WO2005117337A1 - Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices based on admission control - Google Patents
Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices based on admission control Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005117337A1 WO2005117337A1 PCT/US2005/013365 US2005013365W WO2005117337A1 WO 2005117337 A1 WO2005117337 A1 WO 2005117337A1 US 2005013365 W US2005013365 W US 2005013365W WO 2005117337 A1 WO2005117337 A1 WO 2005117337A1
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- Prior art keywords
- power
- remote device
- cable
- budget
- demand
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/02—Details
- H04L12/10—Current supply arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0803—Configuration setting
- H04L41/0806—Configuration setting for initial configuration or provisioning, e.g. plug-and-play
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M9/00—Arrangements for interconnection not involving centralised switching
- H04M9/08—Two-way loud-speaking telephone systems with means for conditioning the signal, e.g. for suppressing echoes for one or both directions of traffic
Definitions
- a typical phantom power communications system includes power-sourcing communications equipment and a set of remotely-powered network devices that connect to the power-sourcing communications equipment though a set of network cables.
- the power-sourcing communications equipment includes a power supply and transmit receive circuitry.
- the power supply provides power to the remotely-powered network devices through the network cables, and the transmit/receive circuitry concurrently exchanges data with the remotely-powered network devices through the network cables. Accordingly, the users of the remotely-powered network devices are not burdened with having to separately connect their devices to power sources (e.g., wall outlets).
- power sources e.g., wall outlets
- One approach which is hereinafter referred to as the "over-provisioning approach" involves the equipment manufacture designing the power-sourcing communications equipment for a worst-case scenario in which the power-sourcing communications equipment connects to a maximum number of remotely-powered network devices through network cables at their maximum specified lengths (e.g., 100 meters in accordance with the IEEE 802.3af standard).
- the equipment manufacturer provisions particular characteristics of the power-sourcing communications equipment for a maximum power draw (e.g., maximum power supplied to each remote device and maximum power loss over each network cable due to the network cables being at their maximum lengths).
- the manufacturer makes certain aspects of the equipment large enough to adequately fulfill the maximum power draw, e.g., the manufacturer makes sure the power supply is large enough, makes sure that the there are enough circuit board power planes or that the circuit board power planes and power converts are robust enough to carry worst case current, makes sure that the fan assembly is strong enough to provide adequate cooling, etc.).
- the worst case scenario for certain high-end systems may require the manufacturer to provision the power-sourcing communications equipment for larger amperage circuitry (e.g., to upgrade power cabling from 15 Amp cords and plugs to 20 Amp cords and plugs, etc.).
- Another approach which is hereinafter referred to as the "statistical methods" approach, involves the equipment manufacture designing the power-sourcing communications equipment based on probable uses of the equipment in the field. For example, the manufacturer may offer two models of power-sourcing communications equipment, namely, a lower-end model which is designed for lower power demand situations, and a higher-end model which is designed for higher power demand situation, and then rely on the customer to select the best-suited model for a particular installation location.
- There are also industry standards which attempt to provide guidelines for manufacturing certain types of power-sourcing communications equipment. For example, the IEEE 802.3af standard, which is also called the "Power over Ethernet" standard, defines ways to build Ethernet power-sourcing equipment and powered terminals.
- the IEEE 802.3af standard identifies ways to deliver certain electrical features (e.g., 48 volts) of AC power over unshielded twisted-pair wiring (e.g., Category 3, 5, 5e or 6 network cables, patch cables, patch-panels, outlets and connecting hardware) to a variety of Ethernet devices or terminals such as IP phones, wireless LAN access points, laptop computers and Web cameras.
- unshielded twisted-pair wiring e.g., Category 3, 5, 5e or 6 network cables, patch cables, patch-panels, outlets and connecting hardware
- Ethernet devices or terminals such as IP phones, wireless LAN access points, laptop computers and Web cameras.
- PSE Power Sourcing Equipment
- PD Powered Device
- some PSEs include Time Domain Refiectometry circuitry which determines the integrity of the cables, i.e., the data channels.
- the PSEs then communicate with PDs through the cables with improved cable utilization based on the qualities of the cables (e.g., older cables, Category 5e cables
- embodiments of the invention are directed to techniques for provisioning power from a power budget of a power-sourcing apparatus which involves comparing a power demand for a remote device (e.g., using an actual cable loss) and allocating power from the power budget when the comparison indicates that the power budget supports the power demand.
- One embodiment is directed to an apparatus for provisioning power from a power budget to a set of remote devices configured to obtain phantom power from the apparatus.
- the apparatus includes a set of ports configured to connect to the set of remote devices through a set of cables, a power supply configured to provide power within the power budget, and a controller coupled to the set of ports and to the power supply.
- the controller is configured to identify, through a port of the set of ports, a power demand for a remote device, and generate a comparison between the power demand for the remote device and the power budget of the apparatus.
- the controller is further configured to allocate power from the power budget provided by the power supply to the remote device through the port of the set of ports when the comparison indicates that the power budget supports the power demand for the remote device, and reject allocation of power from the power budget to the remote device when the comparison indicates that the power budget does not support the power demand for the remote device.
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a communication system which is suitable for use by the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a block diagram of particular details of the communication system of Fig. 1 in accordance with a first embodiment.
- Fig. 3 is a flowchart of a procedure which is performed by a power-sourcing apparatus of the communications system of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 4 is a block diagram of particular details of the communication system of Fig. 1 in accordance with a second embodiment.
- Embodiments of the invention are directed to techniques for provisioning power from a power budget of a power-sourcing apparatus which involves comparing a power demand for a remote device and allocating power from the power budget when the comparison indicates that the power budget supports the power demand.
- Such techniques enable smart in-line power provisioning for phantom power applications as well as enable safeguarding against inadvertently attempting to provide more power than what is available in the power budget and thus avoiding damaging the power-sourcing equipment.
- Fig. 1 shows a communications system 20 which is suitable for use by the invention.
- the communications system 20 includes a set of cables 22(1), ..., 22(n) (collectively, cables 22), a set of remote devices 24(1), ..., 24(n) (collectively, remote devices 24), and a power- sourcing apparatus 26.
- the power-sourcing apparatus 26 includes a set of ports 28(1), ..., 28(n) (collectively, ports 28), a power supply 30, and a controller 32.
- the controller 32 is configured to allocate power from the ports 28 in accordance with a power budget 32. Such power allocation delivers phantom power to the remote devices 24 thus alleviating the need for the remote devices 24 to make a separate connection to a power source. Additionally, some of the allocated power is consumed by the cables 22 due to cable resistance. Further details of the invention will now be provided with reference to Fig.
- Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of the power-sourcing apparatus 26 connected to the remote device 24(1) in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.
- the other cables and other remote devices 24 are omitted from Fig. 2 for simplicity.
- the controller 32 includes time domain reflectometry (TDR) circuitry 40, a processor 42 and memory 44.
- the TDR circuitry 40 is configured to (i) measure distances from the power-sourcing apparatus 26 to the remote devices 24 through the ports 28, and (ii) identify the types of cables 22 (e.g., Category 3, Category 5, etc.) connecting the power-sourcing apparatus 26 to those remote devices 24.
- TDR time domain reflectometry
- the memory 44 stores the power budget 34 (e.g., a percentage of the actual capacity of the power supply 30 such as 80%, 85%, 100%), etc.), a power-sourcing application 46, TDR results 48, power dissipation ratings for various cables 50 (e.g., a first power dissipation value per linear meter for Category 3 cabling, a second power dissipation value per linear meter for Category 5 cabling, and so on), power consumption ratings for various types of remote devices 52 (e.g., a first power consumption value for a VoIP phone, a second power consumption value for a laptop computer, and so on) and additional power data 54. It should be understood that the power dissipation ratings 50 for various types of cables 22 is easily determinable.
- the power dissipation ratings 50 for various types of cables 22 is easily determinable.
- the amount of power dissipated through the 100 meter length of cable 22 is capable of being calculated as follows:
- the TDR circuitry 40 determines (i) a type 56 of the cable 22(1) from additional data 56 stored in the memory 44 and (ii) a distance 58 of the cable 22(1).
- the controller 32 identifies the incremental power dissipation per unit length for the type 56 of cable 22(1) from the available cable power dissipation ratings 50 stored in the memory 44.
- the controller 32 calculates the power dissipation through the cable 22(1) as follows.
- Power Dissipation Incremental Cable through the Power Dissipation X Distance (1) Cable (in Watts) (in Watts per meter) (in meters)
- the controller 32 determines that the power dissipation through the cable 22(1) is 1.225 W (i.e., 24.5 mW/meter times 50 meters).
- An alternative and more precise technique for determining the power dissipation through a cable 22 is for the power-sourcing apparatus 26 to base the power dissipation on current through the cable 22. For example, suppose that resistance per meter of the cable 22(1) of Fig. 2 is known.
- the total resistance R cab i e of the entire cable 22(1) is simply the total distance measured by the TDR circuitry 40 multiplied by the resistance per meter. That is: Cable Incremental ⁇ Kcable Distance * Resistance Per Meter (2) (in Ohms) (in meters) (in Ohms per meter) Additionally, the maximum power consumption P max of the remote device 24 is easily discoverable by communicating with the remote device 24. Once the power-sourcing apparatus 26 knows the maximum power consumption P max of the remote device 24, the power-sourcing apparatus 26 easily calculates the maximum current I max through the cable
- the maximum power dissipated through the cable 22(1) P cab i e equals the maximum current I max through the cable 22(1) squared multiplied by the total resistance R cab ie of the cable 22(1). That is:
- the power-sourcing apparatus 26 is capable of smartly provisioning power from the power budget 34. That is, the controller 32 adds the required power dissipation through the cable 22 and the power demand (i.e., the power consumption rating) of the remote device 28 that connects to the apparatus 26 through that cable 22, the controller 32 is capable of determining whether the power budget 34 supports the power demand through the port 28. In particular, if the power budget 34 supports the power demand, the controller 32 allocates power from the power budget 34 to the remote device 24 through the port 28.
- the controller 32 rejects allocation of power from the power budget 34 to the remote device 24 through the port 28.
- the power dissipation through the cable 22 what determined to be 1.225 Watts and the remote device power consumption rating is 12.95 Watts. Accordingly, the total power for operating the remote device 24 is 14.175 Watts. If there is at least this amount of power left in the power budget 34, the controller 32 allocates 14.175 Watts of power to the remote device 24 and reduces the power budget 34 by that amount.
- Such smart provisioning of power enables the use of lower-power equipment (e.g., smaller capacity power supplies and circuit boards which are capable of connecting to 15 Amp wall outlets rather than 20 Amp outlets) to lower costs but safeguards against over-consuming the resources of the power-sourcing apparatus 26 (e.g., avoids damaging the power supply 30 by drawing too much power, avoids "brown-out” operating situations due to surges in power demand, etc.).
- the difference between the more-precise worst case power consumption determined by the power-sourcing apparatus 26 e.g., 14.175 Watts
- the worst case power consumption typically assigned using a non-measured worst case cable length of 100 meters see the earlier described PSE Max Output of 15.4 Watts
- the difference is 1.225 Watts. If the power-sourcing apparatus 26 is configured to service 200 ports, there is a savings of 245 Watts DC. This number is convertible to AC by assuming an efficiency of 0.64 (i.e., conversion of AC to DC and DC to DC isolation each at 80%) which thus provides:
- Fig. 3 shows a procedure 60 which is performed by the controller 32 of the power-sourcing apparatus 26 in response to detection of a remote device 24 connected to a port 28 through a cable 22.
- the controller 32 performs the procedure 60 each time the controller 32 detects a new remote device 24 connected to a port 28. For example, at startup of the power-sourcing apparatus 26, the controller 32 performs the procedure 60 for each port 28 starting with port 28(1), 28(2), and so on.
- the controller 32 performs the procedure dynamically in an incremental manner after startup, each time the apparatus 26 detects a new remote device 24 connecting to a port 28.
- the controller 32 under direction of the power-sourcing application 46, identifies a power demand for a remote device 28.
- the controller 32 directs the TDR circuitry 40 to send a signal through the cable 22 leading from the apparatus 26 to the remote device 24 to determine a cable distance 58 between the apparatus 26 and the remote device 24 (also see Fig. 2), and then calculates a cable dissipation power value P cab ie based on the cable distance 58 (also see Equations (2), (3) and (4) above).
- the controller 32 provides, as the power demand for the remote device 24, a remote device power value or rating 52 for the remote device 24 and the calculated cable dissipation power value, i.e., the sum of these two values.
- step 64 the controller 32 generates a comparison between the power demand for the remote device 24 and the power budget 34 of the apparatus 26 and proceeds to step 66. If the power budget 34 supports this demand (e.g., if the power budget 34 is greater than the power demand), step 66 proceeds to step 68. Otherwise, if the power budget 34 does not support this demand (e.g., if the power budget 34 is not greater than the power demand), step 66 proceeds to step 70. In step 68, the controller 32 allocates power from the power budget 34 to the remote device 24.
- the remote device 24 becomes operational.
- the controller 32 rejects allocation of power from the power budget 34.
- the remote device 24 does not become operational under phantom power and drawbacks associated with attempting to provide power beyond the means of the apparatus 26 (e.g., damage, a brown-out condition, etc.) are avoided. It should be understood that such smart power budgeting alleviates the need for manufacturers to over-provision their power-sourcing equipment thus saving costs of not having to provide larger than necessary equipment, i.e., larger power supplies, circuit boards, power cables, fan assemblies, etc.
- Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of the power-sourcing apparatus 26 connected to the remote device 24(1) in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. As shown in Fig. 4, the power-sourcing apparatus 26 is similar to that in Fig.
- the power-sourcing apparatus 26 includes current/voltage measurement circuitry 80 rather than the TDR circuitry 40.
- the remote device 24 includes voltage measurement circuitry 82. Again, only one cable 22(1) and one remote device 24(1) are shown for simplicity.
- the controller 32 of the power-sourcing apparatus 26 determines the total resistance R cab i e through the cable 22(1) and then the maximum power dissipation P max through the cable 22(1).
- the controller 32 under direction of the power-sourcing application 46, directs the current/voltage measurement circuitry 80 to precisely measure the current 84 passing through the cable 22 and a voltage 86 applied to one end 88 of the cable 22 (i.e., V pse ).
- the voltage measurement circuitry 82 of the remote device 24 which operates at least initially in a preliminary or start-up low power state to draw minimal power from the cable 22(1), measures a voltage 90 at the other end 92 of the cable 22 (i.e., V pd ) and sends a message 94 to the controller 32 identifying the voltage 90 and the type of remote device 24 (e.g., VoIP phone, laptop, etc.).
- the controller 32 is then capable of calculating the difference between the voltages 86, 90 to determine the voltage drop along the cable 22, e.g., see the processing results 96 in the memory 44. That is:
- the controller 32 calculates the total cable resistance Rc ab ie based on the voltage drop Vd r op and the measured current 84, I me asu r ed- That is,
- the controller 32 simply uses the techniques described above in connection with Fig. 2 (see Equations (3) and (4)) to determine the overall power demand through a particular port 28.
- the controller 32 knows the maximum power draw P max of the remote device 24(1) by discovery (e.g., using an IEEE method of discovery) applies equation (3) to determine the maximum current I ma ⁇ through the cable 22(1).
- the controller 32 applies equation (4) to determine the maximum power dissipated through the cable P cab i e -
- the controller 32 adds the required power dissipation P cab i e through the cable 22(1) and the power demand (i.e., the power consumption rating) of the remote device 24 P max that connects to the apparatus 26 through that cable 22 to derive the total power demand (also see step 62 in Fig. 3).
- the controller 32 is capable of determining whether the power budget 34 supports the total power demand through the port 28 (step 64 in Fig. 3).
- the controller 32 allocates power from the power budget 34 to the remote device 24 through the port 28 (steps 66 and 68 in Fig. 3) and downwardly adjusts the power budget 34 to account for the this power allocation.
- the remote device 24 responds by transitioning from the preliminary state to a normal operating state in which the remote device 24 is now capable of operating under higher power.
- the controller 32 rejects allocation of power from the power budget 34 to the remote device 24 through the port 28 (steps 66 and 70 in Fig. 3). It should be understood that the controller 32 is capable of re-performing the above-described procedure while the remote device 24 operates in a state other than a start up state.
- the controller 32 is capable of re-performing the above-described procedure while the remote device 24 is under high power, i.e., when the remote device 24 is in a normal operating state.
- the result of the procedure while the remote device 24 operates under high power is the exact or actual power draw.
- the controller 32 is capable of obtaining both the worst case power draw and the actual power draw for the remote device 24 by performing the above-described procedure at different times of operation.
- the controller 32 is capable of performing the above-described procedure while the remote device 24 is in a known power state or known operating point.
- the remote device 24 is capable of entering this known power state from a variety of situations (e.g., during start up, in response to a command from the power-sourcing apparatus 32, etc.).
- the controller 32 performs a procedure to determine the actual loss R ⁇ oss through the cable 22 leading to the remote device 24.
- the controller 32 measures the voltage V pse at the near end 88 of the cable 22 and the current through the cable 22.
- the controller 32 determines the actual power demand based on R ⁇ oss rather than based on a worst case loss as is done in a typical conventional approach. Accordingly, if the controller 32 initially budgeted a first power demand for the remote device 24 and the newly determined power demand is less, the controller 32 is capable of adjusting the remaining power budget 34 by backing down the first power demand to the newly determined power demand. That is, the controller 32 determines that the actual power demand for the remote device 24 is less than originally determined, and adjusts the power budget 34 accordingly. As a result, the power-sourcing apparatus 26 now has a larger power budget 34 left which is potentially available for use by other remote devices 24.
- the power-sourcing apparatus 26 is capable of using iteration to arrive at V pd with improved accuracy. Such iteration takes into account that the power consumed by the remote device 24 varies with its efficiency, and that such efficiency varies with V pd .
- the power-sourcing apparatus 26 utilizes additional data on the remote device 24, namely, power vs. V pd (e.g., see the additional power data 54 stored in the memory 44 in Fig. 4).
- embodiments of the invention are directed to techniques for provisioning power from a power budget 34 of a power-sourcing apparatus 26 which involves comparing a power demand for a remote device 24 and allocating power from the power budget 34 when the comparison indicates that the power budget 34 supports the power demand.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05737890A EP1774700B1 (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2005-04-20 | Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices based on admission control |
DE602005023880T DE602005023880D1 (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2005-04-20 | Methods and apparatus for providing phantom power to remote equipment based on registration control |
AT05737890T ATE483289T1 (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2005-04-20 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING PHANTOM POWER SUPPLY TO REMOTE DEVICES BASED ON ADMISSION CONTROL |
CN2005800130979A CN1973484B (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2005-04-20 | Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices based on admission control |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US10/850,205 US7353407B2 (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2004-05-20 | Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices |
US10/850,205 | 2004-05-20 |
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WO2005117337A1 true WO2005117337A1 (en) | 2005-12-08 |
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PCT/US2005/013365 WO2005117337A1 (en) | 2004-05-20 | 2005-04-20 | Methods and apparatus for provisioning phantom power to remote devices based on admission control |
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US (3) | US7353407B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1774700B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1973484B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE483289T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005023880D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005117337A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1973484A (en) | 2007-05-30 |
US8086878B2 (en) | 2011-12-27 |
CN1973484B (en) | 2011-09-21 |
US20100042853A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
US20080133946A1 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
EP1774700B1 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
US7607033B2 (en) | 2009-10-20 |
ATE483289T1 (en) | 2010-10-15 |
US20050262364A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
DE602005023880D1 (en) | 2010-11-11 |
US7353407B2 (en) | 2008-04-01 |
EP1774700A1 (en) | 2007-04-18 |
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