WO2006036518A2

WO2006036518A2 - Method of fabricating a free-standing microstructure

Info

Publication number: WO2006036518A2
Application number: PCT/US2005/032331
Authority: WO
Inventors: Clarence Chui; Jeffrey B. Sampsell
Original assignee: Idc, Llc
Priority date: 2004-09-27
Filing date: 2005-09-09
Publication date: 2006-04-06
Also published as: KR20070059146A; JP2008514993A; US20060077529A1; US7492502B2; TW200625392A; WO2006036518A3

Abstract

Provided is a MEMS device 800 comprising an integrated post and deformable layer 870. In some embodiments, the transition between the post and deformable layer comprises substantially a single arcuate or convex surface, thereby providing a mechanically robust structure. Some embodiments provide a method for fabricating a MEMS device comprising the use of a self-planarizing sacrificial material, which provides a surface conducive to the formation of a relatively uniform deformable layer thereon.

Description

METHOD OF FABRICATING A FREE-STANDING MICROSTRUCTURE

BACKGROUND

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This application is generally related to microelectromechanical systems devices, and more particularly, to optical modulators.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED TECHNOLOGY

[0002] Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may comprise a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may comprise a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the otheτ plate may comprise a metallic membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such de^vices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.

SUMMARY

[0003] The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, its more prominent features will now b»e discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled "Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments" one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages over other display devices.

[0004] Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a method for fabricating a microelectromechanical systems device comprising: forming a conductive layer over a first sacrificial layer; patterning a movable conductor from the conductive layer; and forming a planar layer of a second sacrificial layer over the movable conductor and first sacrificial layer.

[0005] Other embodiments provide an interferometric modulator manufactured by a method comprising: forming a mirror layer over a first sacrificial layer; patterning a mirror from the mirror layer; and forming a layer of a second sacrificial layer over the mirror and first sacrificial layer, wherein the second sacrificial layer comprises a self-planarizing material.

[0006] Other embodiments provide a microelectromechanical systems device comprising: a movable conductor formed over a first sacrificial layer, and a second sacrificial layer formed over the movable conductor and the first sacrificial layer, wherein the second sacrificial layer comprises a self-planarizing material.

[0007] Other embodiments provide a method for fabricating an interferometric modulator comprising: forming a first sacrificial layer; forming a mirror layer over the first sacrificial layer; patterning the reflective layer to form a mirror; and spinning-on a second sacrificial layer over the mirror and the first sacrificial layer.

[0008] Other embodiments provide an interferometric modulator comprising: a substrate; a deformable layer; a plurality of posts extending between the substrate and the deformable layer, wherein the posts and deformable layer are integrated; an optical stack formed on the substrate proximal to the deformable layer; a movable mirror disposed between the optical stack and the deformable layer; a connector securing the movable mirror to the deformable layer; and a transition between a post and the deformable layer comprising substantially a single arcuate surface.

[0009] Other embodiments provide an apparatus comprising: a substrate; a deformable layer; means integrated with the deformable layer for supporting the deformable layer; a movable conductor disposed between the substrate and the deformable layer; and a connector securing the movable conductor to the deformable layer. [0010] Other embodiments provide an apparatus comprising: a substrate means; a deformable means for controlling movement in the apparatus; a support means integrated with the deformable means for supporting the deformable means; a transitional means for integrating the support means with the deformable means in a physically robust structure with predetermined mechanical properties; a movable means for actuating the apparatus, wherein the movable means is disposed between the substrate and the deformable layer; and a connecting means for securing the movable means to the deformable layer means. These embodiments include both released and unreleased MEMS devices, as will become apparent below. Some embodiments further comprising a means for forming the transitional means.

[0011] Other embodiments provide a method for operating a interferometric modulator, wherein the interferometric modulator comprises a substrate and a deformable layer. In this embodiment the interferometric modulator has a plurality of posts extending between the substrate and the deformable layer, wherein the posts and deformable layer are integrated. There is also an optical stack formed on the substrate proximal to the deformable layer and a mirror disposed between the optical stack and the defoπnable layer movable between at least a relaxed position and an actuated position. The interferometric modulator also provides a connector securing the movable mirror to the deformable layer; and a transition between a post and the deformable layer comprising substantially a single arcuate surface. The method in this embodiment provides a method comprising applying a first voltage to the movable mirror sufficient to move the movable mirror from the relaxed position to the actuated position.

[0012] Other embodiments provide an unreleased microelectromechanical systems device comprising: a substrate means; a defoπnable means for controlling movement in the microelectromechanical systems device; a support means extending between the substrate and the deformable means, wherein the support means and deformable means are integrated; a movable means for actuating the microelectromechanical systems device disposed between the substrate and the deformable layer; and a connecting means for securing the movable mirror to the deformable means. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] These and other aspects of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description and from the appended drawings (not to scale), which are meant to illustrate and not to limit the invention.

[0014] FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting a portion of one embodiment of an interferometric modulator display in which a movable reflective layer of a first interferometric modulator is in a relaxed position and a movable reflective layer of a second interferometric modulator is in an actuated position.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device incorporating a 3 x 3 interferometric modulator display.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a diagram of movable mirror position versus applied voltage for one exemplary embodiment of an interferometric modulator of FIG. 1.

[0017] FIG. 4 is an illustration of a set of row and column voltages that may be used to drive an interferometric modulator display.

[0018] FIG. 5A illustrates one exemplary frame of display data in the 3x3 interferometric modulator display of FIG. 2.

[0019] FIG. 5B illustrates one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write the frame of FIG. 5 A.

[0020] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a visual display device comprising a plurality of interferometric modulators.

[0021] FIG. 7A is a cross section of the device of FIG. 1. FIG. 7B is a cross section of an alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. FIG. 7C is a cross section of another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. FIG. 7D is a cross section of yet another alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator. FIG. 7E is a cross section of an additional alternative embodiment of an interferometric modulator.

[0022] FIG. 8A-FIG. 8G illustrate in cross section an embodiment of the disclosed MEMS device and intermediate stages in an embodiment of the fabrication thereof.

[0023] FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing the MEMS device illustrated in FIG. 8A. [0024] FIG. lOA-FIG. 1OC illustrate in cross section intermediate stages in the fabrication of another embodiment of a MEMS device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS [0025] - The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of^* the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with, like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (e.g., video) or stationary (e.g., still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (e.g., odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (e.g., display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (e.g., display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.

[0026] Embodiments of the MEMS device disclosed herein, for example, an interferometric modulator, comprises an integrated post-deformable layer structure. In some embodiments, trie transition between the post and deformable layer comprises substantially a single arcuate or convex surface.^" hi some embodiments, the thickness of the post-deformable layer structure is substantially uniform, thereby providing a physically robust structure with predetermined mechanical characteristics. Also provided is a method for manufacturing a MEMS device, for example, an interferometric modulator. Embodiments of the method form a layer of a self-planarizing sacrificial material conducive to forming a substantially uniform post-deformable layer structure. This layer of the self-planarizing sacrificial material is formed over a patterned movable conductor or mirror. Li some embodiments, a first opening is formed in the layer of the self-planarizing sacrificial material adjacent to the movable conductor or mirror, and a deformable layer, which fills at least a portion of the first opening, is formed over the layer of the self-planarizing sacrificial material.

[0027] One interferometric modulator display embodiment comprising an interferometric MEMS display element is illustrated in FIG. 1. In these devices, the pixels are in either a bright or dark state. In the bright ("on" or "open") state, the display element reflects a large portion of incident visible light to a user. When in the dark ("off or "closed") state, the display element reflects little incident visible light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light reflectance properties of the "on" and "off states may be reversed. MEMS pixels can be configured to reflect predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white.

[0028] FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical cavity with at least one variable dimension, hi one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions, hi the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.

[0029] The depicted portion of the pixel array in FIG. 1 includes two adjacent interferometric modulators 12a and 12b. In the interferometric modulator 12a on the left, a movable reflective layer 14α is illustrated in a relaxed position at a predetermined distance from an optical stack 16a, which includes a partially reflective layer. In the interferometric modulator 125 on the right, the movable reflective layer 14b is illustrated in an actuated position adjacent to the optical stack 16b. [0030] The optical stacks 16a and 16b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, typically comprise of several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium, and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive, partially transparent and partially reflective, and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. In some embodiments, the layers are patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14a, 14b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16a, 16b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14a, 14b axe separated from the optical stacks 16α, 16b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.

[0031] With no applied voltage, the canity 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14α and optical stack 16α, with the movable reflective layer 14α in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12α in FIG. 1. However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row arid column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movable reflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against the optical stack 16. A dielectric layer (not illustrated in this Figure) within the optical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance between layers 14 and 16, as illustrated by pixel 12δ on the right in FIG. 1. The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies.

[0032] FIG. 2 through FIG. 5B illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in a display application. [0033] FIG. 2 is a system block diagram illustrating one embodiment of an electronic device that may incorporate aspects of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the electronic device includes a processor 21 which maybe any general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor such as an ARM, Pentium^®, Pentium II^®, Pentium HI^®, Pentium IV^®, Pentium^® Pro, an 8051, a MIPS^®, a Power PC^®, an ALPHA^®, or any special purpose microprocessor such as a digital signal processor, microcontroller, or a programmable gate array. As is conventional in the art, the processor 21 may be configured to execute one or more software modules. In addition to executing an. operating system, the processor may be configured to execute one or more software applications, including a web browser, a telephone application, an email program, or any other software application.

[0034] In one embodiment, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. In one embodiment, the array driver 22 includes a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a panel or display array (display) 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown by the lines 1-1 in FIG. 2. For MEMS interferometric modulators, the row/column actuation protocol may take advantage of a hysteresis property of these devices illustrated in FIG. 3. It may require, for example, a 10 volt potential difference to cause a movable layer to deform from trie relaxed state to the actuated state. However, when the voltage is reduced from that value, the movable layer maintains its state as the voltage drops back below 10 volts. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the movable layer does not relax completely until the voltage drops below 2 volts. There is thus a range of voltage, about 3 to 7 V in the example illustrated in FIG. 3, where there exists a window of applied voltage within which the device is stable in either the relaxed or actuated state. This is referred to herein as the "hysteresis window" or "stability window." For a display array having the hysteresis characteristics of FIG. 3, the row/column actuation protocol can be designed such that during row strobing, pixiels in the strobed row that are to be actuated are exposed to a voltage difference of about IO volts, and pixels that are to be relaxed are exposed to a voltage difference of close to zero volts. After the strobe, the pixels are exposed to a steady state voltage difference of about 5 volts such that they remain in whatever state the row strobe put them in. After being written, each pixel sees a potential difference within the "stability window" of 3-7 volts in this example. This feature makes the pixel design illustrated in FIG. 1 stable under the same applied voltage conditions in either an actuated or relaxed pre-existing state. Since each pixel of the interferornetric modulator, whether in the actuated or relaxed state, is essentially a capacitor formed by the fixed and moving reflective layers, this stable state can be held at a voltage within the hysteresis window with almost no power dissipation. Essentially no current flows into the pixel if the applied potential is fixed.

[0035] hi typical applications, a display frame may be created by asserting tfcie set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first rcrw. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction, with the present invention.

[0036] FIG. 4, FIG. 5 A, and FIG. 5B illustrate one possible actuation protocol for creating a display frame on the 3 x 3 array of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates a possible set of column and row voltage levels that may be used for pixels exhibiting the hysteresis curves of FIG. 3. In the FIG. 4 embodiment, actuating a pixel involves setting the appropriate column to — V_bi_ass and the appropriate row to +ΔV, which may correspond to -5 volts and +5 volts respectively Relaxing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to -*-V_bi_as5 and the appropriate row to the same +ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel. In those rows where the row voltage is held at zero volts, the pixels are stable in whatever state they were originally in, regardless of whether the column is at +Vbi_as» or — V_bi_as- As is also illustrated in FIG. 4, it will be appreciated that voltages of opposite polarity than those described above can be used, e.g., actuating a pixel can involve setting the appropriate column to +V_bi_as, and the appropriate row to -ΔV. In this embodiment, releasing the pixel is accomplished by setting the appropriate column to -Vbi_as, and the appropriate row to the same -ΔV, producing a zero volt potential difference across the pixel.

[0037] FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing a series of row and column signals applied to the 3 x 3 array of FIG. 2 which will result in the display arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5A, where actuated pixels are non-reflective. Prior to writing the frame illustrated in FIG. 5A, the pixels can be in any state, and in this example, all the rows are at 0 volts, and all the columns are at +5 volts. With these applied voltages, all pixels are stable in their existing actuated or relaxed states.

[0038] In the FIG. 5A frame, pixels (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2) and (3,3) are actuated. To accomplish this, during a "line time" for row 1, columns 1 and 2 are set to —5 volts, and column 3 is set to +5 volts. This does not change the state of any pixels, because all the pixels remain in the 3-7 volt stability window. Row 1 is then strobed with a pulse that goes from 0, up to 5 volts, and back to zero. This actuates the (1,1) and (1,2) pixels and relaxes the (1,3) pixel. No other pixels in the array are affected. To set row 2 as desired, column 2 is set to -5 volts, and columns 1 and 3 are set to +5 volts. The same strobe applied to row 2 will then actuate pixel (2,2) and relax pixels (2,1) and (2,3). Again, no other pixels of the array are affected. Row 3 is similarly set by setting columns 2 and 3 to -5 volts, and column 1 to +5 volts. The row 3 strobe sets the row 3 pixels as shown in FIG. 5 A. After writing the frame, the row potentials are zero, and the column potentials can remain at either +5 or -5 volts, and the display is then stable in the arrangement of FIG. 5A. It will be appreciated that the same procedure can be employed for arrays of dozens or hundreds of rows and columns. It will also be appreciated that the timing, sequence, and levels of voltages used to perform row and column actuation can be varied widely within the general principles outlined above, and the above example is exemplary only, and any actuation voltage method can be used with the systems and methods described herein.

[0039] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a display device 40. The display device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same components of the display device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players.

[0040] The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 45, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes as are well known to those of skill in the art, including injection molding, and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.

[0041] The display 30 of the exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED₅ STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.

[0042] The components of one embodiment of the exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in FIG. 6B. The illustrated exemplary display device 40 includes a housing 41 and can include additional components at least partially enclosed therein. For example, in one embodiment, the exemplary display device 40 includes a network interface 27 that includes an antenna 43 which is coupled to a transceiver 47. The transceiver 47 is connected to the processor 21, which is connected to conditioning hardware 52. The conditioning hardware 52 may be configured to condition a signal (e.g. filter a signal). The conditioning hardware 52 is connected to a speaker 45 and a microphone 46. The processor 21 is also connected to an input device 48 and a driver controller 29. The driver controller 29 is coupled to a frame buffer 28 and to the array driver 22, which in turn is coupled to a display array 30. A power supply 50 provides power to all components as required by the particular exemplary display device 40 design. [0043] The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one ore moi-e devices over a network. In one embodiment the network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna known to those of skill in the art for transmitting and receiving signals. In one embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another embodiment, the antenna transmits and receives RP signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre- processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.

[0044] In an alternative embodiment, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver, hi yet another alternative embodiment, the network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.

[0045] The processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to the frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data typically refers to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.

[0046] In one embodiment, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. The conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. The conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.

[0047] The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.

[0048] Typically, the array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.

[0049] In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, the driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, the array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display). In one embodiment, the driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, the display array 30 is a typical display array or a bi-stable display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).

[0050] The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. In one embodiment, the input device 48 includes a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one embodiment, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.

[0051] The power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, the power supply 50 is a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another embodiment, the power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell, including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another embodiment, the power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.

[0052] hi some implementations control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some cases control programmability resides in the array driver 22. Those of skill in the art will recognize that the above-described optimization may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.

[0053] The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example, FIG. 7A-FIG. 7E illustrate five different embodiments of the movable reflective layer 14 and its supporting structures. FIG. 7A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1, where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. hi FIG. 7B, the moveable reflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32. hi FIG. 7C, the moveable reflective layer 14 is suspended from a deformable layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. The deformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to the substrate 20 around the perimeter of the deformable layer 34. These connections are herein referred to as the support posts 18. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7D has support posts 18 that include support post plugs 42 upon which the deformable layer 34 rests. The movable reflective layer 14 remains suspended over the cavity, as in FIG. 7A-FIG. 7C, but the deformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between the deformable layer 34 and the optical stack 16. Rather, the support posts 18 are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form the support post plugs 42. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7E is based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 7D, but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 7A-FIG. 7C as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7E, an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form a bus structure 44. This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on the substrate 20.

[0054] In embodiments such as those shown in FIG. 7, the interferometric modulators function as direct-view devices, in which images are viewed from the front side of the transparent substrate 20, the side opposite to that upon which the modulator is arranged, hi these embodiments, the reflective layer 14 optically shields some portions of the interferometric modulator on the side of the reflective layer opposite the substrate 20, including the deformable layer 34 and the bus structure 44. This allows the shielded areas to be configured and operated upon without negatively affecting the image quality. This separable modulator architecture allows the structural design and materials used for the electromechanical aspects and the optical aspects of the modulator to be selected and to function independently of each other. Moreover, the embodiments shown in FIG. 7C-FIG. 7E have additional benefits deriving from the decoupling of the optical properties of the reflective layer 14 from its mechanical properties, which are carried out by the deformable layer 34. This allows the structural design and materials used for the reflective layer 14 to be optimized with respect to the optical properties, and the structural design and materials used for the deformable layer 34 to be optimized with respect to desired mechanical properties.

[0055] FIG. 8A illustrates a cross section of an embodiment of a microelectromechanical systems device (MEMS) 800, which is similar to the interferometric modulator illustrated in FIG. 7C. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, certain of the teachings provided herein are also applicable to other MEMS devices, for example, the interferometric modulators illustrated in FIG. 7D and FIG. 7E. The device 800 disclosed herein comprises a substrate 810, a movable conductor 840, a deformable layer 870, and a plurality of support posts 880. In the illustrated embodiment, a connector 872 secures the movable conductor 840 to the deformable layer 870. The terms "mechanical layer" and "flex layer" are also used to refer to the deformable layer 870. The support posts 880 are also referred to herein as "supports" or "posts." Note that in some arrangements, the supports comprise partially or fully enclosing walls rather than isolated columns. In embodiments in which the MEMS device 800 is an interferometric modulator, the device further comprises an optical stack 820 formed on the substrate 810, as described above, and the movable conductor 840 is a mirror. The descriptions provided herein of the MEMS devices and methods for fabricating interferometric modulators are also applicable to other types of MEMS devices, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0056] Referring again to FIG. 8A, the defoπnable layer 870 and at least one of the posts 880 are integrated. In some embodiments, the deformable layer 870 and all of the posts 880 are integrated. As discussed in greater detail below, in some embodiments, the integrated deformable layer 870 and post(s) 880 are formed in the same step. The illustrated embodiment comprises a transition 890 between the integrated deformable layer and post 880 comprising substantially a single arcuate or convex (as viewed from above) surface. An embodiment of a method for fabricating such a transition 890 is discussed in greater detail below.

[0057] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment 900 of a method for fabricating an embodiment of the MEMS device 800 in which the MEMS device is an optical modulator, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 8A. This description makes reference to certain intermediate structures illustrated in FIG. 8B through FIG. 8G. Those skilled in the art will understand that depending on the particular materials selected, some embodiments of the method will include additional steps, for example, forming etch stops and/or hard masks. Those skilled in the art will also understand that in some embodiments, some steps are performed in different orders and/or combined.

[0058] In step 910, an optical stack 820 is formed on the substrate 810 as described above. In some embodiments, the optical stack 820 comprises an electrode layer 822, a partially reflective layer 824, and a dielectric layer 826, as illustrated in FIG. 8B. In the illustrated embodiment, the electrode layer 822 and partially reflective layer 824 are formed on the substrate 820, patterned, and the dielectric layer 826 formed thereon.

[0059] In step 920, a first sacrificial layer 830 is formed over the optical stack 820, as illustrated in FIG. 8C. In the illustrated embodiment, the first sacrificial layer 830 is from about 300 A to about 10,000 A thick, more preferably, from about 1000 A to about 3000 A thick. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first sacrificial layer 830 is substantially uniform. The first sacrificial layer 830 comprises a first sacrificial material. Suitable sacrificial materials are known in the art, for example, inorganic sacrificial materials and organic sacrificial material. Examples of suitable inorganic sacrificial materials include silicon, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, and tungsten. Examples of suitable organic sacrificial materials include polymeric materials known in the art, including photoreactive polymers, photoresists, and polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The first sacrificial layer 830 is formed using methods known in the art, which will depend on the particular sacrificial material selected, and include spinning on, physical vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), and variants thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the first sacrificial material, for example, molybdenum is etchable using XeF₂.

[0060] In step 930, a conductive layer 840' is formed over the first sacrificial layer 830, as illustrated in FIG. 8C. In embodiments in which the MEMS device is an interferometric modulator, the conductive layer 840' is also referred to as a "reflective layer" or a "mirror layer." hi these embodiments, the conductive layer comprises a reflective surface, for example, aluminum, titanium, chromium, silver, or gold. The resulting structure is illustrated in FIG. 8C. Methods for forming the conductive layer 840' are known in the art, for example, PVD, CVD, ALD, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive layer 840' is from about 0.5 μm to about 1.5 μm thick, preferably, about 1 μm thick, hi some embodiments, the conductive layer 840' is a composite comprising a plurality of sub-layers. Some embodiments of composite conductive layers 840' exhibit improved properties, for example, reflectivity, rigidity, weight, ease of manufacture, and the like.

[0061] In step 940, tne conductive layer 840' is patterned to form a movable conductor 840 as illustrated in FIG. 8D. As discussed above, in the illustrated embodiment, the movable conductor 840 is a movable mirror. In the illustrated embodiment, the conductive layer 840' and first sacrificial layer 830 are patterned using the same mask. In other embodiments, the conductive layer 840' and first sacrificial layer 830 are patterned separately. For example, in some embodiments, after the conductive layer 840' is patterned to form the movable conductor 840, the movable conductor 840 itself acts as a hard mask for patterning the first sacrificial layer 830. In either case, one or more openings 842 in the first sacrificial material are formed that are adjacent to the movable conductor 840 or mirror. Notably, a step or ledge 844 is formed between the first sacrificial layer 830 and the movable conductor 840, the significance of which is discussed below. The resulting structure is illustrated in FIG. 8D.

[0062] In step 950, a second sacrificial layer 850 is formed over the movable conductor 840 and the portions of the first sacrificial layer 830 and optical stack 820 exposed in the opening 842 in the first sacrificial layer to provide the structure illustrated in FIG. 8E. In the illustrated embodiment, the second sacrificial layer 850 substantially covers the step or ledge 844 as well as the movable conductor 840. In the illustrated embodiment, the second sacrificial layer 850 also substantially fills the opening 842 in the first sacrificial material. The second sacrificial layer 850 comprises a second sacrificial material. In some preferred embodiments, the second sacrificial material is different from the first sacrificial material. In some embodiments, the second sacrificial layer 850 is a planar layer. As used herein, the term "planar" is used with its usual meaning, and in particular, to refer to a surface that is relatively smoother than the surface over which it is formed. The surface of a planar layer is not necessarily completely smooth. In some preferred embodiments, the second sacrificial material is a photoreactive material, for example, a photoresist. In some preferred embodiments, the second sacrificial material comprises a self-planarizing material, for example, a resist, a photoresist, or a planarization material. Examples of planarization materials include spin-on glass (SOG) or spin-on dielectric (SOD). As used herein, the term "self-planarizing" is used with its usual meaning, and in particular, to refer to a material that is planar as deposited. The second sacrificial layer 850 is formed using methods known in the art, which depend on the selected sacrificial material. In some preferred embodiments, the second sacrificial layer 850 is formed by spin coating. In some embodiments, the thickness and/or uniformity of the thickness of the second sacrificial layer 850 is not critical. The thickness of the second sacrificial layer 850 will depend on the particular application. In some preferred embodiments, the second sacrificial layer is from about 0.2 μm to about 3 μm thick. In other embodiments, the second sacrificial layer 850 is not planar as deposited and is planarized in a separate step, for example, by polishing, by etching, by reflowing, and/or by another post-deposition process known in the art.

[0063] In step 960, the second sacrificial layer 850 is patterned to form one or more first openings 852 in the second sacrificial layer using methods known in the art to provide the structure illustrated in FIG. 8F. The first opening 852 is substantially aligned with and/or in the same location as the opening 842 in the first sacrificial layer (illustrated in FIG. 8D). In the illustrated embodiment, the walls 854 of the first opening are lined with the second sacrificial material. In the illustrated embodiment, the optical stack 820 forms least a portion of the bottom 856 of the second opening, hi other embodiments (not illustrated), another layer (e.g., the substrate 810 or a for reflection-reducing layer, for example, a black mask, formed on the substrate 810) forms at least a portion of the bottom 856 of the second opening. The transition between a top surface 858 of the second sacrificial layer and the walls 854 of the first opening comprises a single step or ledge 86>2. In the illustrated embodiment, the second sacrificial material forming the walls 854 of the first opening substantially cover the movable conductor 840 and the first sacrificial layer 830. The illustrated embodiment also comprises a second opening 866 in the second sacrificial layer. In some embodiments, the second opening 866 is substantially centered over the movable conductor 840 or mirror. As discussed in greater detail below, in some embodiments, a connector (872 in FIG. 8A) is formed through the second opening 866.

[0064] The walls 854 and/or step or ledge 862 foπned in step 960 are conducive to formation of a relatively uniform deformable layer/post structure (87O and 880 in FIG. 8A) over the second sacrificial layer 850. Surface topologies conducive to the formation of such layers are known in the art. In some embodiments, the walls 854 are substantially smoothly sloped, thereby forming smooth steps, for example in the illustrated embodient. In some embodiments, the step 862 is rounded or gradual, rather than an abrupt. Suitable processes for forming such features are known in the art. In some embodiments, the process or processes reshape the as-deposited topology of the second sacrificial layer 850. For example, in embodiments in which the second sacrificial material comprises a photoreactive material, some embodiments of step 962 include modified exposure of the photoreactive material, for example, one or more of non-uniform exposure, exposure at non-optirnized wavelengths, or under-exposure. In some embodiments, the process or processes reshape the after-patterning topology of the second sacrificial layer 850. For example, in some embodiments, the second sacrificial layer 850 is reflowed after etching, for example, by heating.

[0065] m step 970, the deformable layer 870 is formed over the second sacrificial layer 850 using methods known in the art to provide the structure illustrated in FIG. 8G». In the illustrated embodiment, the connector 872 and posts 880 are integrally formed witti the deformable layer 870. In some embodiments, the deformable layer 870 is conformal. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the transition 890 between the deformable layer- 870 and posts 880 comprises substantially a single step, formed by the step or ledge 862 in the second sacrificial layer 850.

[0066] In step 980, the second sacrificial material is substantially completely removed and/or etched away. Those skilled in the art will understand that the particular etching conditions depend on the identity of the second sacrificial material. In. some embodiments, the second sacrificial material is selectively removed relative to other structures in the device, for example, the structures illustrated in FIG. 8A. hi some embodiments, the second sacrificial material is removed by ashing, for example, where the second sacrificial material is a resist, a photoresist, or a planarization material. In other embodiments, the second sacrificial material is etched away by another method known iai the art, for example, by reactive ion etching and/or using a gas phase etchant (e.g., XeF₂). In some embodiments, the first sacrificial material is removed in the same step. In other embodiments, the first sacrificial material is removed in a different step. The strαcture resulting from removing both the first and second sacrificial materials is illustrated in T¹IG. 8A.

[0067] FIG. 1OA illustrates a structure corresponding to the structure illustrated in FIG. 8E in which a material that is not self-planarizing is used to form the second sacrificial layer 1050 in step 950. An example is a material that forms a conformal layer under the deposition conditions. Rather than covering the step 1044, as in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8E, the second sacrificial layer 1050 conforms with the underlying topology, and accordingly, itself comprises a first step or ledge 1064. [0068] Forming a first opening 1052 through the second sacrificial layer 1050, for example, as described above in step 960, results in a second step or ledge 1062 in the second sacrificial layer, as illustrated in FIG. 1OB. In the illustrated embodiment, the second step 1062 is abrupt compared to the gradual step 862 illustrated in FIG. 8F. The walls 1054 of the second opening 1052 are also steep compared to the sloped walls 854 illustrated in FIG. 8F.

[0069] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1OC, a deformable layer 1070 formed over the second sacrificial layer 1050, for example, as described above in step 970, includes non-uniform regions 1074 arising from uneven deposition at and around the walls 1054 of the second opening. In the illustrated embodiments, nonuniformities in the deformable layer 1070, either thin regions or thick regions, lead to undesired and/or unpredictable mechanical properties in the deformable layer 1070, for example, insufficient rigidity, excessive rigidity, or even failure. Furthermore the illustrated embodiment, the first and second steps or ledges 1064 and 1062 in the second sacrificial layer 1050 form a transition between the support post 1080 and the deformable layer 1070 comprising at least two arcuate or convex surfaces, 1090α and 1090&, a configuration which also lead to unpredictable properties in the finished device. In some embodiments, the first step 1064 in the second sacrificial layer causes the deformable layer to not fill the first opening 1052, and instead form a "bridge" 1076. This type of defect results in a non-functional device because the deformable layer 1070 is not supported.

[0070] Those skilled in the art will understand that changes in the apparatus and manufacturing process described above are possible, for example, adding and/or removing components and/or steps, and/or changing their orders. Moreover, the methods, structures, and systems described herein are useful for fabricating other electronic devices, including other types of MEMS devices, for example, other types of optical modulators.

[0071] Moreover, while the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention may be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features may be used or practiced separately from others.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for fabricating a microelectromechanical systems device comprising: forming a conductive layer over a first sacrificial layer; patterning a movable conductor from the conductive layer; and forming a planar layer of a second sacrificial layer over the movable conductor and first sacrificial layer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the second sacrificial layer comprises reflowing the layer, non-uniform exposure of the layer, exposure of the layer at non- optimized wavelengths, under-exposure of the layer, or combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming an opening in the first sacrificial layer prior to forming the second sacrificial layer, wherein the opening is adjacent to the movable conductor.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising forming a first opening in the second sacrificial layer, wherein the first opening in the second sacrificial layer is adjacent to the movable conductor; and the first opening in the second sacrificial layer is substantially aligned with the opening in the first sacrificial layer.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising forming a second opening in the second sacrificial layer, wherein the second opening in the second sacrificial layer is substantially centered over the movable conductor.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the first opening in the second sacrificial layer forms a substantially smooth step that substantially covers the movable conductor and the first sacrificial layer.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising forming a deformable layer over the second sacrificial layer.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the deformable layer substantially conforms to the smooth step.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing substantially the entire second sacrificial layer after forming the deformable layer.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the second sacrificial material is a self- planarizing material.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the self-planarizing material comprises a resist, a photoresist, spin-on glass, spin-on dielectric, or combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the microelectromechanical systems device is an optical modulator.

13. An interferometric modulator manufactured by the method of any of claims 1- 12.

14. A microelectromechanical systems device comprising: a movable conductor formed over a first sacrificial layer, and a planar second sacrificial layer formed over the movable conductor and the first sacrificial layer.

15. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 14, further comprising a first opening in the first sacrificial material adjacent to the mirror.

16. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 15, further comprising a second opening in the second sacrificial material adjacent to the mirror.

17. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 16, further comprising a deformable layer formed over the second sacrificial material.

18. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 14, wherein the second sacrificial layer comprises a self-planarizing material.

19. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 18, wherein the self- planarizing material comprises a resist, a photoresist, spin-on glass, spin-on dielectric, or combinations thereof.

20. The microelectromechanical systems device of claim 14, wherein the microelectromechanical systems device is an optical modulator.

21. A method for fabricating an interferometric modulator comprising: forming a first sacrificial layer; forming a mirror layer over the first sacrificial layer; patterning the reflective layer to form a mirror; and spinning-on a second sacrificial layer over the mirror and the first sacrificial layer.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the second sacrificial layer comprises a resist, a photoresist, spin-on glass, spin-on dielectric, or combinations thereof.

23. The method of claim 21, further comprising forming a first opening in the second sacrificial layer adjacent to the patterned conductive layer.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first opening in the second sacrificial layer forms a substantially smooth step that substantially covers the movable conductor and the first sacrificial layer.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising forming a deformable layer over the second sacrificial layer.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the deformable layer substantially conforms to the smooth step.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the deformable layer at least partially fills the first opening in the second sacrificial layer, thereby forming a support post integrated with the deformable layer.

28. The method of claim 21, further comprising etching away the second sacrificial layer.

29. An interferometric modulator manufactured according to the method of any of claim 21-28.

30. An apparatus comprising: a substrate; a deformable layer; a plurality of posts extending between the substrate and the deformable layer, wherein the posts and deformable layer are integrated; an optical stack formed on the substrate proximal to the deformable layer; a movable mirror disposed between the optical stack and the deformable layer; a connector securing the movable mirror to the deformable layer; and a transition between a post and the deformable layer comprising substantially a single arcuate surface.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, further comprising: a processor that is in electrical communication with at least one of said optical stack and said movable mirror, wherein the processor is configured to process image data; and a memory device in electrical communication with said processor.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising a driver circuit configured to send at least one signal to at least one of said optical stack and said movable mirror.

33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a controller configured to send at least a portion of said image data to said driver circuit.

34. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising an image source module configured to send said image data to said processor.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said image source module comprises at least one of a receiver, transceiver, and transmitter.

36. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising an input device configured to receive input data and to communicate said input data to said processor.

37. An apparatus comprising: a substrate means; a deformable means for controlling movement in the apparatus; a support means integrated with the deformable means for supporting the deformable means; a transitional means for integrating the support means with the deformable means in a physically robust structure with predetermined mechanical properties; a movable means for actuating the apparatus, wherein the movable means is disposed between the substrate and the deformable layer; and a connecting means for securing the movable means to the deformable means.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the substrate means comprises a glass substrate.

39. The apparatus of claim 37 or 38, wherein the deformable means comprises a deformable layer.

40. The apparatus of claim 37, 38 or 39, wherein the support means comprises a plurality of posts.

41. The apparatus of claim 37, 38, 39 or 40, wherein the transitional means comprises a single arcuate surface.

42. The apparatus of claim 41, further comprising a means for forming the transitional means.

43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the means for forming the transitional means comprises a planar sacrificial layer formed over the movable means.

44. The apparatus of claim 37, 38, 39, 40 or 41, wherein the movable means comprises a movable conductor.

45. The apparatus of claim 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 or 42, wherein the connecting means comprises a connector.

46. A method for operating a interferometric modulator, wherein the interferometric modulator comprises: a substrate; a deformable layer; a plurality of posts extending between the substrate and the deformable layer, wherein the posts and deformable layer are integrated; an optical stack formed on the substrate proximal to the deformable layer; a mirror disposed between the optical stack and the deformable layer movable between at least a relaxed position and an actuated position; a connector securing the movable mirror to the deformable layer; and a transition between a post and the deformable layer comprising substantially a single arcuate surface, the method comprising applying a first voltage to the movable mirror sufficient to move the movable mirror from the relaxed position to the actuated position.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the first voltage is about +5 volts.

48. The method of claim 46, further comprising applying a second voltage to the movable conductor sufficient to move the second mirror from the actuated position to the relaxed, position.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the second voltage is about -5 volts.