WO2005104936A1 - Method and system of obtaining improved data in perfusion measurements - Google Patents
Method and system of obtaining improved data in perfusion measurements Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005104936A1 WO2005104936A1 PCT/AU2004/000821 AU2004000821W WO2005104936A1 WO 2005104936 A1 WO2005104936 A1 WO 2005104936A1 AU 2004000821 W AU2004000821 W AU 2004000821W WO 2005104936 A1 WO2005104936 A1 WO 2005104936A1
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- A61B6/00—Apparatus for radiation diagnosis, e.g. combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Devices for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computerised tomographs
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
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- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
- A61B5/026—Measuring blood flow
- A61B5/0263—Measuring blood flow using NMR
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- A61B5/026—Measuring blood flow
- A61B5/0275—Measuring blood flow using tracers, e.g. dye dilution
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- A61B6/507—Clinical applications involving determination of haemodynamic parameters, e.g. perfusion CT
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- A61B6/5217—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data extracting a diagnostic or physiological parameter from medical diagnostic data
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- A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
- A61B5/4058—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system for evaluating the central nervous system
- A61B5/4064—Evaluating the brain
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
- G06F17/10—Complex mathematical operations
- G06F17/11—Complex mathematical operations for solving equations, e.g. nonlinear equations, general mathematical optimization problems
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- G16B40/00—ICT specially adapted for biostatistics; ICT specially adapted for bioinformatics-related machine learning or data mining, e.g. knowledge discovery or pattern finding
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method and system of obtaining improved data in blood perfusion measurements, and more particularly to a method and system of deriving blood perfusion indices for a region of interest of a subject.
- the process of measuring blood flow within a body of a subject non-invasively is useful in diagnosing and treating the subject. This is particularly the case where a part of a subject or patient, such as a tissue or organ, suffers from ischaemia due for example to a stroke. Determining perfusion indices including the blood flow through such a tissue or organ can provide important information to a physician in order to determine an appropriate treatment regime for the patient.
- a number of systems pertaining to blood flow information have been disclosed. In general, the systems involve a contrast agent delivered as an intravascular bolus during a dynamic imaging session such as computerized tomography (CT), nuclear medicine (NM) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- CT computerized tomography
- NM nuclear medicine
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- the temporal profile of the image intensity in a pixel or region of interest reflects the characteristics of the contrast agent hence the blood passing through the vasculature.
- the typical method of obtaining quantitative perfusion indices involves several steps including: (a) convert the signal intensity profile to the contrast concentration profile depending on the type of imaging modality; (b) measure the arterial input function (AIF) from a feeding vessel to the tissue of interest; (c) measure the tissue profile; (d) extract the tissue impulse residue function (IRF) from the AIF and tissue profile using deconvolution; (e) calculate quantitative perfusion indices including blood flow (BF), blood volume (BN) and mean transit time (MTT) using the IRF.
- AIF arterial input function
- IRF tissue impulse residue function
- the tissue IRF contains information about the flow heterogeneity associated with dispersion of blood transit time through capillaries, which is an important factor determining the efficacy of oxygen delivery to tissue.
- major vessel disease such as acute stroke or carotid artery stenosis
- the measured AIF is often associated with a delay and dispersion before it reaches the tissue of interest, and causing overestimation of the MTT and underestimation of the BF.
- a contrast agent is injected into a patient for the purpose of detecting blood flow abnormalities. This disclosure describes in some detail the different types of agents that can be used and the administration of those agents into the patient.
- results of the perfusion process may not be evaluated until some time after the initial injection of the contrast agent and is thus not a real time process.
- results of the perfusion process may not be evaluated until some time after the initial injection of the contrast agent and is thus not a real time process.
- results of the perfusion process may not be evaluated until some time after the initial injection of the contrast agent and is thus not a real time process.
- obtaining quantitative data relating to blood flow and blood volume which can assist a physician to make a relatively quick and accurate diagnosis and decide on what steps can be taken to treat the patient. More particularly this document does not account for any delay or dispersion of the contrast agent in an initial bolus injection.
- US Patent No. 6,542,769 there is disclosed an imaging system associated with MRI whereby a bolus containing optical and MRI contrast agents is administered to a patient in order to determine perfusion indices. It uses an optical contrast agent which is injected into the patient and is used to define the arterial input function.
- the optical contrast is injected so as to overcome the problem of the signal intensity of the vasculature not being proportional to the amount of contrast agent with MRI.
- a disadvantage of measuring the signal change in arteries using MRI is that it does not provide a true indication of the contrast volume as MRI depends upon electromagnetic fields that are altered due to the contrast agent.
- the invention disclosed in this document tries to overcome these disadvantages. Again there is no taking into the account the delay and dispersion associated with the bolus progressing through the artery selected and through the tissue or organ in the region of interest.
- the present invention seeks to substantially overcome, or at least ameliorate, any one or more of the abovementioned disadvantages.
- a method of deriving blood perfusion indices for a region of interest (ROI) of a subject comprising the steps of: administering a contrast agent to the subject during a dynamic imaging scan: converting signal intensity data from raw images of the scan into contrast agent concentration data; deriving parameters from the contrast agent concentration data using at least one transport function that accounts for delay and dispersion of the contrast agent; and calculating the blood perfusion indices from the derived parameters.
- the transport function may represent a probability distribution function of transit times of the contrast agent through the subject.
- the method may further comprise using a first model to represent an arterial transport function h a (t) through a vessel leading to the ROI, and using a second model to represent a tissue transport function h s (t) through the ROI.
- the transport function preferably accounts for the delay and dispersion of the contrast agent simultaneously.
- the method may further comprise selecting an arterial input function AIF a (t) in the vessel, preferably an artery, leading to the ROI by searching pixels taken of the contrast agent concentration data.
- the method may further comprise measuring the contrast agent concentration C(t) remaining in the ROI.
- the method may further comprise representing h a (t) using a gamma-variate function (GNF) in the first model such that:
- a ⁇ M 0 (t ⁇ t ⁇ )
- a - ⁇ x "TCL+ ⁇ ,) , T ( ) ⁇ x a ⁇ e ⁇ x dx is the Gamma function
- ti is J 0 the time taken for the contrast agent to move from the initial measurement of AIF a (t) to a vessel, preferably an artery, at the entry to the ROI
- o and ⁇ 1 are related to the mean transit time and dispersion of h a (t).
- the method may further comprise representing a simulated transport function h s (t) using a GNF in the second model such that:
- a 2 ⁇ 2 T( + 2 ) , t 2 , ⁇ 2 and ⁇ are parameters related to the mean transit time and dispersion of h s (t) through the ROI.
- the method may further comprise the step of optimising the parameters F t , t ⁇ ; ⁇ 1; oti, ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 and t 2 by minimizing S iteratively.
- the method may further reduce the number of adjustable parameters by fixing leading to five adjustable parameters.
- the method may further reduce the number of adjustable parameters by fixing a relative dispersion, of h a (t) resulting in ⁇ i dependent on ti, hence leading to four adjustable parameters.
- the method may further comprise calculating quantitative blood perfusion indices from the optimized parameters of F t , t 1; ⁇ 1; ⁇ l5 ⁇ , ⁇ 2 and t 2 .
- the perfusion indices may include any one or more of blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time, arterial delay time, arterial dispersion time or relative arterial dispersion, tissue dispersion time or relative tissue dispersion.
- the ROI is a tissue.
- the ROI may be a pixel or a plurality of pixels in a tissue.
- the scan may be any one of CT, MRI or NM.
- many cerebral arteries are small subjecting to partial voluming.
- the method may further comprise determining a venous input function (VIF a (t)) from a draining vein to estimate an AIF a (t) where a selected artery has partial voluming, the vein being larger than the artery.
- VIP a (t) venous input function
- the method may further comprise the step of determining the profile of a venous input function (NIF a (t)) from a large draining vein.
- the AIF a (t) may then be scaled up to have the same first-pass bolus peak area as the NIF a (t) to minimize partial voluming (PN) effect from the AIF a (t).
- the first-pass AIF a (t) and NIF a (t) profiles can be obtained by fitting the profiles to gamma-variate function (GNF) profiles respectively to remove contrast recirculation effects.
- E is the extraction fraction of the tracer in the blood stream that leaks out of the vessel into tissue
- N e is volume fraction of the extravascular and extracellular space (EES).
- the method may further comprise the step of repeating the entire process (except for selecting the AIF and/or NIF) on a pixel-by-pixel basis to produce quantitative maps of the perfusion indices for further analysis and presentation.
- a second aspect of the invention there is provided computer program means for deriving blood perfusion indices for a region of interest (ROI) of a subject by directing a processor to: retrieve raw image data from a dynamic imaging scan of the subject after a contrast agent is administered to the subject; convert signal intensity data included in the retrieved raw image data into contrast agent concentration data; derive parameters from the contrast agent concentration data using at least one transport function that accounts for delay and dispersion of the contrast agent; and calculate the blood perfusion indices from the derived parameters.
- the computer program means may further direct the processor to select an arterial input function AIF a (t) in the vessel, preferably an artery, leading to the ROI by searching pixels taken of the contrast agent concentration data.
- An optimal AIF a (t) may be selected on the basis of early arrival and high and narrow peak for the arterial input function.
- the program means may further direct the processor to measure the contrast agent concentration C(t) remaining in the ROI.
- the program means may further direct the processor to estimate the arterial transport function through a vessel leading to the ROI, h a (f), using a GNF in a first model such that:
- k H (l-H a ) (l-H t ) is a correction constant taking into account different values of arterial hematocrit H a and tissue hematocrit H since the contrast agent remains in the extracellular fraction of blood (plasma).
- the hematocrit is the volume fraction of cells in the blood, which has a typical value of H a « 0.45 for large vessels such as the artery and a value of H t « 0.25 for small vessels such capillaries in tissue.
- the program means may further direct the processor to estimate a simulated transport function h s (t) using a GNF in a second model such that:
- the program means may further direct the processor to determine a simulated tissue IRF R s (t) by:
- the program means may further direct the processor to fit the simulated C s (t) to
- the program means may further direct the processor to optimize the values F t , t 1; ⁇ 1; ⁇ i, ⁇ 2 , ⁇ and t 2 by minimizing S iteratively.
- the program means may direct the processor to reduce the number of adjustable parameters by fixing leading to five adjustable parameters.
- the program means may direct the processor to further reduce the number of adjustable parameters by fixing a relative dispersion, of h a (t) resulting in o ⁇ dependent on t 1; hence leading to four adjustable parameters.
- the program means may further direct the processor to calculate quantitative blood perfusion indices from the optimized values of parameters F t , t 1; ⁇ i; ⁇ i, ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 and t 2 .
- the perfusion indices may include any one or more of blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time, arterial delay time, arterial dispersion time or relative arterial dispersion, tissue dispersion time or relative tissue dispersion.
- the ROI is a tissue.
- the ROI may be a pixel or a plurality of pixels in a tissue.
- the scan may be any one of CT, MRI or NM.
- the program means may further direct the processor to determine a venous input function (NIFa(t)) from a draining vein to estimate an AIFa(t) where a selected artery has partial voluming, the vein being larger than the artery.
- NIFa(t) venous input function
- the program means may further direct the processor to determine the profile of a venous input function (NIF a (t)) from a large draining vein.
- the AIF a (t) may then be scaled up to have the same first-pass bolus peak area as the NIF a (t) to minimize partial voluming (PN) effect from the AIF a (t).
- the first-pass AIF a (t) and NIF a (t) profiles can be obtained by fitting the profiles to gamma-variate function (GNF) profiles respectively to remove contrast recirculation effects.
- E is the extraction fraction of the tracer in the blood stream that leaks out of the vessel into tissue
- V e is volume fraction of the extravascular and extracellular space (EES).
- the program means may further direct the processor to repeat the entire process (except for selecting the AIF and/or NIF) on a pixel-by-pixel basis to produce quantitative maps of the perfusion indices for further analysis and presentation.
- a system of deriving blood perfusion indices for a region of interest (ROI) of a subject comprising: scanning means for providing a dynamic image scan of the subject during which a contrast agent is administered to the subject; processor means linked to the scanning means for retrieving raw image data from the scan; the processor means further: converting signal intensity data included in the retrieved raw image data into contrast agent concentration data; deriving parameters from the contrast agent concentration data using at least one transport function that accounts for delay and dispersion of the contrast agent; and calculating the blood perfusion indices from the derived parameters.
- ROI region of interest
- Figure 1 is a side view of the head of the subject indicating flow of the contrast agent through a region of interest, such as a tissue
- Figure 2 is a block diagram showing a communications network including a number of scanners linked to a data storage system and a processing system
- Figure 3 shows various graphs against time at different parts of the subject's head as the contrast agent traverses the region of interest and the input artery
- Figure 4 shows a plot whereby an input arterial profile for a small artery exhibiting partial voluming is scaled up based on a vein profile
- Figure 5 is a flow diagram showing steps performed by a computer program to obtain values for the blood perfusion indices such as BF, BN and MTT.
- a bolus of contrasting agents is introduced via a needle into a patient at, for example, the arm of the patient. However the bolus can be input to any other part of the patient.
- a region of interest may be a tissue 6 in a part of the patient's brain as shown in Fig. 1. Alternatively, the ROI may be a pixel or a plurality of pixels, where many pixels represent a calculated image to produce one or more perfusion maps. Blood circulating throughout the patient will contain the contrast agent and in particular may be delivered to the tissue 6 via artery 8 and the blood flowing through the tissue 6 is returned to the heart via vein 10.
- Raw data and/or images collected by a scan such as from a CT scanner 20, MRI scanner 30 or ⁇ M scanner 35 are forwarded to a data storage system 40 in the form of a Picture Archiving Communications System (PACS) in Fig. 2.
- a computer program operating on a processor 50 in the form of a computer, is used to retrieve the various images or raw data from any one of the scanners 20, 30 or 35 or from the data storage system 40.
- the program then processes those images to provide an improved data set for a clinician to use, particularly in relation to perfusion indices including blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time, arterial delay time, arterial dispersion time or relative arterial dispersion, tissue dispersion time or relative tissue dispersion..
- the computer program need not reside on computer 50, but may reside in a console computer linked to any one of the scanners 20, 30 or 35. Alternatively the program may reside in a workstation (stand-alone or in a system) or in the PACS 40.
- AIF various images (slices) from a scan are analysed to identify a major artery of interest.
- CT the signal changes are directly proportional to the contrast agent concentration profile.
- MRI a mathematical conversion is used in order to convert the measured signal time- curve into contrast agent concentration profile. From the raw data retrieved, the program stored in the memory of system 50 automatically calculates the contrast concentration based on the measured signal intensities of the contrast agent.
- AIF AIF
- NIF NIF
- the program displays the searched AIF and NIF pixels on the corresponding images and plots the AIF and NIF time-curves.
- a user may further select a particular pixel while dynamically viewing its profile against the selected AIF in order to confirm the best arterial input function.
- a better arterial pixel can be saved to replace or average with the saved AIF and then the user may "click" on further pixels in order to compare the further pixels with the updated AIF until the user is satisfied with the selected AIF.
- the computer program at step 100 retrieves raw data and/or images from any one of the scanners 20, 30, 35 or PACS 40, including the signal intensities containing information of the contrast agent.
- the program calculates the contrast agent concentration based on the signal intensities. It then plots the contrast agent concentration profile C(t) against time at step 104. Where the data is retrieved from an MRI scan, the signal intensities are converted mathematically to obtain C(t) at step 106.
- the program searches pixels taken from the plots to find an optimal AIF (NIF) based on given criteria such as arrival times and peaks.
- the program displays the searched pixels of the AIF (NIF) and plots these as a function of time at step 112.
- the best pixel(s) to date are then stored in memory means, such as located at computer 50, at step 114.
- a decision is made at step 116 to determine if the optimal pixel has been found and stored, which decision can be made by the user. If an optimal pixel has not been found, the program keeps reverting to step 118 to find a better pixel than the pixel stored, which is subsequently stored at step 114. When an optimal pixel has been found the process moves to step 120, to be described hereinafter.
- the amount of contrast agent passing through the tissue 6 may then be measured by the computer program, the contrast agent concentration being represented as C(t).
- C(t) the contrast agent concentration
- AIF a (t) the arterial input function in the vessel (artery) leading to the ROI
- the hematocrit is the volume fraction of cells in the blood, which has a typical value of H a « 0.45 for large vessels such as the artery and a value of H t ⁇ 0.25 for small vessels such capillaries in tissue.
- the concentration of the contrast agent is derived by a convolution of the arterial input function and the tissue IRF multiplied by the tissue blood flow. This is the case where there is no delay or dispersion so that the selected AIF a (t) from a major artery is taken to be the same as the AIF (t) directly feeding the tissue.
- the selected AIF a (t) from a major artery is taken to be the same as the AIF (t) directly feeding the tissue.
- arteries directly feeding the tissues are usually small in size and subject to a substantial partial voluming effect.
- major vessel disease such as acute stroke or carotid artery stenosis
- the AIF selected from a major artery is often associated with a delay and dispersion before it reaches the abnormal tissue of interest.
- Fig. 3 where the arterial input function is measured in artery 8 resulting in the graph of Fig. 3(A). It can be seen from the graph that there is a time t a taken from injection for the contrast agent to arrive at the point where the arterial input function is measured in artery 8. It results in a narrow 'pulse' having a large amplitude. Then in Fig. 3(C) there is shown the arterial input function if measured at the tissue 6 input artery designated by 60. It can be seen that the graph has dispersed somewhat or broadened, as well as involving a time delay ta in traversing the smaller artery 62 where a vessel disease such as stroke or stenosis may occur.
- ICA internal carotid artery
- MCA middle cerebral artery
- ACA anterior cerebral artery
- PCA posterior cerebral artery
- the next part of the transit of the concentration of the contrast agent is described by the tissue perfusion model (TPM) where the contrast agent traverses across the tissue 6 from an input 60 to an output 64.
- the measured contrast concentration profile C(t) represents the contrast agent remaining in the tissue 6 as represented by the curve shown in Fig. 3(E) and the tissue blood flow Ft and impulse residue function (IRF) R e (t) can be estimated using a model-free deconvolution technique such as the singular value decomposition (SND) method.
- SND singular value decomposition
- the estimated F t and R e (t) may not be accurate due to uncertainties associated with unaccounted delay and dispersion effects.
- a constrained deconvolution process using a model derived IRF R s (t) with a typical shape as shown in Fig. 3(D).
- the estimated R e (t) can be used to derive parameters for R s (t).
- the ga ma- variate function (GNF) represented by equation (1) below, has been generally used to describe the temporal profile of contrast during blood circulation through the vascular system.
- the computer program employs a first model of GNF to represent a vascular transport function as
- ⁇ i ⁇ i / (ti + ⁇ ranging from 0 to 1.
- a relative dispersion value of ⁇ i 12% is chosen based on previous measurements of dispersions typical for arteries (12%), vein (30%) and whole organs (40%).
- ⁇ i 12% is chosen based on previous measurements of dispersions typical for arteries (12%), vein (30%) and whole organs (40%).
- step 120 the computer program applies the GNF to represent h a (t) in a first model.
- an estimate of ti is made from the plots of C(t) and AIF a (t).
- the process then moves to step 126.
- ALF t (t) is the arterial input function at the input to the tissue designated by 60
- AIF a (t) is the initial AIF at artery 8
- ® is the convolution operator.
- hematocrit is the volume fraction of cells in the blood, which has a typical value of H a « 0.45 for large vessels such as the artery and a value of H « 0.25 for small vessels such capillaries in tissue.
- an estimate of F t and R e (t) can be obtained using a model-free deconvolution technique such as the singular value decomposition (SND) method.
- SND singular value decomposition
- the deconvolution is very sensitive to noise, which may produce some mathematical solutions of R e but without any physiological meaning.
- the estimated F t and R e (t) may not be accurate due to uncertainties associated with the initial estimate of t 1; ⁇ i and ⁇ values.
- the computer program stored in memory of the computer 50 directs the computer at step 128 to calculate an estimate for AIF t (t) from the convolution of AIF a (t) and h a (t) in equation (4) and at step 130 to calculate an estimate for F t and R e (t) from equation (5).
- a more realistic (simulated) profile of the tissue IRF can be provided by the second model of GNF, which describes the tissue transport function as
- Peak rise time (RT) ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2
- Mean transit time (MTT) ⁇ 2 (1+ ⁇ 2 ) (7b )
- Peak height (PH) l/ ⁇ 2
- Mean transit time (MTT) t 2 + ⁇ 2 (8b)
- h(t) is a probability density function
- the peak rise time and mean transit time of h e (t) can then be calculated and used to estimate ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 2 using equation (7b ) or to estimate ⁇ 2 and t using equation (8b) respectively.
- the program will estimate tissue blood flow F t and IRF R e (t) and derive parameter values used to build the simulated tissue IRF R s (t) in the second model.
- the program further calculates a simulated contrast curve at the tissue of interest.
- the seven parameters Ft, t l5 ⁇ l5 ⁇ l5 ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 and t 2 are optimized through a least squares method in order to fit the simulated C s (t) to the measured tissue curve C(t).
- a least squares fit can be represented by a minimization process of the quantity S defined in equation (12) below:
- indices can be determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis to produce quantitative perfusion maps respectively for further analysis and interpretation. This provides more accurate information to a clinician so that the clinician can decide on appropriate therapy for the patient on retrieving the above results or data.
- h s (t) is derived by the program knowing the values for t 2 , ⁇ and ⁇ using the second model.
- R s (t) is derived from equation (10) by the program.
- C s (t) is determined by the program using the estimates for R s (t), AIF t (t), k ⁇ and F t .
- a least squares method is used by the program to fit C s (t) to C(t) and to optimize the parameters F t , t ls ⁇ l5 ⁇ ls ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 2 and t 2 by minimising S in equation (12) iteratively.
- the program calculates values for perfusion indices such as BF, MTT and BN etc using equation (13).
- An artery is usually selected in the process of obtaining an arterial input function, however in the brain it is not always easy to obtain a major artery.
- a smaller artery in the brain may be selected instead leading to partial voluming.
- a vein that is much larger than the artery and is usually easy to identify may be used.
- the user and/or computer program searches for a large vein which should have minimal partial voluming effect.
- a smaller artery can be selected and scaled against a vein profile. Thus, a profile of a NIF from a large draining vein is determined.
- the AIF is then scaled up to have the same first-pass bolus peak area as the NIF to minimise the PN effect from the AIF.
- the first-pass AIF and NTF profiles can be obtained by fitting them to the GNF profiles respectively to remove contrast recirculation effects.
- the area under the vein profile should be the same as the arterial profile.
- this approach of using a NIF a (t) to correct for partial volume effects of AIF a (t) is not applicable outside the brain as the contrast agent does not always remain within the vascular system during transit through the body.
- a large artery without partial voluming can be found on the imaging slices.
- the AIF profile 80 of the original artery selected is shown, which is much smaller than the expected profile due to partial voluming.
- each profile shows a local maximum 82 (on the AIF curve) and 86 (on the NIF curve).
- a GNF is fitted by the computer program to the NIF to obtain an estimate of the total area (BN) under the fitted NIF curve whilst eliminating the local maximum 86 and following contour 87.
- the GNF is applied by the computer program to the selected AIF to eliminate the local maximum 82 and extend the profile along contour 89.
- the program uses this estimate to scale up the original AIF 80 to AIF 88 to obtain an estimate of the concentration of contrast agent from the scaled up AIF 88.
- an initial IRF Ro(t) can be derived by deconvolution of AIF a (t) from C(t) using the model-free SND method.
- the AIF t (t) feeding the ROI can be derived from equation (3) with ti and the constant ⁇ 1; which determine ⁇ i.
- value of F t and corrected IRF R e (t) can be obtained by deconvolution of the model derived AIF t (t) from C(t) using the SND method.
- BN BF*MTT.
- This approach can be implemented via a computer program for fast processing of perfusion maps by accounting for delay and dispersion without a time- consuming least-square-fitting process.
- the transport function h(t) is simply a probability distribution function of the transit times, it is possible to use other functions such as a modified Gaussian function in equation (14) below to substitute equation (1) hence to describe h a (t) and h s (t) respectively.
- the two models are not limited in scope to use in major vessel disease associated with the head of a patient, such as acute stroke or carotid artery stenosis.
- the models can be used in any intra-vascular application and therefore can apply to different parts of a patient's body, such as the cortex of the kidneys, lungs or spleen.
- the models can be further extended to other cases where contrast may not totally remain intravascular but leak into the tissue, such as in a tumour.
- the tissue IRF can be described by the adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model as
- the first term is the intravascular component and the second term is the leakage component.
- E is the extraction fraction of the tracer in the blood stream that leaks out of the vessel into tissue
- N e is the volume fraction of the extravascular and extracellular space (EES) in the tissue. Normally there is perfusion heterogeneity associated with a distribution of transit time ⁇ of blood vessels in tissue.
- h s ( ⁇ ) can be described by the GNF model of equation (1) or by a Gaussian distribution function of equation (14).
- the above described method for intravascular perfusion can be extended for perfusion measurements in a tumour by substituting equation (10) with (16) for the simulated C s (t) in equation (11).
- E and N e or k
- the method described above can be used to derive parameters for measuring both blood perfusion and permeability related indices including F t , E and N e .
- N e have a value between zero and one.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU2004255014A AU2004255014B2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2004-06-23 | Method and system of obtaining improved data in perfusion measurements |
EP20040737445 EP1635703B1 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2004-06-23 | Method for determination of improved data in perfusion measurements |
US10/523,353 US8855985B2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2004-06-23 | Method and system of obtaining improved data in perfusion measurements |
US12/927,906 US8285490B2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2010-11-29 | Method and system for obtaining improved data perfusion measurements |
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AU2004902360A AU2004902360A0 (en) | 2004-04-30 | Method and system of obtaining improved data in perfusion measurements |
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EP1790289A2 (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2007-05-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray computed tomography apparatus and method of analyzing X-ray computed tomogram data |
GB2459075A (en) * | 2006-06-02 | 2009-10-14 | Siemens Molecular Imaging Ltd | Determining arterial input function using a medical scan and an MRI derived blood function. |
JP2012512729A (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2012-06-07 | アポロ メディカル イメージング テクノロジー ピーティーワイ リミテッド | Method and system for mapping tissue status of acute stroke |
US8229547B2 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2012-07-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for determining and displaying perfusion parameters in tomography |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1635703B1 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
EP1635703A1 (en) | 2006-03-22 |
US8855985B2 (en) | 2014-10-07 |
US20110118615A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 |
EP1635703A4 (en) | 2008-01-23 |
US20060083687A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 |
US8285490B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 |
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