WO2007084912A1

WO2007084912A1 - Implantable medical device battery

Info

Publication number: WO2007084912A1
Application number: PCT/US2007/060627
Authority: WO
Inventors: William G. Howard; Kaimin Chen; Gauray Jain; Craig L. Schmidt; Erik R. Scott
Original assignee: Medtronic, Inc.
Priority date: 2006-01-17
Filing date: 2007-01-17
Publication date: 2007-07-26
Also published as: EP1989748B1; EP1989748A1; US20070178381A1; US7824805B2

Abstract

A battery cell in an implantable medical device is presented. The battery cell includes an anode, a cathode, an insulator therebetween, and an electrolyte. The cathode includes silver vanadium oxide and fluorinated carbon (CFx). The CFx includes fluorine at greater than or equal to 61 percentage (%) by weight.

Description

IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL PEVlCE- BATTERY

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to an electrochemical ceil and, more particularly, to a battery for an implantable medical device.

BACKGROUND OF IHE INVENTION

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) detect and deliver therapy for a variety of medical conditions in patients. ΪMDs include implantable pulse generators (IPGs) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) that deliver electrical stimuli to tissue of a patient. ICDs typically comprise, inter alia, a control module, a. capacitor, and a battery that are housed in a hermetically sealed container. When therapy is required, by a patient, the control module signals the battery to charge the capacitor, which in turn discharges electrical stimuli to tissue of a patient

The battery includes a case, a Finer, and an electrode assembly. The liner surrounds the electrode assembly to prevent the electrode assembly from contacting the inside of the case. The electrode assembly comprises an anode and. a cathode with a separator therebetween. En the case wall or cover is a fill port or tube that allows introduction of electrolyte into the case. The electrolyte is a medium that facilitates ionic transport and forms a conductive pathway between the arxode and cathode. It is desirable to increase battery efficiency,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TBE DRAWINGS

The present Invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FlG, 1 is a cutaway perspective view of an implantable medical device (IMD);

FIG. 2 is a cutaway perspective view of a battery in the IMD of FlD. 1;

FΪG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the battery depicted in FIG. 2 and designated by line 4;

RlO, 4 is a X-ray diffract. on (XRD) spectrum that graphically compares desired and undesired crystaHitrity characteristics of carbon precursor samples; FTG, 5 is a XRD spectrum that graphically compares desired and undesired crystalHnity cba.racte.ri sties of fluoridated carbon (CF_S) samples;

FIG. 6 is a XRD spectmrn that graphically depicts peaks of an undeβireά CF^ sample that includes too high, an amount of unreacted remnant carbon;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a two peak structure depicted in FIG. 5;

FIG, 8 is a X-ray photoeleeiron spectrum that graphically depicts different peak- positions for carbon-carbon (C-C), carbon-fluorine (C-F), and C-F_n (n>2) peaks;

FIG. 9 graphically compares battery cell resistance throughout discharge for battery cells with exemplary CF₈ materials;

FIO. 10 graphically compares cell resistance throughout discharge for battery cells with exemplary CF_x materials;

FiO. 11 graphically compares cell voltage during high current discharge (30 mA/cm2) discharge for battery cells with other exemplary CF_x materials; and

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram for fiuorinatmg carbon and describes a process in which carbon is uuorinated with reduced imparities.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description øf embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings to identify similar elements.

The present invention is directed to a battery cell for an implantable medical device (LMD), The battery cell includes an anode, a cathode, an insulator therebetween, and electrolyte. The cathode is comprised of silver vanadium oxide (SVO) and fiuorinated carbon (CF_x). One embodiment of the claimed invention relates to fluorine that exists in an amount greater than or equal to 61 weight percent (H) of CF_x.

The battery cell of the claimed invention exhibits excellent chemical stability, and low and stable battery ceil resistance daring long term discharge. During long-term discharge, such batteries exhibit tio capacity loss clue to chemical reactions, and no increase in cell resistance. Battery cell capacity is typically associated with the ability of the battery cell to discharge current. Exemplary long term discharge xs greater than or equal to three years during which batteries were continuously discharged at body temperature (37^*C). Additionally, a battery cell exhibits excellent thermal stability (e.g. no cell resistance increase) during "shelf life." Shelf life is the time in which an implantable medical device is produced and before it is implanted into a patient. Moreover, a battery cell exhibits slow swelling during discharge of capacity, The battery cell also haβ a high, capacity per unit volume. Manufacturing costs are also reduced with the active cathode.

FIG. i depicts an IMD 10. Exemplary IMD 10 includes implantable pulse generators (IPGs), implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), neurostinmlators or other suitable devices. IMD 10 includes a case 50, a control module 52, a battery 54 (e.g. organic electrolyte battery) and capacitor{s) 56. Control module 52 controls one or more sensing and/or stimulation processes from JMD 10 via leads (not shown). Battery 54 includes an insulator 58 disposed therearound. Battery 54 charges capaeitor(s) 56 and powers control module 52. Exemplary ways to construct battery 54 are described, for example, in commonly assigned US Patent No. 6,017,656 issued to Crespi et al. and entitled "ELECTRO YLYTE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS HAVING CATHODES CONTAINING SILVER VANADIUM OXIDE" and U.S. Patent Application US20060166078 Al tiled January 26, 2005, and entitled "IMPLANTABLE BATTERY HAVING TBERMAL SHUTDOWN SEPARATOR", which are incorporated herein by reference, in relevant part.

FIG$. 2 and 3 depict details of an exemplary organic electrolyte battery 54. Battery 54 (also referred to as cell) includes a case 70, an anode 72', separators 74, a cathode 76, a liquid electrolyte 7S, and a .feed-through terminal SO. Cathode 76 is wound in a plurality of turns, with anode 72 interposed between the turns of the cathode winding. Separator 74 insulates anode 72 from cathode 76 windings. Case 70 contains the liquid electrolyte 7S to create a conductive path between anode 72 and cathode 76. Electrolyte 78 serves as a medium for migration of ions between anode 72 and cathode 76 during discharge of the cell.

Anode 72 is formed of a material selected from Group IA, IIA or HlB of the periodic table of elements (e.g. lithium_* sodium, potassium, etc.), alloys thereof or intermetallic compounds (e.g. Li-Si, Li-B, Li-Si-B etc.). Anode 72 may also comprise an alkali metal (e.g. lithium, etc.) in metallic or ionic form.

Cathode 76 comprises metal oxides (e.g. silver vanadium oxide (SVO) mά CF_K. Generally, production of CF_x (Q-S- carbon raonofiuαride (CFu) etc.) involves an exemplary chemical reaction such that:

where x. y, and z are numerical values that may be positive integers ox positive .rational numbers. In this reaction, fluorine and carbon react to form CFu- Unreacted carbon and impurities are by-products of the chemical reaction, which must be minimized during production of CF_x. It is desirable to achieve a weight percentage of fluorine greater than or equal to 6i% in CF_x while reducing impurities. Preferably, greater than or equal to 63% or 65% of fluorine exists in the CF_x. Numerous other embodiments are directed to different weight percentages of fluorine found in CF_x. Table I₁ presented below, lists various embodiments of the invention.. Table 1 is interpreted such that the first embodiment relates to fluorine that has 61 weight percentage (%)in the CF_x; a second embodiment, that has fluorine at 62% in the Cl? _κ, and so on. The third column of Table 1 provides exemplary ranges of weight percentages of fluorine found in CF_x. For example, in the first embodiment, fluorine may be found in the range of 61% or greater in the CF_S; in the second embodiment, fluorine may be found in the range of 62% or greater in the CF_S and so on. It 5s deemed desirable to attain, high fluorine weight percentage as this helps in reducing unreacted carbon and other impurities in the sample.

The percentage of fluorine in CF_x is determined by a method referred to as the alkali fusion .method along with fluoride ion selective electrode analysis. Table 1 — Individual embodiments related to weight percentage of fluorine in CF_x

A carbon precursor (also referred to as "starting carbon") affects the composition, purity,, and crystal structure of the C¥_κ> which, in turn, determines whether a high weight percentage of fluorine in CFj,- is achieved. Carbon precursor is a component from which fluoridated carbon is formed through a fiuori nation process. Carbon precursor is fibrous carbon (e.g. polyacry Ion? trite (PAN), rayon source etc) and/or non-fibrous carbon that is preferably fion-graphi&c. Graphitic is defined as crystalline form of carbon with a long- range laminar atomic structure. Non-graphitic is defined as forms of carbon that are poorly crystalline and do not possess long-range laminar atomic structure. Such a carbon structure can be defined by a full width at half maximum (FWHMo^.) of a 002 peak in the XRD pattern of the carbon ≥ 1° Cu Ka 2Θ.

Purity

crystalHnity of the carbon precursor substantially affect, the percentage by weight of fluorine m CPx, In terms of purity, it is desirable that carbon content be greater than 95% by weight in the carbon precursor, determined by a combustion technique. More preferably, the carbon content of the carbon precursor sample is greater than 99%, and the precursor has less than or equal to 1% of elemental, impurities, In addition to purity, low crystailioity in the carbon precursor js desirable since it allows the carbon precursor to be fully fϊuorinated at lower temperatures (e.g. less than 400 Celsius (⁰C)). PAN or rayon based carbon fibers that possess high purity and low crystallinity, can be homogeneously fiuorinated to yield a desired fibrous CF_x product, In addition, high purity fibrous carbons with high crystaliinity may also be fully fiuorinated at high temperatures (e,g. temperatures greater than 400⁰C etc.) and may yield desirable properties- Non-fibrous carbon samples, with .high, purity a.nd low crystaiiaiity; can be fully fluoridated to yield a desired product with homogeneous fluormation. Similarly, it is likely that non-fibrous carbon with high purity and high cryst.alli.niiy can be fully fluoridated at high temperatures (> 400⁰C) and may yield desirable properties.

Ia order to understand the manner in which crystalH-iity may be determined, an exemplary X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum is presented In FIG.4 of carbon precursor samples. In particular, the width of the carbon 002 peak determines cryslallinity characteristic associated with each sample. Sample A is substantially less crystalline than Sample B. Sample A has a FWHMoo2>PCu Ka 2Θ and can yield a homogeneously fluorinated product. More preferably _? the carbon precursor has the FWHM{»2> 3°Cu Ka 20, In coatrast, Sample B is less desirable since it has a FWHM002 < 1 ⁰Cu Ka 2θ. Sample B is also less desirable since it. cannot be as homogeneously fluorinated at low temperatures (< 400⁰C) as Sample A.

While selection of a carbon precursor may affect the amount of fluorine found hi the CF_x, characteristics of the CF._V determine the actual amount of fluorine found in the CF_x and the electrochemical performance of the CF_x. XRD is w&d to determine chemical structure and the carbon impurity of the CF₅₆ as shown in FIGs. 5-7. CF_x peaks 001 and 130 determine the purity and the crystallmity of the CF_x whereas the carbon peak 002 determines unreacted carbon that, remains In the CF_x. The area urider the CF_x 001 peak, the main peak of fluorinated peaks, is used to normalize the area of other peaks. Table 2 summarizes peak identifiers and the manner in which each peak is used m XRD interpretation.

Table 2— Details of peaks typically observed for the fluorinated carbon samples

The electrochemical performance of the CF_x depends on the position of the CF_x 001 peak. Samples with peak positions between 12.7° <2θ<χ»j < 13.7° are believed to possess a dominant, fraction of the stoichiometric fiuorinated carbon phase, CPu, and therefor© yield superior electrochemical performance. CF_x with positions outside of this range, particularly 12.7° < 2θooi,may be non -stoichiometric and yield poorer el ectroch emical performance .

The desired compositional homogeneity and phase-purity of the CF_x depends, in part, upon the crystallinity of CF.*. The desired crystalliraty of the CF_x may be defined as the area for the CFx J 10 peak, relative to the area for CFx 001 peak > 2% m the XKD pattern. It was further determined that for values of the (CFx 110 peak / CFx 001) area ratios >2.0%, lower cell resistance and improved performance is observed.

One type of impurity relates to organic impurities that may intercalate or chemisorb on intercalation compounds. Since free carbon serves as a host for impurities, it is desirable to reduce free carbon in the CF_x. Free carbon is elemental carbon present in an uncombined state. The carbon in the material may act as an intercalation host for organic impurities (e.g. CFj, CF^, etc.), which may adversely affect the electrochemical performance of the CF_K, Therefore, a lower remnant carbon is highly desirable. Presence of free carbon in. a sample is shown by the carbon 002 peak in the XKD pattern (FlG.5).

The fraction of un~reacted carbon remaining in the CF_x- can be determined by the area under the carbon 002 peak relative to the area under the CF_x 001 peak. The CF_x .! 00 peak, (at ca. at 27-29" CaKoώθ) is very close in position to the carbon 002 peak (at oa. 25- 27° CuKα2θ). The contributions from these two partly overlapping peaks is de~ convoluted to help determine the area under the carbon 002, as shown in FΪG. 6. FlC 7 shows a smaller range of data for the three samples in FIG. 5, with different relative areas imάQv the carbon 002 peak. Table 5, presented below, lists samples with varying amounts S of im-reacted carbon. The desired area ratio for the carbon 002 peak relative to the CF_x 00! peak JS <9%. Preferably, this ratio is <5%. -More preferably, this ratio is < 0.5%.

While XRD spectra are generally considered a reliable technique for determining purity and crystalUmty in a sample, XRD spectra are unable to detect un~.reacted carbon present Ia a sample that is not very crystalline and/or is highly dispersed- In such a case, presence of carbon can be detected, by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), In this technique, monochromatic x-rays from an aluminum anode are Incident on the sample and the energy of the emergent electrons is measured. The energy difference between the x- ray energy and the energy of the electron is indicative of the binding energy of the electrons in the material. Different bonds of carbon in the CF_x compound have different electron binding energies. In particular, the C-C bonding from un-reacted carbon is substantially different than the C-F bonding of the CF_x. The high resolution carbon XPS spectra thus shows different peaks corresponding to the different bonds that carbon forms in the CF_x compound and their relative fraction. The electrons can escape only from the top few atomic layers of the material and thus the information obtained pertains to the particle surface chemistry.

Low amounts of un-reacted carbon also exist in the CF_S when, for example, an area percentage of less than 3.5% exists for the peak pertaining to the C-C bonding relative to all carbon Is peaks in the high resolution XPS. Preferably, C-C bonding contribution, is about < ϊ% in establishing low amounts of unreacted carbon exists in the CF_x. More preferably, C-C bonding contribution is about < 0.5% clearly shows that low amounts of unreacted carbon exist in CF_x.

FIG. 8 shows a typical high resolution XPS spectra obtained from a CF_x material. The different carbon Is peaks marked in this spectrum pertain to: (1) C-C bonding, from the portion of CF_x that is not fully fiuorinated (2) C-F bonding from the stoichiometric carbon fluoride CFu and (3) CF<,,_?Λ2) from the super-stoichiorøetric carbon fluoride. The relative fractions of these carbon bonds on the surface of the material are obtained by fltϋng three individual peaks to this spectrum and taking the areas of those peaks relative to the total area under ail peaks. The strongest peak in these spectra is centered at 290.1 eV and belongs to the C-F bonding from the stoichiometric CFu. The C-C peak is centered ca. 5 eV below the main peak. i.e. at 2S5 eV. As observed with the XRD data, with decreasing amounts of remnant carbon, the electrochemical performance of the CF_x is improved, ϊt is desirable to have the area xmder the C-C peak relative to the C-F peak to be < 3.5%. Preferably, this ratio is < 1%. More preferably, this ratio Is < 0.5%.

EXAMPLES

The claimed invention has been established as electroehemically superior to conventional cathodes. Crystallinity data was obtained for six samples OfCF_x, as presented below in Table 3. Table 3, CF_x 001 and CF_x i 10 Peak Characteristics

As noted, samples 1, 2 and 3 show the CF_x- 001 peak in the XRD spectrum centered at. less than 12.7 °Cu Ka 2Θ, whereas samples 4_S S, and 6 show the peak to be centered at greater than 12.7 °€u Ka 2Θ. Additionally, the area ratios of CF_x .1 10/001 peaks for samples 1, 2 and 3 is < 2%, whereas samples 4, 5 artd 6 show the area ratios of the CF_x i 10/001 peaks to be > 2%. Samples 4-6 are clearly electrochemloally superior to samples 1 -3, as shown in FIG. 9. Cells with CF_x samples of 1 and 3 nave higher cell resistance throughout discharge than cells with CF_S samples of 5 and 6. Lower cell resistance is desirable for implantable applications since therapy can be delivered faster with cells having low cell resistance. CF_x 001 peak in the XRD spectrum centered at > 12.7 ^c'Cu Ka 20 is therefore desirable. CF_x samples with less unreacted carbon are electrochemically superior to samples with, a higher amount of unreacted carbon. Table 4 presents the unreacted carbon data associated CF_x samples. This data shows the area ratios of the CF_x 110/001 peaks >2% are desirable. Table 4~Carbon 002 peek, ratio XRD

la another embodiment, samples 7, S and 9 of Table 4 show the carbon 002 peak- area relative to the CF_x 001. peak in the XRD pattern of the CF_x to be greater than 9%. ϊn contrast, samples 10, 11 and .12 possess a lower carbon content and for these samples the 002 peak are relative to the CF_x 001 peak area in the XRD pattern of the CF_x is < 9%. The latter group of samples is etectrøchetnJcu-ly superior to the former, as shown in FlG. 10. The battery cell with CF_x sample 7 has higher cell resistance throughout discharge than cells with other CF_x samples, while cell with CF_x sample 9 has higher cell resistance, after about 70% discharge than cells with CF_x samples 10 and 1 1. This indicates that samples with less than or equal to 9% carbon 002 peak area are desirable. There is a continual improvement in electrochemical performance seen with decreasing carbon content.

Therefore, it is preferable to have the peak ratio less than or equal to 5%, The XRD spectra for samples 7, 9 and 11 from this example are shown in FIGs. 5 and 7. JB still yet another embodiment samples 13-15 of Table 5 show the C-C bonding % in the XPS data to be > 3.5%, whereas samples 16-20 show the C-C bonding contribution to be < 3.5%. The latter group of samples ia ekctrocheinicalJy superior to the former samples. Table 5— C-C peak, contribution in XPS data I l

FIG. 11 graphically compares the electrochemical performance of battery cells with CF_x samples 15. 18 and 19. Battery cells with CF_x sample 15 have- lower cell voltage during high current drain (about 30 ∑rsA/cm^s) than ceils with CFj; samples IS and 1.9. Higher cell voltage during high, current drain is desirable for implantable applications, lαdeed, continual improvement in electrochemical performance was observed with decreasing carbon content, It is therefore preferred to have C-C bonding contribution less than 1%.

In Table 6, weight percentage fluorine OfCF_x samples is listed. Among these samples, 24-30 show lower and more stable cell resistance throughout discbarge of the battery, as compared to samples 21-23. Further, samples 22-23 show improved performance than sample 21. This trend highlights that increasing fluorine weight percentage in lhe sample is desirable. Reduction in uαreacted carbon and other impurities may be the cause for this improvement, performance with increasing fluorine weight percentage in the sample. Table 6, Fluorine Weight Percentage of Some Exemplary CF_S Materials

Ta another embodiment, battery cell resistance is decreased by decreasing transition roetais (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cu etc.). For example, it is desirable to reduce transition metals to an amount less than 500 parts per million (ppra) in the CF_S. For example, this may be accomplished by purification of the carbon precursor materials. Ia another embodiment. CF_x is coated with aα oxide such as AIaOs, TiO₂ and ZtOz that tends to restrain swelling and adsorb impurities, In this embodiment, one of the oxide compounds such as AI₃O₃, TiO₃ and ZrGj are coated onto with the CF_x.

Intercalation compounds (e.g. C_xVFe etc.) enhance performance and displace undesirable species. For example In U.S. Patent No, 5_t 175,066 and 5,017,444 discuss C_xVFa. and other intercalation compounds that are electrαchemϊcally reversible and also enhance the conductivity of the carbon. The reversibility and high conductivity may result in an improved cathode. The rate capability may be particularly enhanced if the layer of the intercalation compound is aloαg the side of the electrode facing the anode. Reactive impurities (e.g. "free oxidizers'') are removed and the intercalated or sorbed hydrofluoric acid (HF) is neutralized. Surfactants (e.g. TRITOM^' X.100 commercial Iy available from Triton etc.) may be added to alcoholic alkali metal hydroxide and soaking the CF_x at temperatures above room temperature (e.g. 25⁰C) followed by thorough washing and drying. Drying may occur, for example, at. 125⁰C or other suitable temperatures.

One problem that is experienced in fiuorinating carbons with low bulk density is the low mass of carbon that can be processed in a batch. FiG- 12 depicts a method that addresses fluoriimtmg carbon precursors with low bulk density. Af block 200, a mass of carbon, is provided. At block 210, the carbon is wetted with a temporary binder or a carbonizeable binder. Preferably, the carbon is wetted with a temporary or carbonizeable binder such, as poly vinyl alcohol. The resulting carbon is denser when dried. The carbon product can be dried by, for example, thorough heating, increased air flow, vacuum drying or other like methods. To attain increased densiiled carbon reactant starting material, tbe carbon can be further densϊfϊed or pelletizedL

At block 220, a volume of the carbon is reduced. The volume of carbon may be reduced, for example, through drying, compressing, palletizing and other suitable methods. one embodiment, densiilcation occurs by compressing using a die with a hydraulic press or a rolling mill

Addition of silver to the carbon in the form of a soluble salt (e.g. silver nitrate etc.) enhances the .fluortnation process. Silver .may act as a catalyst of an active intermediate such as AgFj that may result in the formation of CF_x at a lower temperature (less than or equal to 4WG) and/or shorter time (e.g. less than 7 hours). Additionally, silver on the surface of the CF_x may enhance conductivity of the cathode. The addition of silver "catalyst" may also assist in achieving complete fluoridation of the carbon. This process minimizes unreacted carbon at a lower temperature and avoids exfoliation of the carbon- like structure. Carbon-like structure is similar to the morphology of the carbon precursor reactaot

Additionally, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of carbon precursor may affect ease of iluoiinatioπ of the carbon precursor material. A higher surface area of a carbon precursor materia! allows fluoridation of the carbon material without causing excessive exfoliation and eases attainment of a homogeneous composition. In one embodiment, carbon precursor material may have a surface area greater than 30 meters²/g(κr/g). In another embodiment,, a surface area of greater than 50 irr/g is used. The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

S . A battery cell in an implantable medical device (IMD) comprising; an anode: a cathode which includes silver vanadium oxide (SVO) and tluorinated carbon (CFx), the

CFx includes a fluorine weight percentage {%) of greater than or equal to 61%; a separator between the anode and the cathode; and an electrolyte for activating the anode and the cathode.

2. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the CFx being formed from one of fibrous carbon and non-fibrous carbon.

3. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the CFx being formed from a carbon precursor that possesses carbon 002 peak width in the XRD pattern of the carbon precursor > 1° Ca Ka 2β.

4. The batten' cell, of claim ϊ wherein the CFx being formed .from a carbon precursor possesses carboa > 95%,

5. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the CFx being formed from a carbon precursor possesses carbon > 99%.

6. The battery eel 1 of claim J , wherein the fl uori ne being greater than or equal to 63%.

7. The battery eel I of claim 1, wherein the fluorine being greater than about 65%.

The battery cell of claim 1, wherein the CFx exhibits less than. 5% of free carbon.

9. The batteψ cell of claim 1 , wherein trie CFx exhibits a position of a 00 i peak j.π the XRD pattern such that 12.7° < 2Q_mx Cu Xa < 13.7°,

.{ 0» The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein tϊie CFx exhibits a position of a 001 peak in the XKD pattern such that 12.7° < 2B_m Cu Ka.

11. The battery cell of claim I , wherein the CFx exhibits 110 peak area relative to a 001 peak in the XBD pattern > 2%.

12. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein the CFx exhibits 1 10 peak area relative to a 00 ϊ peak in the XRD pattern > 4%.

13. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein &n area ratio for a carbon 002 peak relative to a CFx 001 peak in the XRD pattern is <9%.

14. The battery cell of claim 13, wherein the area ratio for a carbon 002 peak relative to a CFx 001 peak in the XiRD pattens is < 5%.

15. The battery cell of claim .14_> wherein the area ratio for a carbon 002 peak, relative to a CFx 001 peak in the XRD pattern is < 0.5%.

16. The battery cell of claim 1, wherein an area, imder a C-C peak relative to all carbon 1 s peaks in the XPS pattern to be about < 3.5%.

17. The battery cell of claim i 6_^ wherein the area under a C-C peak relative to all carbon 1 s peaks in the XPS pattern to be about < 1%.

18. The battery cell of claim 17, wherein the area, under a C-C peak relative to all carbon 3 s peaks in the XPS pattern, to he about. < 0.5%.

19. A battery cell in an IMD comprising; an anode; a cathode which includes SVO and CFx _? the CFx includes a weight percentage of fluorine between about 61% and 7.1%; a separator between the anode and the cathode; an electrolyte for activating the anode and the cathode, wherein the CFx includes transition metal impurities being less than 500 pans per million and less than 1% by weight of CF₂ and CF₃.

20. The battery cell of claim 19, wherein the CFx exhibits a position of a 0Oi peak such that 12.7* < CuKa 20 < 13.7°.

21. A battery cell in an IMD comprising: an anode; a cathode which includes SVO and CFx , the CFx exhibits a position of a 001 peak such that 12.7* ≤ CuKα 26 < 13.7°; a separator between the anode and the cathode; and an electrolyte for activating the anode and the cathode.

22. A battery cell in an ΪMD comprising: an anode; a cathode which includes SVO and CFx . the CFx includes a fluorine weight percentage between, about 63% and 75%; a separator between the anode mά the cathode; and an electrolyte for activating the anode and the cathode.

23. A battery cell m an IMD comprising: an anode; a cathode which Includes SVO and CFx , the CFx includes a fluorine weight percentage between about 63% and 80%; a separator between the anode and the cathode; arκ.1 an electrolyte for activating the anode and the cathode. IS

24. The battery cell of claim 23 wherein the fluorine weight percentage between about 63% and 71%.

25. The battery cell of claim 23 wherein the fluorine weight percentage between about 63% and 69%,