WO2007062679A1

WO2007062679A1 - Scanner and method of scanning

Info

Publication number: WO2007062679A1
Application number: PCT/EP2005/012882
Authority: WO
Inventors: Cornelis Bartholomeus Maria Van Mil; Jacobus Hubertus Theodoor Jamar; Robertus Johannes Adam Gorter
Original assignee: Ocè-Technologies B.V.
Priority date: 2005-11-29
Filing date: 2005-11-29
Publication date: 2007-06-07
Also published as: ATE473593T1; DE602005022237D1; EP1961207B1; JP4819132B2; JP2009517934A; US20080247008A1; US7969626B2; EP1961207A1

Abstract

A scanner and a method of scanning an image on an original (60), wherein an optical sensor (44) comprising sensor elements (R, G, B) for each of three basic colours is used to generate pixel values of the scanned image, wherein each pixel value represents an optical density of a pixel (70) of the image, wherein each pixel value is generated mainly on the basis of a signal of only one of the sensor elements (R; G; B), and that each of the sensor elements (R; G; B) for each of the basic colours is used to generate pixel values representing substantially different parts of the image.

Description

Scanner and method of scanning

The invention relates to a scanner and a method of scanning an image on an original, wherein an optical sensor comprising sensor elements for each of three basic colours is used to generate pixel values of the scanned image, wherein each pixel value represents an optical density of a pixel of the image. Thus, a monochrome, i.e. grey scale or black and white (B/W) image of the original is obtained using a colour scanner.

In reduction type scanners, an optical sensor with one or more linear CCD (charge coupled device) arrays and a lens are arranged to focus lines of an original onto the CCD line arrays. The scanner usually has one light source emitting white light.

In a colour scanner, for example, there are at least three CCD line arrays having colour filters for red, green, and blue light, respectively, thus forming sensor elements for the basic colours of red, green, and blue light. Typically, the sensor elements for different colours have different light sensitivities. When a grey scale image is to be obtained from a colour original, the original is scanned, and the signals from the sensor elements for red, green, and blue light are mathematically mixed in order to calculate the grey intensity from the RGB values of each pixel of the image. Hence, the grey level of a pixel is a weighted average of the RGB levels, wherein the weight factors are defined such that the hue and saturation information is eliminated. This will be called the conventional scan mode in the following.

The scan speed of a reduction type scanner is limited by the maximal clock speed of the CCD. This is a profound limitation in view of a demand for high scan resolutions. In order to obtain a higher scan speed, it is known to additionally provide a panchromatic sensor element for B/W data. Thus, the grey intensity of a colour original can be scanned using only the panchromatic sensor element. However, providing an extra panchromatic sensor element is costly.

Moreover, a B/W original could be read using only a single sensor element of a colour sensor, e.g. the sensor element for green light, when the sensor element for green light has the highest sensitivity. US 5 923 447 discloses a method of reading a colour original to obtain a B/W image using at least two of the R, G, and B light receiving elements of an optical sensor. A B/W image could not be received by using only the sensor element for, e.g., green light, because a green part of the original would then be recognised as white. By using adding means to add the signals output from the at least two of the R, G, and B light receiving elements for each pixel, a black-white judging means is enabled to correctly judge, based on the added result, whether the pixel is to be represented as black or white. However, this method is not applicable when a grey scale image is to be obtained from a colour original.

It is an object of the invention to provide a scanner and a method of scanning wherein a grey scale or B/W image can be obtained from a grey scale or B/W and/or from a colour original with high speed.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by a method as described above wherein each pixel value is generated mainly on the basis of a signal of only one of the sensor elements, and each of the sensor elements for each of the basic colours is used to generate pixel values representing substantially different parts of the image. Furthermore, this object is achieved by a scanner adapted to operate according to the method described. For example, the basic colours are red, green, and blue.

Thus, the amount of pixels to be scanned is divided among the sensor elements for the different basic colours. Thereby, the scan speed can be increased up to three times compared to the conventional scan mode wherein each pixel of the original is scanned by three sensor elements. Thus, a colour scanner can be used with a high scan speed when only a grey scale or B/W image is needed.

For example, the sensor elements are arranged in parallel at slightly different positions along a transport direction, i.e. a direction of relative movement of the original and the optical sensor, so that different lines of the original each are focused on different sensor elements. For example, the timing of the scanning and the arrangement of the sensor elements is such that each line of the original is mainly scanned only by sensor elements for either red, green, or blue light.

Useful details of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims. Preferably, sensor elements for all of the basic colours, e.g., red, green, and blue, operate simultaneously. For example, operation cycles of the sensor elements are synchronised such that pixels at three different positions along a scan direction are simultaneously read by the sensor elements for each of three basic colours.

Preferably, during a relative movement of the original and the optical sensor each pixel of the image is successively imaged onto the sensor elements for each of the basic colours, and sample timings of the sensor elements are controlled such that the sensor elements are mainly sensitive to different pixels. Thus, for each scanned pixel, the pixel value generated is mainly based on the signal of only one of the sensor elements.

In the examples given below, the basic colours are red, green, and blue, and a pixel of the image which has a pixel value which is based mainly on a sensor element for red light will be called a "red" pixel, although the pixel values indicate only a grey scale value. The terms "green" pixels and "blue" pixels will be used analogously.

Preferably, "red", "green", and "blue" pixels are arranged in an interleaved pattern. One example of an interleaved pattern could be symbolised as "RGBRGBRGB...".

In one embodiment, the signals of the sensor elements are corrected by factors accounting for different light sensitivities of the sensor elements for the different basic colours. For example, when a homogeneously white area of the original is scanned, the signal from the sensor element for blue light may differ from the signal from the sensor element for green light. By correcting the signals, consistent pixel values are achieved.

Thus, when a non-colour original, i. e., a grey scale or B/W original is scanned, the factors are adjusted such that a uniformly grey area of the original gives the same pixel values for pixels which are scanned by the different sensor elements. Thereby, a pixel of the original has to be scanned by only one of the sensor elements to obtain a density value. Because at least three sensor elements for the three basic colours may be used simultaneously, the scan speed may be up to three times as high as in a conventional B/W scan mode wherein each pixel is read by three sensor elements, e. g. three line arrays of CCDs.

The method of correcting the signals of the sensor elements by factors accounting for different light sensitivities of the sensor elements in general does not lead to satisfying results in case of colour originals. For example, artefacts result from the fact that the pixel values generated by the different sensor elements for each of three basic colours do not only depend on the optical density level of the scanned pixels, but also on the different colours. For example, when one of the basic colours is blue and a uniformly blue original is scanned, the sensor elements for blue light will give signals corresponding to a certain grey scale value of the pixels whereas the sensor elements for, for example, red and green light would recognise the pixels as being almost black. When the sensor elements and the operation cycles of the sensor elements are arranged such that there is an interleaved pattern of "red", "green", and "blue" pixels in the image which is repeated along a scan direction with a certain repeat length, the artefacts show a spatial frequency which corresponds to the repeat length.

According to a further development of the invention, the mentioned problem of frequency artefacts is solved by correcting the pixel values by a mathematical filter. When the sensor elements and the operation cycles of the sensor elements are arranged such that there is an interleaved pattern of "red", "green", and "blue" pixels in the image which is repeated along a scan direction, a filter removes artefacts having a spatial frequency of 1/3 the pixel frequency in the scan direction.

Preferably, the pixels to be detected by different sensor elements are interleaved with a minimal repeat length along a scan direction, and the filter is adapted to reduce an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length. In other words, for each pixel of the image there is assigned a sensor element the signal of which the pixel value of the pixel is mainly based on (i. e. there are "red", "green", and "blue" pixels), and the sensor element assignments are repeated with a minimal repeat length along a scan direction of the image (i. e., "red", "green", and "blue" pixels are arranged in a regular pattern with a pattern repeat length in the scan direction), and the filter is adapted to reduce an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length and scan direction.

Said scan direction is, for example, the transport direction or, alternatively, a line direction which is perpendicular to the transport direction.

Thereby, frequency artefacts in the scan direction are corrected. In the same manner, frequency artefacts in more than one direction may be corrected by filters. The correction of frequency artefacts for two different directions may be performed by a two- dimensional filter. For example, when a high line resolution of a scanner is achieved by arranging for each of the three basic colours one CCD line array for odd pixels and one CCD line array for even pixels within a line of the image perpendicular to the transport direction or sub scan direction, artefacts with a spatial frequency of 1/2 the pixel frequency along the line direction are suppressed by the filter.

The required amount of suppression at the artefact frequencies depends on the required number of grey levels that should be distinguished and also on the colour richness and/or variation of the colour original.

According to a further development of the method, the described mathematical filter is used to correct the pixel values depending on a degree of an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length and scan direction. For example, the scanning method comprises a step of deciding on the basis of a degree of an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length whether or not the filter is used.

Thus, the method provides an adaptive compensation of the frequency artefacts. In case of a colour original, a comparatively high degree of frequency artefacts will be present in the image, so that the mathematical filter is used to suppress these frequency artefacts. In case of a grey scale or B/W original, a comparatively low level of frequency artefacts will be present in the image. Thus, less or even no filtering is required. In other words, filter parameters may be varied depending on a degree of an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to a pattern repeat length, or it may be decided depending on the degree of the occurrence of the spatial frequency whether the filter will be used or not. Thereby, the filtering is adjusted automatically by recognising if the original is a colour original or a grey scale or B/W original. Thus, a user of a scanner does not have to indicate whether the original is a colour original or not.

Alternatively, the same filter may be used for colour originals and B/W originals, since in case of a non-colour original, the filter has only a small effect on the scanned image.

Because, according to the invention, the scan speed may be as high as three times the conventional scan speed, each sensor element passes over up to three pixels during one operation cycle of the sensor element. Therefore, a certain movement unsharpness (blur) may occur.

According to a preferred embodiment of the scanner of the invention, the sensor elements operate in periodic operation cycles and the scanner further comprises a mechanism for limiting a light integration time of the sensor elements within each operation cycle of the sensor elements to approximately a time of not more than two thirds of the operation cycle time. Preferably, the light integration is limited to a time which corresponds to approximately the size of a pixel in the direction of relative movement of the original and the optical sensor. Thereby, the movement unsharpness can be reduced.

A preferred embodiment of the invention will now described in conjunction with the drawings in which:

Fig. 1 schematically shows components of a copier including a scanner and a printer;

Fig. 2 schematically shows an optical sensor of the scanner;

Fig. 3 schematically shows three sensor elements of the optical sensor; Figs. 4a to 4g illustrate the process of scanning a row of pixels with the sensor elements of Fig. 3;

Figs. 5 to 7 show diagrams illustrating the correction of pixel values;

Fig. 8 schematically shows the method of scanning according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a scanner 30 according to the invention which, together with a printer 32, forms a copier 34. A control unit 36 controls the scanner 30 and the printer 32 and is connected to a user operating unit 38 and an external network 40. When the scanner 30 reads an original, the scanned image may be transferred to a memory 42 of the control unit 36 and printed by the printer 32, or it may be transferred via the external network 40 to, for example, a PC.

Fig. 2 shows an optical sensor 44 of the scanner 30. The sensor 44 has three parallel CCD line arrays of the sensor elements R, G, and B. Clock signals 46 for the CCDs are generated by digital clock managers (DCMs) 48 from a base clock signal 50. The clock signals 46 are derived from the base clock signal 50 at specified phase relations using digital delay lines 52 of the DCMs 48. Feed back signals 54 are obtained from drive buffers of the CCDs and are fed to the DCMs 48 to compensate for varying delays or jitter generated in the circuits. Thus, the DCMs 48 provide for a high stability of the clock signals 46. The pixel values detected by the scanner are output on a signal line 56.

Because the DCMs 48 are used to generate the clock signals 46, the base clock signal 50 may have the same frequency as the clock signals 46. In conventional optical sensors using CCDs, the clock signals are usually generated using a higher base frequency which is converted by counters and dividers to generate the different clock frequencies at the needed phase relations. This leads to problems in high-speed scanning because of the extremely high base frequencies that would be required. Moreover, problems of stability and reproducibility of the clock signals arise. The use of digital clock managers according to the invention has the advantages that the needed phase relations can be achieved without needing a higher base frequency, and that the high stability and reproducibility of the clock signals is achieved by providing a feed back signal from the drive buffers of the CCDs to the DCMs. For example, the DCMs 48 may be included in field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) which are produced, for example, by Xilinx, Inc. and which are described in US 2003/0062922 A1.

Of course, the described configuration for generating clock signals may be applied in any device that uses CCD technology.

As shown in Fig. 3, the optical sensor is of the reduction type. Lines of an original 60 which extend perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of Fig. 1 are projected by a lens device 62 onto the arrays of sensor elements R, G, B which also extend perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of Fig. 1. White light from a light source illuminates the original in a manner known in the art. The sensor element R has a colour filter 64 for red light. The sensor elements G and B are equipped with colour filters 66 and 68 for green and blue light, respectively. The arrays of sensor elements R, G, B are arranged in parallel, and different lines of the original 60 are focused on different sensor elements.

The scanning procedure will now be described in conjunction with Figs. 4a to 4g. During the scanning process, the optical sensor 44 is moved relative to the original 60 in a scan direction A. Fig. 3 shows a row of pixels 70 of the original 60 belonging to image lines 1 to 22. In Figs. 4a to 4g, the corresponding pixels of one row of the scanned image are shown for different clock periods of the sensor elements R, G, B.

The operation cycles of the CCDs are synchronised. In a first clock period, the sensor element B passes over the image lines 1 to 3, the sensor element G passes over the pixel lines 6 to 8, and the sensor element R passes over the image lines 11 to 13. By providing the appropriate clock signals to the CCDs of the optical sensor 44, the light integration time of the sensor elements within each operation cycle is limited to approximately one third of the cycle period. The integration or sample periods are timed such that the sensor element B is mainly sensitive to pixels in line 2. This is indicated by a "B" at the position of pixel 2 in Rg. 4a. Correspondingly, the sensor element G substantially reads the pixels in line 7, and the sensor element R substantially reads the pixels in line 12.

During the second clock period, the sensor elements R₁ G, B pass over the image lines 14 to 16, 9 to 11 , and 4 to 6, respectively, and pixels of lines 5, 10, and 15 are read as indicated in Fig. 4b.

Figs. 4c to 4g respectively show clock periods 3 to 7, wherein the newly read pixels are indicated by hatching.

Each pixel is thus read by only one of the sensor elements R, G, B. Therefore, the scan speed may be up to three times the conventional scan speed. For example, the pixel value of pixel 12 is based on the signal of the sensor element R, the pixel value of the pixel 13 is based on a signal of the sensor element G, and the pixel value of the pixel 14 is based on the signal of the sensor element B. In the following, the pixels and the pixel values will be called "R" pixels, "G" pixels and "B" pixels, depending on the sensor element which has read them. As can be seen in the right half of Fig. 4g, each row of the image shows a pattern of one "R" pixel, one "G" pixel, and one "B" pixel which is repeated with a repeat length L corresponding to the length of three pixels.

n Figs. 5, 6, and 7, pixel values of nine pixels of a row of the image are indicated on the right hand side of each figure, and the corresponding signals from the sensor elements are indicated on the left hand side of each figure.

A method of processing the pixel values will now be described with reference to Figs. 5 to 8.

In a first step S1 (Rg. 8) the original is scanned as described in conjunction with Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 5 shows signals from sensor elements B, R, and G acquired at a dark grey area of the original and at a white area of the original. The signals are corrected by factors accounting for the different light sensitivities of the sensor elements in step S2. The result pixel values are indicated on the right hand side of Fig. 5. Regardless of which sensor element was used, the pixel values representing the white area of the original are the same, and the pixel values representing the dark grey area of the original have a lower value which is also independent of the sensor element it is derived from.

In Fig. 6, the signals from the sensor elements and the derived pixel values after correction by the factors are indicated for a green area of the original. As can be seen, the sensor elements R and B do not recognise green light, so that the pixel values of the "B" pixels and the "R" pixels are much lower than that of the "G" pixels. These artefacts would thus yield an alternating pattern of black and white lines in the image instead of a uniform area corresponding to the grey scale value of the green area of the original.

Fig. 7 shows a similar effect for a yellow area of the original, where the sensor elements R and G yield a high pixel value of the "R" and "G" pixels, while the signals from the sensor element B would give dark pixels.

These artefacts are recognised in step S3. The artefact recognition is, for example, based on the output of a mathematical filter which is sensitive to a spatial frequency corresponding to the repeat length L in the scan direction A of the image.

As can be seen in Fig. 5, these frequency artefacts do not appear in grey scale or black and white originals. As can be seen in Figs. 6 and 7, however, these frequency artefacts generally occur in coloured areas of a colour original. Therefore, in step S3 it is decided whether the original, or at least a certain area of the original, is coloured or grey scale. In case frequency artefacts are recognised to be above a certain level, the pixel values will be corrected using a mathematical filter in step S4. Said filter is adapted to reduce the occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to the repeat length L in the scan direction A. Although the filter operates on the pixel values, still each pixel value is mainly based on a signal of only one of the sensor elements R, G, B for red, green, and blue light. A very simple example of such a filter would be taking an average of three neighbouring pixel values. However, more complex filter algorithms may be used.

By correcting the pixel values using the mathematical filter, a grey scale image is obtained in step S5 the pixel values of which are indicated as dashed lines in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, respectively. As can be seen, the dark grey area, the green area, and yellow area of the original yield a grey scale value of the pixels of the image which is independent of which sensor element the pixel value is derived from.

When in step S3 it is decided that frequency artefacts are not present, a grey scale image is obtained without using the filter. Thereby, grey scale originals can be scanned with the highest possible resolution.

Alternatively, as indicated by dashed lines in Fig. 8, the filter with different filter parameters, or a different filter, may be applied to the pixel values also in this case. However, when less frequency artefacts are present, less filtering is required.

As an alternative to the method shown in Fig. 8, the correction for the RGB factors (step S2) may be included in the filters of step S4. In this case, the filter which is used in step 3 to determine with the frequency artefacts are present above a certain level has to be adapted accordingly.

As an alternative to the described method, a light integration time of the sensor element within each operation cycle may be reduced by providing a shutter 74 indicated in dashed lines in Fig. 3. For example, the shutter shuts off the light path to the sensor elements while the sensor element B is focused on lines 1 and 3 in Fig. 3, so that the sensor element B receives the light only from the line 2 while passing over lines 1 to 3.

When, depending on the number and arrangement of CCD line arrays of the optical sensor, artefacts also appear within a line of the image, i. e., perpendicular to the rows shown in Figs. 4a to 4g, the filter may be a two-dimensional filter for suppressing frequency artefacts along two independent scan directions of the image. This may, for instance, be the case when the optical sensors have different CCD line arrays for odd and even pixels in the line direction for each colour. In this case, a frequency artefact corresponding to the width of two pixels will be present in the sensor signals for each pixel line and will be suppressed by the filter. Alternatively, two filters may be used consecutively.

According to the invention, it is possible to scan both grey scale originals as well as coloured originals at high speed with a singe optical sensor having sensor elements for three basic colours and without prior knowledge of the type of the original.

Instead of increasing the scan speed to three times the conventional scan speed, the scan speed could be increased to a medium level while at the same time the resolution along the transport direction is also increased. Thereby, because of the higher resolution, an unsharpness effect of the filtering and, if present at all, a movement unsharpness is reduced as compared to the described example, while the overall scan time is still reduced compared to scanning with the conventional scan speed. Furthermore, instead of increasing the scan speed, the scan resolution could be increased to up to three times the scan resolution of a conventional scan mode.

Claims

1. A method of scanning an image on an original (60), wherein an optical sensor (44) comprising sensor elements (R, G, B) for each of three basic colours is used to generate pixel values of the scanned image, wherein each pixel value represents an optical density of a pixel (70) of the image, characterised in that each pixel value is generated mainly on the basis of a signal of only one of the sensor elements (R; G; B), and that each of the sensor elements (R; G; B) for each of the basic colours is used to generate pixel values representing substantially different parts of the image.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein sensor elements (R; G; B) for all of the basic colours operate simultaneously.

3. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein during a relative movement of the original (60) and the optical sensor (44) each pixel (70) of the image is successively imaged onto the sensor elements (R; G; B) for each of the basic colours, and sample timings of the sensor elements (R; G; B) are controlled such that the sensor elements (R; G; B) are mainly sensitive to different pixels (70).

4. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the signals of the sensor elements (R; G; B) are corrected by factors accounting for different light sensitivities of the sensor elements (R; G; B) for the different basic colours.

5. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pixel values representing the image are corrected by a mathematical filter.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pixels to be detected by different sensor elements (R; G; B) are interleaved with a minimal repeat length (L) along a scan direction (A), and wherein the filter is adapted to reduce an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length (L).

7. The method of any one of claims 5 and 6, comprising a step of deciding on the basis of a degree of an occurrence of a spatial frequency in the image corresponding to said repeat length (L) whether or not the filter is used.

8. A scanner (30) having an optical sensor (44) comprising sensor elements (R; G; B) for each of three basic colours, the scanner (30) being adapted to generate pixel values of a scanned image, wherein each pixel value represents an optical density of a pixel (70) of the image, characterised in that the scanner (30) is adapted to operate according to the method of any one of the preceding claims.

9. The scanner (30) of claim 8, wherein the sensor elements (R; G; B) are line arrays of CCDs.

10. The scanner (30) of any one of claims 8 and 9, wherein the sensor elements (R; G; B) operate periodically with a certain cycle time and wherein the scanner (30) further comprises a mechanism (74) for limiting a light integration time of the sensor elements (R; G; B) within each cycle to approximately a time of not more than two thirds of the cycle time.