vibration is achieved by an embedded vibration device within the tray, or by vibration devices external to the tray. In some cases, embedded vibration mechanisms may improve on other vibrating mechanisms that cause movement of the tray and inspected items as a whole.

Disadvantages of this approach are potential imperiknent of fragile inspected items that may result in damage to the inspected items themselves and possibly to the trace collection system as well, in the event that the vibrations transform the inspected items in a way that renders them obtrusive to the normal operation of the trace collection system. Therefore, in such an embodiment, the vibrations arc preferably controlled or modulated, or selectively applied, to avoid such results. In this embodiment, the tray is designed to transfer the vibration and cause the particles in the inspected items to dislodge. In case the tray is composed of numerous sections, the rigid sections may be vibrated by mechanical means, while the softer sections may be agitated using embedded pneumatic mechanics or by other mechanical, acoustic, or other method in order to create vibrations in the tray. The timing of the vibrations in each section is set in a way that causes a non random directional wave to propagate across the tray. For example, a wave can be made to originate from the center of the tray and propagate to the outer regions. Referring to FIG. 4, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14 a flexible connecting joint 18 and an external vibrating mechanism 22. Referring to FIG. 5, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14, a flexible connecting joint 18, and an embedded mechanism 24 designating an integrated vibrating mechanism. Referring to FIG. 6, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14, a flexible connecting joint 18, and an embedded vibrating mechanism 24, an integrated liquid detection and/or other sensors 20, and a rigid or elastic tray element 26 that is dislocated from its initial horizontal position in order to conform with the inspected items (not shown in the figure). Referring to FIG. 7, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14, a flexible connecting joint 18, and an embedded vibrating mechanism 24, an integrated liquid detection sensor 20, and an external vibrating mechanism 22.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, sensors are embedded in the tray for measuring the dimensions of the inspected items. Width, height and length estimates can serve as parameters in the optimization of the trace collection process. The dimensions may also be useful in optimally positioning the object within an inspection chamber for processing. An estimation of spatial dimensions width, height, and length) can assist when one or more automated processes that comprise the trace collection method is set in motion to agitate particles within, on the surface of, and around the inspected items. For example, larger dimensions may possibly denote heavier inspected items that require more rigorous agitation such as more forceful vibration or a longer heating period. In another embodiment option of the present invention, weight measurement sensors are embedded in the tray for gauging the weight of the inspected items. Weight estimations may serve as parameters in the particles collection process, in cases where one or more discrete phases of the particles collection process can benefit from the input of the inspected items' weight, knowledge of the weight can assist when one or more automated process that comprise the particles collection method is set in motion to agitate particles within, on the surface of, and around the inspected items. For example, heavier inspected items may need more rigorous agitation such as more forceful vibration or a longer heating period.

In anotfier embodiment option of the present invention, data from integrated dimension and weight measurement sensors is used to compute a gross density of the inspected items. The gross density may be related to the level of effort that is required to extract particles from the inside of the inspected items and can thus be used to control the type of process applied to the inspected article.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, the particle collection process is tailored in accordance with the physical dimension of the tray. A circular tray can prove beneficial with regard to particle collection efficiency, and the overall physical footprint of the particle collection system. The method of scanning the inspected items when using a revolving circular tray is similar to the regular process described above, but otherwise distinct because the same process is performed anew every predefined degrees of revolution.

The physical makeup of the trace collection system is modified according to the revolving element. Jetting and aspiration components need to be concentrated in one area instead of being spread out in a formation that provides complete coverage of the inspected items. The same jetting and aspiration elements will be used repetitively on different parts of the inspected items, for example, by successively advancing revolution of the circular tray. Moreover, the physical makeup of the trace collection system is further modified since less tubing is required due to the reduced number of jetting and aspiration components. This decreases Bill of Materials (BOM) since the trace collection system requires fewer components, while there is a negligible element of cost involved in altering the tray mechanism to support circular movement.

The physical makeup of the trace collection system is further modified since fewer aspiration and jetting components are required. This decreases a bill of materials since the trace collection system requires fewer components, while may be only a low cost involved in altering the tray mechanism to support circular movement.

In addition, the decreased need for aspiration and jetting components and respective tubing reduces the risk of contamination that is in proportion to the distance the particles must traverse from the inspected items to the analyzer. In another embodiment option of the present invention, input from weight and dimension measurement sensors is used to provide input to the control parameters of the trace collection system which have dependence on these inputs. Trace collection parameters can thus be optimized according to the inspected items' estimated shape and weight. The resulting vibration profile can include a series of vibrations, varying in duration and intensity, perhaps including estimates of natural frequencies of the inspected items. The vibration series can then include a series of vibration frequencies at or near these natural frequencies to maximize particle movement and increase the probability of particle release based on the inspected items' weight and dimensions. Moreover, active measurement of the acceleration of the inspected items will reveal the actual resonant frequencies and the vibration frequency can be adjusted accordingly to maximize energy input to the particles. More generally, a frequency generator or waveform generator may be used to excite vibrational, acoustic, ultrasonic, or megasonic vibrations using external transducers or induced vibrations within a package or enclosure. The waveform may be a constant frequency, chirp, multitone, white noise, or any other type of waveform that is efficacious to the process. In cases of relatively low frequencies, e.g., <100 Hz, resonant standing waves may be employed, to create relatively high acoustic or vibrational wave energies. The waveform may be determined empirically, based on the emanation of particulates and characteristics of the OUI. Likewise, a shock wave generator may be used to loosen particles on both exterior and interior surfaces. The shock wave generator may be an air or gas pulse release device, using a high speed valve from a pressure tank or a piston. The shock wave may also be generated mechanically by a piston or solenoid coupled to the OUI. Waveforms may also comprise electromagnetic waves, generally between the kilohertz and terahertz ranges, both to assist in particulate release and for imaging and object characterization.

Advantageously, a high intensity acoustic signal may be generated from a gas flow, to produce a resonant signal, e.g., a whistle, which can then be directed toward the OUI. The frequency of the oscillation may be controlled by adjusting a dimension of a resonant chamber or the like, for example by providing a sliding chamber wall (e.g., a trombone or piston) and/or a set of discrete steps (e.g., a recorder or valve system). The gas may be, for example, air or steam. Preferably, high intensity acoustic treatments are contained within a chamber, for at least ergonomic reasons, but not necessarily so.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, the vibration frequency is far from the possible natural resonance frequency of the contents of the inspected article so as not to damage to sensitive items. In another embodiment option of the present invention, at least one heating and/or cooling device is embedded in the tray. Heating the inspected items increases the probability that particles within the inspected items dislodge, and thus be more available to entrainment by air movement inside the inspected items and/or inside the testing chamber. This improves the effectiveness of the particle collection system since this increases the number of particles available for capture.

Moreover, in some cases it is necessary to heat the inspected items before the particles collection process starts. The temperature, however, may have an optimum, and therefore in come cases, cooling may be appropriate. Likewise, in order to minimize cycle time and/or minimize thermal effects on the OUI, cooling may be useful. In another embodiment option of the present invention, temperature measurement sensors are embedded in the tray. The embedded temperature measurement sensors measure the average temperature of the inspected items. Temperature readings can serve as parameters to the trace collection process, in cases where one or more discrete phases of the collection process can benefit from knowledge of the temperature of the inspected items. The embedded temperature measurement sensor also provides a safety mechanism since it can trigger a fire extinguishing mechanism in the event that the temperature read rises above a predetermined degree, indicating a fire is present. The fire extinguishing method relies on the integration of the embedded temperature measurement sensor and embedded aspiration components. In the event the embedded temperature measurement sensors read a temperature that is higher than a predetermined degree, suggesting a fire, the aspiration component is activated. Air is pumped out of the conforming mechanism at a rapid pace, in an attempt to suffocate the detected combustion. A temperature control device, such as a heater and/or a cooling device may be provided to control and/or alter a temperature of an OUI. In some cases, the system may be used to maintain an optimal temperature of the OUI for the process, but in other cases, the process may comprise subjecting the OUI to a temperature change treatment over time, which may require both heating and cooling. Heating may be applied by heated air, radiant or conducted heat, microwaves, or the like. Cooling is typically provided by blowing cold air on the object, which may be simply compressed air at ambient temperature allows to rapidly expand, actively cooled (refrigerated) air, evaporative cooling, e.g., evaporation of a water mist applied to the OUI, or conductive cooling (e.g., placing the OUI on a cold block). A preferred scheme employs a stream of compressed air, which is either heated to minimize expansion cooling, or unheated to cause expansion cooling.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, the tray contains integrated aspiration components. The terminal of the aspiration component on the surface of the tray is surrounded by an enclosing raised surface. For example, if the terminal aspiration component is of circular shape, it will be surrounded by an enclosing ring with a top surface that is elevated from the tray's surface. Referring to FIG. 8, the conformal tray features the following components: a rigid or elastic tray element 14, a flexible connecting joint 18, tubes illustrating integrated aspiration components 30, and a terminal illustrating the terminal of the aspiration component on the surface of the tray 28.

Tn another embodiment option of the present invention, the tray contains integrated jetting components. The terminal of the jetting component on the surface of the tray is surrounded by an enclosing raised surface. For example, if the terminal jetting component is of circular shape, it will be surrounded by an enclosing ring with a top surface that is elevated from the tray's surface. This is advantageous for the jelling process. The resulting area between lhe jetting terminal and the inspected items facilitates the jetting process and ensures that there is a sufficient amount of initial volume to be pumped, in order to ensure a potentially uniform dispersal of air in close proximity of the jetting terminal. Moreover, jets in the tray have the benefit that they are very close to the inspected items and therefore likely more effective than any jets which are not as close. In another embodiment option of the present invention, integrated weight measurement sensors serve as indicators for the aspiration and jetting components embedded in the tray. The indicator readings serve as input to the aspiration and jetting component controller, and can be used for selective activation. This results in a subset of aspiration and jetting components being activated according to the dimensions of the inspected items. In another embodiment option of the present invention, the tray, whether of fixed or dynamic shape, has a cover that prevents loose inspected items from becoming displaced during the particle collection process.

The tray cover may be composed of at least one single element, flat or curved, or may be similar to the tray, i.e., composed of multiple elements that may be rigid and/or non-rigid, optionally including the disclosed sensors and actuation devices and implementing various methods in accordance with the present invention.

The operator may be responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the tray, as part of the standard operation of the trace collection system. Cleaning, and the removal of particles from the lray thai do not take part in forming its initial composition, is achieved by gas flow, vapor submersion, wet cleaning, dry cleaning, or agitation. The tray can be used in multiple particle collection sessions, and be cleaned at the operator's discretion, across sessions. Alternately, an automated cleaning and/or decontamination system, or an automatic system for detecting tray contamination or exhaustion, may be used to clean or replace trays as may be required. In another embodiment option of the present invention, the trays are automatically circulated from the out-port side of the trace collection system to the in-port side. The recirculation process can be done while the trays are horizontal in relation to the trace collection system (large area facing top or down or vertical in relation to the trace collection system (large area facing side ways). Tray circulation can be performed either around the machine, or from above or below it, in an escalator method. Cleaning the trays can be done automatically, during the tray circulation process.

A control is preferably provided to ensure an adequate separation of OUI and/or trays in an inspection queue, and to efficiently present a subsequent OUI or tray after a previous one has cleared a particular station within the system.

In an embodiment option of the present invention, the trace collection system has a modular conveyor appended to the entrance of the device. The conveyor is protected by a hood, and/or enclosed in a tunnel, so as not to allow people standing by to see the inspected items entering the trace collection system, and for safety reasons, such as to prevent people from inserting items into, or extracting items from, the trace collection system. The tunnel also provides a delay or buffer between an initial item evaluation and its entry into an active process, which, for example, may allow a delayed processing of information from the initial evaluation. Therefore, if an analysis requires 5-10 seconds to complete, the tunnel provides a queue to maintain the items, and allow subsequent items to be evaluated without delay. For example, the active treatment may incur safety or damage concerns, and the initial evaluation may detect OUI which are hazardous or subject to damage, and permit these to be removed from the queue either manually or automatically. The conveyor can perform preliminary checks on the inspected items, and gather information such as weight, dimension, and temperature, that can serve as parameters to the subsequent trace collection process. Stacking functionality on the conveyor allows a streamlined design of the particles collection device.

FlG. 9 illustrates of a trace collection system with a conveyer system, partially enclosed by a tunnel, for preparation of the article for inspection. FIG. 9 features the following elements: (a) conveyor 100, (b) tray 102, and (c) inspected item 104.

It is to be understood thai the term "conveyor" as used herein is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention and is not limited to a device for moving objects automatically. The term "conveyor" may refer to any preparation stage, or preparation means, or article preparation for a trace collection system, or an advanced tray.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, the conveyor includes a heating element that raises the temperature of the inspected items prior to them entering the particle collection device. Heating the inspected items increases the probability that particles within Hie inspected items dislodge and subsequently become more susceptible to motion caused by air movement inside the inspected item and the trace collection system. This improves the effectiveness of the collection since the particle sample will be denser with heating. Moreover, in some cases it is necessary to heat the inspected items before the trace collection process starts.

Tn another embodiment option of the present invention, liquid detection sensors are integrated within the conveyor can serve as cither an automated or manual warning sign, to halt the process. Liquid originating from the inspected items that makes its way to the surface of the conveyor will come in contact with the liquid detection sensor embedded in the conveyor. The operator can quickly stop the machine mid-cycle, hence, reducing lhe possibility of liquid causing damage to the conveyor, trace collection system or its components.

The collection of liquid on the conveyor is an indication that one or more of the trace collection parameters are out of operating range or point to some other malfunction in the collection device. For example, a container in the inspected items may have been subjected to excessive vibration causing the walls of the container to crack and release liquid.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, sensors embedded in the conveyor measure the weight of the inspected items. Weight estimations can serve as parameters to the trace collection process, in cases where one or more discrete phases of the trace collection process can benefit from knowledge of the weight of the inspected item. Knowledge of weight can assist when one or more automated processes that comprise the trace collection method are set in motion to agitate particles within, on the surface of, and around the inspected items. For example, heavier inspected items may need more rigorous agitation such as more forceful vibration or a longer heating period.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, sensors embedded in the conveyor, or in its vicinity, such as with imaging sensors, measure the dimensions of the inspected items. Knowledge of these dimensions can serve as parameters to the trace collection process, in cases where one or more discrete phases of the trace collection process can benefit from the spatial dimensions of the inspected items. Knowledge of spatial dimensions (width, height, and length) can assist when one or more automated processes that comprise the trace collection method are set in motion to agitate particles within, on the surface of, and around the inspected items. For example, larger dimensions may possibly denote heavier inspected items that require more rigorous agitation such as more forceful vibration or a longer heating period.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, temperature measurement sensors embedded in the conveyor or in its vicinity, such as with IR imaging sensors measure the average temperature of the inspected items. Temperature readings can serve as parameters to the trace collection process, in cases where one or more discrete phases of the trace collection process can benefit from the input of the inspected items' temperature. An estimation of temperature can assist when one or more automated processes that comprise the collection method are set in motion to agitate particles within, on the surface of, and around the inspected items.

Tn another embodiment option of the present invention, relative humidity sensors are embedded in the conveyor or in its vicinity. Relative humidity readings arc relevant to the extraction process wherein humidity too high causes particles to become sticky and adhere to inspected item interior surfaces. Humidity too low may be accompanied by an electrostatic charge field which likewise causes particles to adhere to interior surfaces and hence do not get extracted.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, other sensors associated with the conveyor, tunnel, and/or tray, measure other properties of the inspected item which may be useful for process optimization, estimating the process effectiveness, and alerting whether the inspected article is within the parameter space of all required parameters for an inspection. In another embodiment option of the present invention, humidity sensors are embedded in the conveyor or in its vicinity. Knowledge of the humidity can assist in the process by being able to estimate whether there might be static electricity in the case of very low humidity or whether particles may become sticky in the case of high humidity.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, electrostatic sensors are embedded in the conveyor or in its vicinity. Knowledge of the electrostatic charge field can be used to assess whether particle trajectories will be affected by gradients in the field. If the gradients are too high, then some mitigation effort is required, such as adding humidity or ionized air to the inspected item.

In another embodiment option of the present invention, other sensors are embedded in the conveyor or its vicinity. These other sensors provide similar information about the state of the inspected item and can directly affect the choice of inspection cycle or its parameters. These sensors may also help determine the suitability of the inspected item to be inspected. For example, the sensors may detect that the item is full of sand or other debris which will clog the inspection device. Hence the bag is unsuitable for automated inspection and should be examined by hand. In another embodiment option of the present invention, the conveyor features a vibration mechanism. Vibrating the inspected items increases the probability that particles within the inspected items dislodge and subsequently be more susceptible to motion caused by air movement inside the chamber. This improves the reliability of the trace collection process since the particles are more uniformly distributed across the body of inspected items. Optionally, the vibration is achieved by embedded vibration devices within the conveyor, or by vibration devices external to the conveyor. Embedded vibration mechanisms improve on other vibrating mechanisms that instigate the movement of the tray and inspected items as a whole. The conveyor is designed to transfer the vibration and cause the particles in the inspected items to dislodge. The timing of the vibrations can be set in a way that causes a non random directional wave to propagate across the conveyor. For example, a wave can propagate from the center of the conveyor to the outer regions, or form one side to the other. Timing of the vibrations is also calculated to create a non random directional wave taking in account the conveyor's velocity while the in motion. As shown in Fig. 10, objects on a conveyor belt may be printed with a print head 110, which expels a matrix of ink jets toward the object. As shown, semantically identifying information, human readable codes, and machine readable codes may be printed. Typically, in such a system, the conveyor moves the object at a constant speed, and the ink jet matrix comprises a vertical linear array of nozzles or jets, adapted to expel ink or dye in synchronization with the movement. A reader may be provided associated with the ink head to ensure that the marking is of sufficient quality. Preferably, the marking does not damage or impair the article being marked. Therefore, it is preferable that a water or alcohol solvent be used in the ink or dye. Likewise, it is preferred that the marking be temporary, and leave no permanent undesired residue. Thus, one known technology employs a dye which is UV light sensitive, and therefore fades upon exposure to sunlight or extended exposure to fluorescent light. The dye is preferably a fluorescent dye.

Preferably, the markings remain readable on the object for the duration of use, which may be, for example, an hour under normal circumstances. A UV light may be provided at the end of the process to remove residual markings. Thus, for example, luggage may be marked in an airport at its initial screening, either as carry-on or checked baggage, and as luggage is release for carry-on, or being sent to the luggage carousel of an airport for retrieval, a UV light may be provided to bleach the dye. Advantageously, an identification message on the luggage may be linked to an identification of a passenger or a boarding pass, and thus allow tracking of the luggage and/or passenger through the airport, screening process, and potentially over an itinerary. This, in turn, may permit a traveler who (if optional) permits such identification to be placed, to avoid repeated high level scrutiny where an issue is resolved at one checkpoint, and in the event of suspicious travelers, to allow more careful observation and inspection, in a somewhat covert and unobtrusive manner.

While not preferred for trace particle collection systems, the ink may comprise non-toxic particulates, with no binder or a weak binder, such as titanium oxide or zinc oxide particles, which may be electrostatically adhered to the object. Then, after processing, the particles may be simply brushed off, vacuumed off, or wiped off, for example. The particles may be directed to the object in a dry state, or suspended in a liquid carrier, which then evaporates. Similarly, if it is desired to label objects which pass through multiple checkpoints, the particles may be distinctive, and detected through a particulate extraction technology. For example, a set of particles having a variety of characteristics may be provided in combination to provide a combination code. For example, particles may be labeled with rhodaminc derivative dyes having distinct absorption and/or fluorescent peak wavelengths. Over a range from infrared to ultraviolet, a set of, e.g., 30 different dyes with non-overlapping characteristics may be provided. If these are provided 5 at a time, the number of distinct labels is about 1.7 million, a sxifficient number to permit semi-unique labeling of travelers and minimal false positive identifications, especially when the technique is used in conjunction with other identification technologies.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in various combinations in a single embodiment. Conversely, varimis features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub- combination.

AU publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference to the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.

While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments and examples thereof, it is to be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. Moreover, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:

Claims

CLAIMS:

I . A trace collection system comprising:

(a) at least one tray or conveyor for supporting at least one inspected item as it is presented to an enclosed particle release space; (b) a particle release mechanism for releasing particles from the at least one inspected item into the particle release space; and

(c) a particle collection system for collecting particles from the particle release space, whereby said particle collection system collects at least a portion of the released particles from the at least one inspected item.

2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor for sensing a characteristic of the at least one inspected item.

3. The system according to claim 2, further comprising a control, said control being responsive to said sensor for sensing a characteristic of the at least one inspected item, for controlling at least one of said particle release mechanism and said particle collection system in dependence on said sensor.

4. The system according to claim 2, wherein the sensor is associated with a tray.

5. The system according to claim 4, wherein said tray comprises said sensor for sensing a characteristic of an item within the tray.

6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a preparing device for improving at least one of a particle release and a particle collection from the at least one item.

7. The system according to claim 6, further comprising a control, said control selectively controlling said preparing device in dependence on at least one characteristic of the at least one item.

8. The system according to claim 1, further comprising at least one enclosing device for enclosing the at least one inspected item having volume partially determined according to a characteristic of the at least one inspected item.

9. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray adapted to be recycled or remanufactured after use.

10. The system according to claim 1, wherein tray or conveyor comprises a tray having at least one fixed form that compartmentalizes said tray into at least two sections.

I 1. The system according to claim 1, tray or conveyor comprises a tray having a conformable area and a rigid outer rim.

12. The system according to claim 11, wherein said tray comprises a non-continuous rigid outer rim.

13. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray adapted to assume a plurality of different spatial dimensions.

14. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray having a plurality of rigid and elastic elements interconnected by flexible joints.

15. The system according to claim 14, wherein said tray comprises at least one non-rigid tube, whereby said tray changes shape upon a change of pressure within said tube.

16. The system according to claim 1 further comprising a plurality of trays adapted to be arrayed, wherein when arrayed, a net volume occupied by said plurality of trays is less than a gross volume occupied by an envelope of an individual tray.

17. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one liquid detection sensor.

18. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one acoustic measurement sensor.

19. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one humidity sensor.

20. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one electrostatic charge sensor.

21. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one temperature sensor.

22. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray having a rigid section and a non-rigid section, said rigid section being vibrated mechanically, and said non-rigid section being agitated using pneumatic mechanics.

23. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor comprises at least one dimension measurement sensor.

24. The system according to claim 2, wherein said sensor further comprises at least one weight measurement sensor.

25. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a revolving circular tray.

26. The system according to claim 6, wherein said preparing device comprises at least one temperature control device.

27. The system according to claim 1 wherein said tray further comprises at least one temperature measurement sensor.

28. The system according to claim 6, wherein said preparing device comprises at least one vibrating mechanism.

29. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray having at least one integrated gas aspiration port.

30. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray having at least one integrated gas expiration port.

31. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a tray having at least one integrated gas jet orifice.

32. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a cover to form an enclosed space around the at least one item having as at least one wall thereof said tray or conveyor.

33. The system according to claim 1, wherein the tray or conveyor passes through a tunnel.

34. The system according to claim 1, wherein said tray or conveyor comprises a conveyor.

35. The system according to claim 24, wherein said conveyor comprises a conveyor belt.

36. The system according to claim 24, wherein said conveyor comprises a robotic arm.

37. The system according to claim 24, wherein said conveyor comprises a mechanical actuator.

38. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a labeler for labeling at least one item with an identification.

39. The system according to claim 38, wherein said labeler produces a visible label.

40. The system according to claim 38, wherein said labeler produces an invisible label.

41. The system according to claim 38, wherein said labeler produces a machine readable label.

42. The system according to claim 38, further comprising a memory for storing at least one characteristic of the at least one item associated with an identification of that item.

43. The system according to claim 38, further comprising a database for storing, with respect to a plurality of items, at least one characteristic of an item associated with an identification of that item.

44. The system according to claim 38, wherein said identification is associated with an owner of the at least one item.

45. The system according to claim 38, wherein said labeler comprises a dye printer for printing an invisible machine readable code on an item.

46. A trace collection system comprising:

(a) at least one moveable support for presenting articles;

(b) a chamber, receiving a presented article; (c) an extraction system for selectively releasing particles or residue from an article within the chamber; and

(d) a collection system, for collecting particles or residue from the chamber.

47. The system according to claim 46, wherein the support comprises a tray adapted to support the article, the tray accompanying the article within said chamber.

48. The system according to claim 46, wherein the support comprises a conveyor, for sequentially presenting articles to the chamber.

49. The system according to claim 46, wherein the conveyor further carries an article away from the chamber.

50. The system according to claim 46, wherein the support comprises a moveable tray adapted to support the article and having an interface with said extraction system.

51. The system according to claim 50, wherein the interface comprises an electronic interface for receiving information from a sensor associated with the tray.

52. The system according to claim 50, wherein the interface comprises an electronic interface for providing information to the tray for controlling a process within the tray to improve a particle extraction efficiency.

53. The system according to claim 50, wherein the interface comprises a pneumatic pathway.

54. The system according to claim 50, wherein the interface comprises a conduit for receiving a gas sample from the tray.

55. The system according to claim 50, wherein the interface comprises a conduit for providing a flow of gas to the tray.

56. The system according to claim 50, wherein said interface is adapted to sequentially interface with a plurality of moveable trays.

57. The system according to claim 50, wherein said interface comprises a wireless communication interface.

58. The system according to claim 46, wherein said moveable support comprises a sensor for detecting at least one of a liquid, an acoustic property, a mass, a weight, a size, a dimension, a density, a temperature, an electrostatic charge, an acceleration, a vibration, an optical property, a magnetic property, a radio frequency property, a radiographic property, a shock, a humidity, a relative humidity, an identification of the article, a particle analysis, a residue analysis, an odor, and a mechanical resonance.

59. The system according to claim 58, wherein said sensor provides an input to a control for the extraction system.

60. The system according to claim 58, wherein said moveable support comprises a device for applying a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, and a pneumatic treatment, controlled in response to said sensor.

61. The system according to claim 46, wherein said moveable support comprises a device for applying a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment.

62. The system according to claim 61, further comprising a cover to envelope the article during application of the treatment.

63. A method comprising the steps of: preparing an inspected item to alter particle release characteristics; placing the inspected item within a chamber; applying at least one particle release measure on the inspected item to release particles therefrom; and collecting released particles.

64. The method according to claim 63, wherein said applying comprises a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment.

65. The method according to claim 63, wherein said preparing comprises a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment.

66. The method according to claim 63, further comprising during said preparing, detecting at least one of a liquid, an acoustic property, a mass, a weight, a size, a dimension, a density, a temperature, an electrostatic charge, an acceleration, a vibration, an optical property, a magnetic property, a radio frequency property, a radiographic property, a shock, a humidity, a relative humidity, an identification of the article, a particle analysis, a residue analysis, an odor, and a mechanical resonance.

67. The metliod according to claim 66, wherein said preparing is controlled in dependence on said detecting.

68. The method according to claim 66, wherein said applying is controlled in dependence on said detecting.

69. The method according to claim 63, further comprising the step of detecting a liquid spillage and controlling said applying step in dependence on the liquid spillage.

70. A trace collection method comprising:

(a) providing a plurality of modular replaceable trays, for supporting at least one inspection item for particulate analysis; (b) extracting particles from the at least one inspection item in the tray; and

(c) interfacing the tray with a particle collection system, to provide at least one of an electronic communication and a pneumatic communication with the tray.

71. The method according to claim 70, wherein said plurality of modular replaceable trays each comprises a sensor.

72. The method according to claim 71, wherein the sensor detects at least one of a liquid, an acoustic property, a mass, a weight, a size, a dimension, a density, a temperature, an electrostatic charge, an acceleration, a vibration, an optical property, a magnetic property, a radio frequency property, a radiographic property, a shock, a humidity, a relative humidity, an identification of the article, a particle analysis, a residue analysis, an odor, and a mechanical resonance.

73. The method according to claim 71, wherein said plurality of modular replaceable trays each comprises a preparing device for applying a treatment to the inspection item before extraction.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein said preparing device comprises a device for applying a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment.

75. The method according to claim 70, fiirther comprising encapsulating the at least one inspection item in a discrete volume at least partially determined according to a characteristic of the at least one inspection item.

76. A method for collecting particles comprising:

(a) automatically presenting at least one item for inspection on a tray or conveyor to an enclosed particle release space; (b) applying at least one particle release measure on the at least one item to selectively release particles into the particle release space; and

(c) collecting a portion of the released particles from the particle release space,

77. The method according to claim 76, wherein the enclosed particle release space has a volume determined according to a characteristic of the item.

78. The method according to claim 76, wherein tray or conveyor comprises a tray which dynamically changes its dimensions in response to a dimension of the item.

79. The method according to claim 76, wherein a dimensional characteristic of the item is determined before presentation to the enclosed particle release space, and a relatively positioning of a gas inlet or outlet within the enclosed particle release space is altered in dependence on the determined dimensional characteristic.

80. The method according to claim 76, further comprising the step of detecting a presence of a liquid.

81. The method according to claim 76, further comprising the step of halting the particle release measure process upon detection of a fault condition.

82. The method according to claim 76, further comprising the step of, before presenting, applying a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a humidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment, vibrating the inspected item with the tray.

83. The method according to claim 76, further comprising the step of, before presenting, detecting at least one of a liquid, an acoustic property, a mass, a weight, a size, a dimension, a density, a temperature, an electrostatic charge, an acceleration, a vibration, an optical property, a magnetic property, a radio frequency property, a radiographic property, a shock, a humidity, a relative humidity, an identification of the article, a particle analysis, a residue analysis, an odor, and a mechanical resonance.

84. The method according to claim 76, further comprising the step of applying a treatment selected from one or more of the group consisting of an acoustic emission, a vibration, a hiαmidification, a dehumidification, an electrostatic charge neutralization, an acceleration, a shock, a shaking, a magnetic field, an electrical field, an X-ray, a heating, a cooling, a pneumatic treatment, a jet, and a vacuum treatment, vibrating the inspected item with the tray in dependence on said detecting.

85. An item inspection system comprising: (a) at least one tray or conveyor for transporting at least one item as it is presented to an inspection space;

(b) a labeler for labeling the item with an identification before entering the inspection space; (c) an inspection device, for determining a characteristic of the item in the inspection space; and

(d) a memory for storing the determined characteristic in association with the labeled identification.

86. The system according to claim 85, further comprising a sensor outside the inspection space for sensing a second characteristic of the at least one item and storing the second characteristic in the memory in association with the labeled identification.

87. The system according to claim 86, further comprising a control, said control being responsive to said sensor for sensing a characteristic of the at least one inspected item, for controlling the inspection device in dependence on said sensor.

88. The system according to claim 85, wherein said labeler produces a visible label.

89. The system according to claim 85, wherein said labeler produces an invisible label.

90. The system according to claim 85, wherein said labeler produces a machine readable label.

91. The system according to claim 85, further comprising a label reader, wherein the memory stores an identification read from the label in association with a characteristic of an item bearing that label.

92. The system according to claim 85, wherein said memory comprises a database for storing, with respect to a plurality of items, at least one characteristic of an item associated with an identification of that item.

93. The system according to claim 85, wherein said identification is associated with an owner of the at least one item.

94. The system according to claim 85, wherein said labeler comprises a dye printer for printing an invisible machine readable code on an item.

95. A method for inspecting an item, comprising: (a) transporting at least one item to an inspection space;

(b) labeling the item with an identification before entering the inspection space;

(c) determining a characteristic of the item within the inspection space; and

(d) storing the determined characteristic in association with the labeled identification.

96. The method according to claim 95, further comprising sensing, outside the inspection space, a second characteristic of the at least one item and storing the second characteristic in association with the labeled identification.

97. The method according to claim 96, further comprising the step of controlling said determining step in dependence on said sensing.

98. The method according to claim 95, wherein said labeling produces a visible label.

99. The method according to claim 95, wherein said labeling produces an invisible label.

100. The method according to claim 95, wherein said labeling produces a machine readable label.

101. The method according to claim 95, further automatically reading the label, and storing an identification read from the label in association with a characteristic of an item bearing that label.

102. The method according to claim 95, further comprising storing, with respect to a plurality of items, at least one characteristic of an item associated with an identification of that item.

103. The method according to claim 95, further comprising storing an association of an owner of the at least one item with the characteristic of the item.

104. The method according to claim 95, wherein said labeling comprises labeling the at least one item with an ink jet printer, to produce an invisible machine readable code on an item.