WO2005059512A9 - Method for efficient transport of small liquid volumes to, from or within microfluidic devices - Google Patents
Method for efficient transport of small liquid volumes to, from or within microfluidic devicesInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005059512A9 WO2005059512A9 PCT/US2004/041923 US2004041923W WO2005059512A9 WO 2005059512 A9 WO2005059512 A9 WO 2005059512A9 US 2004041923 W US2004041923 W US 2004041923W WO 2005059512 A9 WO2005059512 A9 WO 2005059512A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- conduit system
- nmr
- conduit
- aliquot
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
- G01R33/30—Sample handling arrangements, e.g. sample cells, spinning mechanisms
- G01R33/307—Sample handling arrangements, e.g. sample cells, spinning mechanisms specially adapted for moving the sample relative to the MR system, e.g. spinning mechanisms, flow cells or means for positioning the sample inside a spectrometer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
- B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
- B01L3/502769—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by multiphase flow arrangements
- B01L3/502784—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by multiphase flow arrangements specially adapted for droplet or plug flow, e.g. digital microfluidics
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
- G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
- G01R33/30—Sample handling arrangements, e.g. sample cells, spinning mechanisms
- G01R33/302—Miniaturized sample handling arrangements for sampling small quantities, e.g. flow-through microfluidic NMR chips
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/02—Adapting objects or devices to another
- B01L2200/026—Fluid interfacing between devices or objects, e.g. connectors, inlet details
- B01L2200/027—Fluid interfacing between devices or objects, e.g. connectors, inlet details for microfluidic devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
- B01L2200/06—Fluid handling related problems
- B01L2200/0673—Handling of plugs of fluid surrounded by immiscible fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
- B01L2300/0832—Geometry, shape and general structure cylindrical, tube shaped
- B01L2300/0838—Capillaries
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
- B01L2300/16—Surface properties and coatings
- B01L2300/161—Control and use of surface tension forces, e.g. hydrophobic, hydrophilic
- B01L2300/165—Specific details about hydrophobic, oleophobic surfaces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
- G01N35/1095—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices for supplying the samples to flow-through analysers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/11—Automated chemical analysis
- Y10T436/117497—Automated chemical analysis with a continuously flowing sample or carrier stream
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/20—Oxygen containing
- Y10T436/207497—Molecular oxygen
- Y10T436/208339—Fuel/air mixture or exhaust gas analysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/24—Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance or other spin effects or mass spectrometry
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer
Definitions
- Mass spectrometry can detect attomoles of sample using nanospray methods.
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can now detect pmoles of analyte using 5 nL microcoil probes (Olson, 1995), a 500-fold improvement over 1980 's technology.
- Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) can detect zeptomoles of analyte in a volume of picoliters.
- microscale analytical technologies generally requires providing several microliters of sample, from which a few nanoliters is drawn.
- Loading a 1 ⁇ L microcoil NMR probe requires filling a 10 ⁇ L dead volume.
- samples typically are introduced to fill entire channels, of which only a small segment may occupy a region of detection or be injected into a separation channel.
- An obvious alternative would be to supply small samples and drive them through the conduit either with air or with clean solvent.
- the detection cell has a volume of 30 nL to 1 ⁇ L is recessed 50 cm or more up the narrow bore of the NMR magnet.
- the microcoil probe's axis is oriented transverse to the magnet bore so sample tubes cannot be inserted without removing the probe, and consequently microcoil probes are generally implemented as a flow cell.
- An additional complication is that any motorized equipment must be located outside the magnet's fringe field, necessitating an additional 1-10 meters of capillary tubing, depending on the magnet's fringe field.
- the current commercial offering is a compromise with these limitations, using the smallest feasible transfer capillaries to fill a relatively large flowcell.
- samples are injected into an empty (air-filled) flow cell through a 100 ⁇ m i.d. or larger transfer line. Samples can be injected relatively quickly without dilution; however, the percentage of the injected sample that ultimately resides within the NMR coil observed volume during spectral analysis, is low. The need for a wash cycle to reduce sample-to-sample carryover to ⁇ 1% increases the sample change time. Because it is not feasible to flush 50 micron capillaries longer than 1 meter with air, and larger capillaries have a prohibitively large volume, direct injection methods have only been implemented on microcoil probes manually. Working at the closest approach to the magnet bore, it is possible to fill the flow cell using 8 ⁇ L samples.
- the flow lines are maintained filled with solvent.
- Samples are introduced by means of a sample loop valve and delivered to the probe by a liquid chromatographic pump. Because the sample disperses into the carrier solvent during transfer, the final analyte concentration in the NMR coil depends on the sample volume, flow rate, and system dead volume. Sharp gradients of analyte concentration near the NMR coil immediately after injection can cause poor line shape, and an equilibration time of 1-2 min may be required for line shape to sharpen as the analyte diffuses throughout the flow cell. Because the effects of these gradients are more pronounced for dissimilar solvents, the same solvent must be used for both the carrier and sample preparation.
- FIA-NMR methods are applicable to microcoil probes, and a high-throughput FIA-NMR method using a commercial microcoil probe with a microfluidic sample loader (Olson, 2004) has been introduced.
- This method requires 10 ⁇ L of sample to deliver at full concentration, or dilutes smaller samples to a dead volume of 10 ⁇ L in the course of loading. 50 ⁇ L of deuterated solvent was also required per sample to reduce carryover below 1%.
- Another approach is segmented flow, in which an immiscible fluid is used to push a small sample as a bolus or "plug" through the fluidic conduit. This approach appears to offer several advantages. Smaller samples could be used, so sample consumption would be lower.
- This invention is directed to moving small samples through conduits, e.g., the capillary channels or tubing of a microfluidic device, without dilution of the sample or loss of sample to the capillary wall.
- the transported sample is a small volume of liquid, for example a solution of an analyte for chemical analysis.
- an aliquot of a liquid that is not miscible with the sample, denominated an "immiscible carrier liquid, " is first introduced into a conduit through a microfluidic device.
- the sample When an aliquot of the sample is subsequently introduced into the conduit, the sample forms a segment or "plug" in the microfluidic channel or capillary, following the carrier liquid.
- the carrier liquid is pumped or otherwise caused to flow through the channel, and the sample is carried from one location to another through the microfluidic channels without dilution or dispersion into the immiscible carrier liquid.
- the interior wall of the conduit (channel) is covalently coated with a suitable coating, so that the carrier liquid wets the conduit wall preferentially to the sample solvent. A film of the carrier liquid will then be retained on the channel wall as the sample plug is moved passed, so that the moving sample plug will not contact the conduit wall.
- the microfluidic device is part of a conduit system, with attached tubing to transport samples onto and off of the device. Small liquid samples may thus be transported long distances through microfluidic plumbing and through such microdevices with very low losses, and at relatively high speed.
- the immiscible carrier liquid is a fluorocarbon (FC)
- FC fluorocarbon
- the channel surface is fluorine-rich
- the carrier liquid will wet the channel wall preferentially to both aqueous and organic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) solvent samples.
- the desired effect may be obtained either by making a portion of the system, e.g., the attached tubing, of a fluorine-rich material such as a teflon (PTFE, ETFE, FEP, NGFP, etc.), or a channel wall, e.g., in the microdevice, may be coated with a fluorine-rich layer such as a fluoroalkyl silane coating on glass, silica, or plastic.
- a fluorine-rich material such as a teflon (PTFE, ETFE, FEP, NGFP, etc.
- a channel wall e.g., in the microdevice
- a fluorine-rich layer such as a fluoroalkyl silane coating on glass, silica, or plastic.
- Figure 1 shows the efficacy of the present invention through several photographs of the delivery of a visible dye sample into a glass flow cell under various conditions.
- the test flow cell is identical in material composition to the microcoil NMR probe flow cell of the microcoil NMR probe used herein, and sample was delivered through 1 meter of 50 micron fused silica capillary.
- Panel A shows that 1 ⁇ L of dyed DMSO injected in a flowstream of DMSO by the conventional FIA-NMR method has dispersed throughout the flowcell.
- Panel B shows 1 ⁇ L of dyed DMSO when injected using the zero-dispersion segmented flow approach of this invention.
- the flowcell and inlet capillary in these two photographs have been coated with dichlorodimethyl silane to make their surfaces less hydrophilic and more wettable by the carriet liquid
- Figure 2 Comparison of unfavorable, favorable, and ideal conditions for zero-dispersion segmented flow transport of sample plugs.
- the sample is DMSO with 10 mg/mL of the blue dye methyl green and the carrier liquid is the colorless fluorocarbon FC-43.
- DMSO plugs are hourglass-shaped, as the sample wets the bare silica wall preferentially over the fluorocarbon.
- the smear at left is coalesced from film of DMSO retained on wall as the plug was moved into its current position.
- DMSO plugs in teflon are sausage-shaped; the tangential contact angle of the FC 43 with the wall indicates the wall is wetted by fluorocarbon even in the presence of a stationary sample plug.
- Fused silica capillaries coated with the fluoroalkyl silane perfluorooctyl silane (PFOA) also favor wetting by fluorocarbon; moving DMSO plugs do not leave film on the wall, but can contact the wall if left stationary. All capillaries shown are 200 ⁇ m i.d.; the fused silica are 360 ⁇ m o.d., the Teflon capillary is 400 ⁇ m o.d.
- Figure 3 Demonstration of the improvement in the sensitivity of NMR analysis using the present invention. Five NMR spectra are shown which were acquired from loading of the indicated volumes of a standard sample, 0.3 mg/mL beta-glucoside in D 2 0.
- the NMR flow cell was completely and uniformly filled with the sample, similar to the conventional direct- injection method.
- the volume of the sample plug injected is decreased, there is no decrease in NMR sensitivity, reflecting that the smaller samples are not being diluted yet still fill the observed volume of detection.
- Only when the sample plug is half the size of the NMR observed volume (top spectrum) is there a decrease in signal strength, because only half as many analyte molecules are being detected.
- the ability to acquire the same quality of spectrum with a sample volume of 1 ⁇ L where the conventional art requires 5 ⁇ L permits mass limited samples to be loaded at five times the concentration, increasing sensitivity in practice by a factor of five.
- cryogenically-cooled NMR probes are a commercial product which offers a factor of 4 sensitivity enhancement at a cost of approximately $200,000, Figure 4.
- FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of an implementation of the present invention for high-throughput micro-NMR analysis. Samples (in DMSO, drawn in black) were loaded as a train of "plugs" separated and carried by an immiscible liquid (FC 43, drawn light gray) . Samples were changed by advancing the queue until the next sample plug was centered in the NMR coil. Wash plugs of solvent (white) were included to reduce carryover in non-ideal components. At the higher linear velocity in the narrow inlet and outlet capillaries, the plugs are separated from the capillary wall by a layer of the carrier liquid. At the slower linear velocity in the flow cell, the plugs may contact the surface.
- FIG. 5 Apparatus for segmented flow analysis NMR.
- the illustrated “deliver” position placed the sample loop in line between the sample loader pump and the transfer line connected to the NMR probe.
- the sample handler syringe In the "fill” position, the sample handler syringe drew sample plugs into the loop via a 200- ⁇ m-i.d. capillary threaded through the sample handler needle.
- the sample plugs were formed by alternately drawing samples in DMSO, the immiscible fluorocarbon FC 43, and wash plugs of clean solvent.
- the transfer line to the probe was 3 m long (43 IL) .
- D Kautz et al Journal of Combina torial Chemistry high-throughput NMR,
- Figure 7 shows an embodiment where the invention is used for collecting and and transporting samples of materials purified and isolated by microseparations .
- Panel A shows a separation channel, which may be electrophoresis or liquid chromatography.
- a band of analyte is approaching a side-channel to be used for sample recovery.
- the side channel intersects a third channel, which has a favorable wall material for zero-dispersion segmented flow and is filled with an immiscible carrier
- B When the analyte band arrives at the side-channel it is drawn in.
- C The withdrawn analyte is transferred as an immiscible plug to subsequent processing or a storage capillary.
- Figure 8 This embodiment shows a "world-to-chip" interface, whereby laboratory frame samples may be readily applied to, processed in, and recovered from a microfluidic chip.
- the figure at top (A) is a sectional view through the line AA indicated in the plan view below it (B) .
- As a generic chip a simple T injector is shown. The samples are made to flow through the chip, and may be recovered. The provided samples may be analyzed in transit, or smaller volumes may be withdrawn from the provided samples, as indicated. While segmentation of samples on microfluidic chips was claimed in (Ramsey, 2003) , the present invention offers the improvement of eliminating carryover of aqueous samples on glass or silicon surfaces.
- FIG. 9 A photo of two water droplets on a 3 cm wide silicon wafer. The right side of the wafer has been coated with perfluorooctyl silane; the left side has merely been cleaned with lye. A 10 ⁇ L droplet of water was applied to each side, and smeared over 1 cm 2 . The water is repelled by the PFOS-treated silicon, so it re-forms a sitting drop with a contact angle of nearly 90 degrees. The untreated silicon is wetted, and the resulting water film is not apparent in the photograph.
- the purpose of activities leading to the invention was to develop an automated segmented flow NMR method that could increase throughput, could utilize low-mass samples efficiently (with minimal sample loss) and could accept samples form a 96-well plates.
- the target application was high-throughput NMR analysis of combinatorial chemistry library.
- the primary goal of the development activity was to achieve the highest possible throughput that yielded spectra of sufficient quality to be interpretable by automated spectral analysis software. Gains in sensitivity and sample utilization were also desirable to detect, and if possible to identify, contaminants at the 5% level.
- Fig. 4A a schematic diagram of a microcoil NMR flow cell 2 and adjoining capillary tubing 4 containing several sample plugs 6 separated by an immiscible carrier fluid 8.
- sample plug is centered on the NMR detection coil 10 at the moment flow would be stopped, and a wash plug 12 of clean solvent precedes each sample.
- the sample plug volume may be the minimum required to obtain high-resolution spectra (typically twice the NMR coil observed volume) . Consequently, because samples are not diluted during transfer to the probe, comparable NMR data quality may be obtained with shorter acquisition times than when using an FIA-NMR method. Additionally, because the concentration is uniform, there is not a 1-2 minute equilibration time after injecting the sample before good lineshape can be obtained. In the segmented flow approach to high throughput, the entire transfer line to the sample handler is filled with a queue of many such sample plugs.
- the detection cell is cleared of the old sample, washed, and filled with new sample in rapid succession by advancing the queue through the distance of one sample-to-sample separation.
- Successful implementation of SFA- NMR requires that sample plugs be moved through several meters of transfer capillary between the sample loader and the NMR probe without the plugs becoming fragmented or analyte adsorbing onto capillary surfaces.
- Zero dispersion segmented flow methods (Patton, 1997) have been demonstrated in larger scale systems and are based on the principle that if the carrier fluid has a favorable contact energy with the tubing wall, relative to the sample, a film of carrier is maintained between the wall and the sample as sample plugs are moved through the tubint, or conduit (Patton, 1997; Nord, 1984; Adler, 1973) .
- the combination of a fluorocarbon carrier liquid in TeflonTM tubing was recently demonstrated in continuous flow PCR, a method that is particularly sensitive to carryover (Curcio, 2003) .
- FC 43 has been used in building microcoil probes to match the magnetic susceptibility of the copper wire of the coil (Olson, 1995) and has been shown to improve line shape when used to "bracket" small aqueous sample plugs in microcoil NMR (behnia, 1998; Webb, 1996).
- FC 43 also has a relatively high viscosity (2.8 cs) among fluorocarbons, which favors film formation (Nord, 1984).
- the performance of segmented flow in microfluidic devices tends to be poor.
- conduit materials such as glass, fused silica capillary, PEEK tubing or fittings, metal and polypropylene sample tubes or microtiter plates, will retain a film of aqueous or organic solvents and are poorly wetted by fluorocarbon liquids.
- dichlorodimethyl silane a conventional well-known hydrophobic coating
- the sample plugs exert an outward force against the conduit walls, and the use of air bubbles to segregate segments cannot be used because bubbles compress to disappearance at the backpressures encountered.
- microfluidic devices such as the detection cell of an NMR microcoil (or probe) or other microfluidic device such as a microfluidicchip, which are frequently made of glass, fused silica, silicon or other material not easily wettable by fluorocarbon materials, is to ensure the wettability of the conduit wall by applying to the wall a coating that will change its properties.
- Treatment of glass or silica surfaces with perfluoroalkylsilanes, using covalent bonding methods (Karger, 2002), can transform silica into a favorable material for zero dispersion segmented flow at the microscale level .
- TeflonTM is a class of exemplary conduit materials to use with a perflourinated liquid carrier fluid, which is immiscible with either aqueous or most organic solvents used for analytical samples.
- the immiscible carrier may be a fluorocarbon liquid, which is immiscible with both aqueous and organic solvents
- the transfer conduit (or tubing) leading into a microfluidic device for practicing the method of the invention is made of a perfluorinated or highly fluorinated material and the conduit within the device is coated with such a material, so that the conduit inner wall surface is preferentially wetted by the fluorocarbon solvent.
- a film of the fluorocarbon carrier liquid is maintained between the conduit wall and the sample as it passes, such that the sample for analysis does not contact the conduit wall. This prevents adsorption of the analyte to the wall directly, or bulk loss of the analyte solution to film formation on the channel wall.
- the above features permit efficient transfer of small discrete samples for analysis through conduits leading into, out of and within microfluidic devices and show a marked advantage for successfully processing samples compared to uniformly filling the channels; to injecting plugs of sample in clean sample solvent as a carrier fluid; or to using an immiscible organic solvent as carrier liquid without such coating of the conduit wall as in the method of the invention.
- Teflon capillary and tubing were obtained from Cole-Parmer (Vernon Hills, IL) ; PEEK capillary, unions, inline filters, and adapters were from Upchurch (Oak Harbor, WA) .
- the 96-well PCR plates were obtained from Nunc (Rochester, NY) .
- the compounds of the test library (uracil, reserpine, erythromycin, chlorpromazine, tolbutamide, indomethacin, haloperidol, 4-acetamidophenol, indapamide, prilocaine, phenylbutazone, and brucine) were from Sigma.
- TMS tetramethylsilane
- TMSP trimethylsilylproprionate
- All other solvents, buffer salts, and dyes were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) and were used without further purification. Instrumentation. NMR spectra were acquired on a Varian (Palo Alto, CA) Inova spectrometer with an 11.7-T (500 MHz) actively shielded magnet and a flow NMR package consisting of a Gilson (Middleton, WI) model 215 sample handler and Varian VAST automation software.
- the Gilson 215 was fitted with a 100- ⁇ L syringe, and supplemental VAST automation programming (Tel scripts) was written, as described below.
- a sample loader, model HTSL-1100, from Protasis Corp (Marlborough, MA) consisted of a sample loop valve, high-pressure pump, and microprocessor controller. It could either be triggered to deliver a specified volume and rate, or it could be controlled through an RS232 serial connection.
- the microcoil NMR probe principally used in these studies was built in-house, as previously described (Kautz, 2001; Olson, 1999). Copper wire (7.5 turns of 50 ⁇ m wire) was wrapped on a glass flow cell with 660 ⁇ m i.d., 920 ⁇ m o.d.
- the 1.1-mm coil enclosed an observed volume of 0.5 ⁇ L of the flow path lumen.
- the flow cell was ⁇ 0.8 cm long, tapering over an additional 1.5 cm on each side to match the inner diameters of 75/360 and 100/360- ⁇ m i.d. /o.d. fused-silica inlet and outlet capillaries. All but 5 cm of the 75- ⁇ m inlet capillary was replaced with 100- ⁇ m-i.d. Teflon tubing.
- the glass and silica elements of the flow path were coated with perfluorooctyl silane (PFOS) , as described below.
- PFOS perfluorooctyl silane
- Teflon capillary the transfer line to the probe was 2 m of 150/400 Teflon capillary; the probe inlet consisted of 1 m of 100/400 Teflon with a residual 5 cm of 75- ⁇ m-i.d. fused silica at the connection to the flow cell.
- 2-cm-long pieces of PFOS silica (see below) were butt-jointed to the Teflon using shrinkwrap tubing.
- the open triangle indicates a bleed valve to facilitate flushing the sample handler path.
- the bleed valve connected to the sample handler syringe with 1 m of 500- ⁇ m-i.d. 1/16-in-o.d.
- fused-silica capillaries were washed with peroxide/sulfuric acid, then activated with 1 N NaOH overnight.
- a solution was first prepared of 95% methanol and 5% water, with acetic acid added to an apparent pH meter reading of 5.
- 4% (v/v) tridecafluoro-1 , 1,2, 2-tetrahydrooctyl-l-trimethoxysilane was added with vigorous stirring and allowed to react for 1/2 h before introduction to the capillaries for 16 h at room temperature.
- Capillaries were annealed for 2 h at 80°C, flushed with the methanol/water/acetate solution, blown dry with helium, then cured and dried at 110°C with helium flow.
- the capillaries were stored filled with fluorocarbon FC 43 until use. Automation. Automation was controlled using Varian VAST automation programming on the spectrometer host computer (Sparc Ultra 5, Solaris 8, vnmr 6.1C NMR software). NMR acquisition setup macros were written to (1) automatically detect and position an arriving sample and (2) set up a standard spectrum of a sample (16 scans, 1.05-s acquisition time, 16-Kb points).
- sample handler programs (Tel scripts) were written to (1) form a train of four samples and hold it in the needle line, (2) draw a train from the needle line into the sample loop, (3) change samples by triggering the sample loader to run until stopped by the autodetection macro, and (4) initialize the sample queue by moving a sample train one- half of the distance from the sample loop to the NMR probe.
- the sample loader was controlled by means of Unix shell scripts, which could be called from either vnmr macros or tcl scripts.
- Sample Preparation The test library of 12 known pharmaceutical entities was prepared as 1-mL aliquots at 30 mM in DMSO-d 6 and stored at 4°C.
- 16-Kb points 16-Kb points, 8000-Hz width, 45°tip angle, auto gain, with no additional relaxation beyond the 1.05-s acquisition time.
- the spectra were processed by zero-filling to 64-Kb points and Fourier transformed with 1 Hz of exponential line broadening. (Line widths are reported with no line broadening.)
- Autodetection used single scan spectra with a 60° tip angle, fixed gain, and other parameters as above; the region from -0.5 to +0.5 ppm was monitored for a peak with S/N > 10 to detect the TMSP in the wash plugs.
- the COSY spectrum was a magnitude COSY, 128 increments of 16 transients processed with linear prediction in tl to 512 points, apodized with sinebell-squared matched to acquisition time in both time domains. Total acquisition time was 10 min.
- FC 43 was the continuous phase: DMSO plugs did not contact the capillary wall and could be moved through several meters with no detectable carryover ( ⁇ 0.1%) or losses at all flow rates tested (0-20 ⁇ L/min) .
- plain fused-silica capillary DMSO was the continuous phase, retention of a DMSO film depleted sample plugs by 2 ⁇ L for each meter of movement (in 200- ⁇ m capillary) .
- FC 43 The flow rate of FC 43 through the microcoil probe with vacuum applied to the outlet capillary was ⁇ 1 ⁇ L/min; changing samples in 30 s would require a flow rate on the order of 10 ⁇ L/min, which could be obtained with modest pressures of 150 psi.
- it was implemented by modifying a conventional microVAST installation.
- the sample handler and loader were connected with the microcoil NMR probe using Teflon capillary, as shown in Fig. 5.
- Sample plugs were loaded into the sample loop by drawing consecutive plugs of FC 43, wash solution, FC 43, and sample via a 200- ⁇ m Teflon capillary threaded through the sample handler needle.
- the transfer line to the NMR coil held two trains of four samples with a 7- ⁇ L gap between them. Samples were automatically positioned in the NMR coil by calibrating a delay between initial detection of their NMR signal (FC 43 has negligible 1H or 2H signal) and stopping the sample loader.
- the sample handler could operate independently of the NMR spectrometer and sample loader: during the time the sample loop was clearing slowly as four NMR spectra were being acquired from the train in the NMR probe, the sample handler was forming a new sample train from the next four wells of the microtiter plate. To avoid interrupting analysis, this new train was held in the needle line until the sample loop was cleared. Once assembled, the system was calibrated, and flow rates, plug volumes, and automation timing were optimized. A flow rate of 7 ⁇ L/min did not overpressure the 200/400- ⁇ m i.d./ o.d. Teflon capillary sample loop.
- Plugs of FC 43 as small as 0.3 ⁇ L were equally as effective as larger plugs in separating DMSO plugs through the probe, as measured by carryover.
- Plugs of FC 43 of 0.7 ⁇ L or larger provided several seconds with no NMR signal during on-flow NMR, which facilitated autodetection.
- 1% TMSP was added to the wash plugs to provide a consistent signal for detection.
- the variability of automatic sample plug positioning was (0.2 ⁇ L, due primarily to the 1-s intervals used for initial detection.
- the 2- ⁇ L sample plugs provided NMR line widths below 1.5 Hz without reshimming over a 0.5- ⁇ L window, and no equilibration time was required after stopping flow to observe good line shape.
- sample plugs of 1 ⁇ L could be shimmed to routine probe specification of 1.2 Hz.
- the method of drawing samples directly into segmented plugs was able to recover 2.0 ⁇ L of 2.5 ⁇ L deposited into the wells of 96-well plates. Manual recovery of 2.0 ⁇ L from a PFOS-coated vial using PFOS-silica capillary was also possible.
- the ability to accurately position samples within the detection volume based on the distinct leading edge was another significant advantage over FIA methods, where the optimum position was easily missed.
- a macro to acquire a magnitude COSY spectrum was added as a single line to one automation queue as described in Kautz, 2001.
- This flexibility was made a priority in development in order to enable 2D spectra to be acquired in a data-dependent manner, that is, to acquire a COSY or TOCSY spectrum if automated analysis of a ID spectrum fails to confirm an expected product.
- the analyte in immiscible sample plugs was not found to disperse with time, so extended stopped flow acquisitions were possible without loss of signal strength due to dilution of the sample in the NMR coil.
- the first 8-h block of data acquisition was identical to the last 8-h block.
- SFA-NMR permits microseparations and microconcentration to be performed using optimal bench top techniques and instrumentation as long as a 1- ⁇ L fraction can be collected for subsequent transfer to the NMR microcoil.
- SFA-NMR as demonstrated above, doubled the throughput, quadrupled the sample efficiency, and reduced deuterated solvent consumption over 20-fold as compared to the commercially supported high-throughput flow NMR methods. Nonetheless, a number of straightforward improvements may still be envisioned. For example, lengthening the transfer line to hold 3 trains without gaps would increase throughput by eliminating the longer sample change time between trains. A larger i.d.
- sample loop could double the rate of loading the sample loop and could hold more samples in longer trains.
- Using a 10-port sample loop valve to switch between two loops would eliminate the delay to draw new trains into the sample loop.
- sample efficiency is high and no sample is wasted, trace samples may be analyzed. In fact, use of sample may be 100% efficient, as opposed to 10-30% (in commercial Protasis/MRM microinjection) or 0.1% (filling a 200 ⁇ m microcoil probe). There is no degradation of sensitivity or resolution if sample plugs as small as 1 ⁇ L are picked up by the autosampler and transferred into an NMR probe with a 3.5 ⁇ L flowcell/ 1 ⁇ L observe volume. Rapid sample changes are possible along a queue of sample plugs. Conventionally, a sample loaded in the sample loop must be delivered the entire distance to the NMR coil.
- small sample plugs may be closely spaced, separated by plugs of the immiscible solvent (segmented flow injection) .
- samples may be changed by moving the queue only 1.5 ⁇ L. Rapid washing of an NMR detection cell is possible.
- the flow cell must be flushed with several volumes of clean solvent between samples to reduce sample carryover.
- one sample plug may be followed closely with one or more small plugs of clean solvent to rinse any traces of sample from surfaces or dead volumes of the plumbing.
- This "train" of sample and rinse plugs may be less than 2 ⁇ L, and subsequent samples may follow immediately, in a flow-through injection scheme. No relaxation time is required after sample injection before NMR analysis can be carried out. Because the sample plug is of uniform concentration, there are not strong concentration gradients within the sample as in the conventional methods. The linewidth of the NMR spectrum is sharp immediately upon arrival of the sample in the NMR coil. Because samples are maintained in their original volume of 1-2 ⁇ L, sample recovery is greatly facilitated.
- the photograph shown in Fig. 4B is, in fact, of a sample plug after passage through a microcoil NMR probe. With a miscible carrier liquid, analytes disperse over a volume of 5-20 ⁇ L.
- the leading and trailing edges of the resulting analyte zone are not well-defined, and are difficult to detect.
- the sample zone is sharply defined, and can be detected by the physical properties of either solvent or of the sample itself or of the sharp boundary, such as UV or visible absorbance, conductance, viscosity, light scattering, surface tension, or others.
- a conventional liquid chromatography fraction collector may be used.
- simply placing a length of TeflonTM tubing on the outlet capillary of the NMR probe collects the sample and wash plugs, which may be discerned by eye.
- the diffuse leading and trailing edges of sample plugs in the conventional methods make it difficult to determine the optimal positioning of the sample in the NMR cell.
- the leading edge of the sample plug is sharp and easily detected; the plug can be accurately positioned by timing from the arrival of the leading edge.
- Samples may be transferred in larger bore capillary tubing, reducing backpressure and consequent need for specialized pumps and related plumbing equipment. Additionally, samples may be transferred over longer distances without loss.
- High-end NMR spectrometers have larger magnets with larger fringe fields, which may require the sample handler to be as far away as 10 meters. With the present invention there is no disadvantage in sample efficiency or throughput with longer transfer line lengths. Larger capillaries permit fast transfers even over such distances, where 50 micron capillaries would be prohibitive.
- FIGS 2A-2D show sample plugs of DMSO-d6 (with blue dye) separated by a fluorocarbon liquid (clear) , in teflon, fused silica, and perfluoroalkyl silane-treated fused silica capillaries (FAS-silica) .
- the fused silica capillaries are mechanically more rigid, more suitable for higher pressures, and easier to make high-pressure connections.
- FAS-silica would enable the existing commercial microcoil probes to use the immiscible plug injection method, because the silica can tolerate the back-pressures generated when driving flow through their 50-micron capillaries. The use of smaller microcoil probes is enabled using the method of the invention.
- the current (and only) commercial microcoil NMR probe has an NMR coil detection volume ("active volume,” “observe volume,” V obs ) of 1 ⁇ l, designed based on the typical size of a capillary LC peak, or of the smallest sample that can be injected using a commercial autosampler, considering the limitations of dilution during transfer.
- samples of arbitrarily small volume may be efficiently transferred into smaller microcoil probes.
- the most sensitive microcoil NMR probes produced to date are wrapped directly on 200/360 urn (i.d/o.d.) capillaries and have an observe volume of 30 nL, but sample transfer into the coils is difficult (Kautz, 2001) .
- samples of approximately 30 nL volumes can be efficiently transferred, making these smaller probes, which are three times more sensitive, feasible for routine samples or high-throughput use.
- fluorocarbon FC-43 as the immiscible carrier liquid.
- Many other immiscible solvent systems, including other fluorocarbon liquids are available which may be advantageous for their viscosity, immiscibility with unusual analytes or sample solvents, or to match magnetic susceptibility to a particular sample.
- Interfacing to capillary separation or concentration microdevices is easy to carry out using the method and system of the invention.
- a variety of means have been proposed for microanalysis of trace samples by performing separation and concentration of sub-microliter volumes.
- a problem in automated sample handling is positioning a needle into the fluid sample volume and withdrawing a small sample completely without drawing any air. With small samples, a significant fraction of small samples must be left in the well, where it is wasted.
- samples could be collected at the source of concentration or separation as immiscible plugs in a length of inexpensive teflon tubing filled with the immiscible carrier.
- the TeflonTM tubing may be easily stored and/or transported to a different laboratory for microcoil NMR analysis or other microfluidic analytical methods.
- the present invention also enables a more efficient method of handling small samples in conventional microtiter plates.
- an immiscible fluid which is lighter (lower density) than the sample solvent may be added to the sample well together with the prepared sample. This lighter immiscible will float on top of the prepared sample.
- any excess volume drawn will be the immiscible overlay rather than air, and the sample may be efficiently transferred into the microcoil NMR or other microfluidic device.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP04814142A EP1711263A2 (en) | 2003-12-10 | 2004-12-10 | Method for efficient transport of small liquid volumes to, from or within microfluidic devices |
US10/582,599 US7687269B2 (en) | 2003-12-10 | 2004-12-10 | Method for efficient transport of small liquid volumes to, from or within microfluidic devices |
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US52841003P | 2003-12-10 | 2003-12-10 | |
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WO2005059512A3 (en) | 2005-09-09 |
EP1711263A2 (en) | 2006-10-18 |
WO2005059512A2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
US20070117212A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
US7687269B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 |
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