WO2005048469A2 - Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements - Google Patents
Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005048469A2 WO2005048469A2 PCT/US2004/037240 US2004037240W WO2005048469A2 WO 2005048469 A2 WO2005048469 A2 WO 2005048469A2 US 2004037240 W US2004037240 W US 2004037240W WO 2005048469 A2 WO2005048469 A2 WO 2005048469A2
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- Prior art keywords
- target cell
- code
- calculated
- timeslot
- cell
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 108010003272 Hyaluronate lyase Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013468 resource allocation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
- H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
- H04B17/345—Interference values
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
- H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
- H04B17/347—Path loss
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J13/00—Code division multiplex systems
- H04J13/16—Code allocation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0876—Network utilisation, e.g. volume of load or congestion level
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/16—Threshold monitoring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/70—Admission control; Resource allocation
- H04L47/83—Admission control; Resource allocation based on usage prediction
Definitions
- the present invention is related to a wireless communication system. More particularly, the present invention is a method and apparatus for admission control based on common measurements performed in a wireless communication system.
- a wireless transmit/receive unit communicates with a radio access network (RAN) via one or more radio channels which are established upon request from the WTRU or a core network.
- RAN radio access network
- a call admission control (CAC) process in a radio network controller (RNC) is invoked to process the request.
- the CAC process determines whether or not a call should be admitted to the system. If the call is admitted, the CAC process determines the most efficient allocation of radio resources.
- the CAC process In order to make such decisions, the CAC process must be aware of the state of the system at the time when the request is received. Power and interference measurements are typically used to characterize the current state of the system.
- Measurements may be made by a Node-B or a WTRU. Measurements made by a Node-B may include uplink (UL) interference, downlink (DL) carrier power level, and/or DL code transmission power. Measurements made by a WTRU may include UL total transmission power level, UL code transmission power level, DL interference, and/or path loss. [0007] In many cases, measurements made by a WTRU are not available at the RNC. Thus, the CAC process must rely only on measurements made by a Node-B for admission control and resource allocation. Accordingly, a method and apparatus for implementing call admission control and resource allocation based only on measurements made by a Node-B is desired.
- a method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on Node-B measurements in a wireless communication system is disclosed.
- the apparatus may be an integrated circuit (IC), Node-B or a wireless communication system.
- a coverage area of the wireless communication system is divided into a plurality of cells and each cell is served by a Node-B.
- a code is selected among available codes for potential allocation.
- a target cell load and a neighbor cell load for each of the available timeslots is calculated assuming additional allocation of the selected code to each of the timeslots using Node-B measurements.
- a weighted system load for the timeslot is calculated.
- a timeslot having a smallest weighted system load is selected for allocation of the code.
- Figure 1 is a flow diagram of a process including method steps for implementing CAC based on UL measurements in accordance with the present invention
- Figure 2 is a flow diagram of a process including method steps for implementing CAC based on DL measurements in accordance with the present invention
- Figure 3 is a diagram of a wireless communication system model in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an apparatus used to implement
- the features of the present invention may be incorporated into an integrated circuit (IC) or be configured in a circuit comprising a multitude of interconnecting components.
- WTRU includes but is not limited to a user equipment, a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment.
- Node-B includes but is not limited to a base station, a site controller, an access point or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment.
- a CAC process of the present invention utilizes common measurements (i.e. measurements not dedicated to any specific radio link) made by a Node-B. The measurements may be either UL measurements or DL measurements.
- the CAC process may utilize path loss information reported by a WTRU.
- the UL measurement-based CAC process of the present invention uses a load metric of the target and neighboring cells in order to make a call admission decision and assign physical radio resources to the requested call.
- ISCPpRED(i,t) ISCP(i, t) x R ⁇ (lSCP(i, t), A(i), SIR) ;
- ISCP(i,t) a UL timeslot interference signal code power (ISCP) measurement measured by the Node-B
- A(i) is a path loss to the target cell
- SIR is a sum of the chip-level SIR targets of the added codes.
- the noise rise function, RT is preferably given by: R ; (Equation 2) where ⁇ is a thermal noise level, L is a path loss, q is a load of the cell, and Gc is a link gain.
- the CAC process of the present invention may operate using only the measurements made by the Node-B, and does not have to use a path loss measurement reported from a WTRU. However, if a path loss measurement reported by the WTRU is available, such as during a handover, the path loss measurement is used as an input to the noise rise function, RT. Otherwise, a path loss value parameter is used instead of a path loss measurement.
- the path loss value parameter should be determined from the distribution of path losses measured throughout the cell through operation, administration and maintenance (OA&M). For example, the 50th percentile path loss for a given cell deployment may be used.
- the estimated load, L(i,t) is used to evaluate the admission of the requested resource units in the timeslot.
- the load of timeslot t in neighboring cell j is computed as follows: (Equation 4) for all j ⁇ i .
- the current ISCP measurement of Node B j is available to the target cell and used as an input for the load computation.
- the resulting load, L(j,t) is used to evaluate the admission of the requested resource units in the timeslot.
- the load of timeslot t in neighboring cell j may be computed using the noise rise in neighboring cell j .
- the allocation of a code(s) to a timeslot must satisfy WTRU capability requirements; otherwise, the allocation of the set of codes is rejected.
- the UMTS standard defines a plurality of different classes of WTRUs. Each class is defined by a different set of capabilities.
- One of the capability requirements of a WTRU is the number of codes that the WTRU supports in a single timeslot, as well as the number of different timeslots the WTRU can simultaneously support. The lower class WTRUs support less codes per timeslot, whereas the higher class WTRUs support more codes per timeslot.
- a Node-B is aware of the WTRU class and hence, of the WTRU's capabilities in terms of the number of supported codes per timeslot and the number of supported timeslots. Therefore, before actually allocating codes to a particular WTRU in a given timeslot, it should be confirmed that the WTRU can handle the number of allocated codes in the timeslot.
- FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a process 100 including method steps for implementing CAC based on UL measurements in accordance with the present invention.
- a code is selected from a list of available code sets (step 102).
- the selected code is preferably the code with the smallest spreading factor (SF) in the code set.
- a first timeslot is also selected for potential allocation amongst available timeslots (step 104).
- the set of available timeslots consists of all timeslots that are available for the requested service type, (e.g., real time (RT) or non-real time (NRT)), and direction, (i.e., UL or DL).
- the set of available timeslots is set through OA&M.
- Equation 3 The process computes a target cell load and a neighboring cell load for the selected timeslot assuming the selected code is added to the selected timeslot in accordance with Equation 3 and Equation 4 (or alternatively, Equation 6) (step 106).
- the load computation considers all codes from the code set that have already been allocated to the selected timeslot.
- the process 100 then verifies CAC by determining whether the estimated target cell load and a neighboring cell load are below predetermined thresholds, respectively (step 108). If either the estimated target cell load or the estimated neighboring cell load is not below the thresholds, the code is not added to the timeslot for allocation, and the process proceeds to step 114. If both the estimated target cell load and the estimated neighboring cell load are below the thresholds, the selected code is added to the timeslot, at which point the timeslot becomes a candidate timeslot for potential allocation of the selected code and is added to a list of candidate timeslots (step 110). Once the code is added to the timeslot, a weighted system load is computed for the timeslot at step 112 as follows:
- the next timeslot is selected from the list of available timeslots (step 116), and the process 100 returns to step 106.
- the process 100 determines whether there are any candidate timeslots (step 118). If there are no candidate timeslots, the process 100 indicates a failure of allocation of resources and rejects the requested code set (step 130). If there are candidate timeslots, a timeslot having a smallest weighted system load, SYSTEM ) j s selected thereby resulting in allocation of the selected code in the selected candidate timeslot (step 120).
- the allocated code is removed from a list of available code sets (step 122), and a list of candidate timeslots is reset (step 124).
- the DL measurement-based CAC process of the present invention uses a transmit carrier power of the target cell and neighboring cells in order to make an admission decision and assign physical resources to a requested call.
- the DL ISCP is predicted using carrier powers of neighboring cells.
- the information about carrier transmission powers of neighboring cells is available to a target cell. However, the information about a path loss from the WTRU to neighboring cells is not available to the target cell. Therefore, the DL ISCP is estimated as follows:
- X 2 is a random variable corresponding to a link gain between the WTRU and a neighboring tier 2 cell Node B
- ⁇ x and ⁇ 2 represent the mean link gains between the WTRU located in the target cell and the Node Bs serving tier 1 and tier 2 cells.
- the mean link gains are cell deployment-specific parameters which are set through OA&M.
- the WTRU path loss measurement is available to the target cell, such as during a handover, the WTRU path loss measurement is used as an input for calculating the target cell noise rise function. Otherwise, a path loss value parameter is used, which is set through OA&M. The path loss value parameter should be determined from the distribution of path losses measured throughout the target cell.
- the carrier power resulting from the addition of one or multiple codes in timeslot t of cell i is predicted as follows: A(i) x SIR ;
- Equation 13 where A( ⁇ ) and SIR represent respectively the path loss to the target cell and the sum of the chip-level SIR targets of the added codes.
- the increase of interference resulting from the addition of the code is applied to existing codes as well. This is achieved by multiplying the current transmission power by the noise rise.
- the resulting predicted carrier transmission power, P PRED (i,t) is expressed in Watts.
- Equation 14 Equation 16 is replaced by: (l01og 10 (R ⁇ £D (7,t))- ; ,) ⁇ P T MAX . (Equation 17)
- the allocation of the set of codes must satisfy WTRU capability requirements; otherwise, the allocation of the set of codes is rejected.
- FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a process 200 including method steps for implementing CAC based on DL measurements in accordance with the present invention.
- a code is selected from a list of available code sets (step 202).
- 3GPP third generation partnership project
- SF spreading factor
- a first timeslot is also selected for potential allocation amongst available timeslots (step 204).
- the set of available timeslots consists of all timeslots that are available for the requested service type, (e.g., RT or NRT), and direction, (i.e., UL or DL).
- the set of available timeslots is set through OA&M.
- the process 200 computes a predicted interference level and carrier transmission power of a target cell and a predicted interference level and carrier transmission power of neighboring cells for the selected timeslot assuming the selected code is added to the selected timeslot in accordance with Equation 12 and Equation 13 (or alternatively, Equation 14) (step 206). In Equations 12 and 13, the computation considers all codes from the code set that have already been allocated to the selected timeslot. [0043] The process 200 then verifies admission control by determining whether the estimated target cell carrier transmission power and a neighboring cell carrier transmission power are below predetermined thresholds, respectively (step 208).
- the selected code is added to the timeslot, at which point the timeslot becomes a candidate timeslot for potential allocation of the selected code and is added to a list of candidate timeslots (step 210). If either the estimated target cell carrier transmission power or the estimated neighboring cell carrier transmission power is not below the thresholds, the code is not added to the timeslot for allocation, and the process proceeds to step 214.
- a weighted interference level is computed for the timeslot at step 212 as follows: rPRED (j f 1 + rN t) . (Equation 18)
- the denominator, i - + ⁇ . i) ⁇ is a fragmentation adjustment factor, where ⁇ corresponds to the fragmentation adjustment parameter and ⁇ ' corresponds to the number of codes already assigned to this timeslot.
- the process 200 determines whether there are any candidate timeslots (step 218). If there are no candidate timeslots, the process 200 indicates a failure of allocation of resources and rejects the requested code set (step 230). If there are candidate timeslots, a timeslot having a smallest weighted interference level, 1 DL ⁇ ⁇ ) j s selected thereby resulting in allocation of the selected code in the selected candidate timeslot (step 220). The allocated code is removed from a list of available code sets (step 222), and a list of candidate timeslots is reset (step 224).
- step 226 the process 200 indicates a successful allocation of resources and returns a resource assignment solution for the call request.
- Figure 3 is a diagram of a wireless communication system model 300 in accordance with the present invention. There are a total of N + 1 cells CO-CN and the number of WTRUs mii-miN in cell Ci is N, + 1. The
- WTRUs mii-m.iN served by cell Ci are denoted by ⁇ mij ⁇ .
- the analysis presented hereinafter applies for both UL and DL.
- I y is an interference level seen by WTRU m j (for DL) or by a
- Node-B serving WTRU mj (for UL).
- This power is transmitted either by the WTRU mij (in case of UL) or by its serving Node-B (in case of DL).
- the load g, of cell Ci is defined as follows:
- Equation 22 can be re-written as follows:
- Equation 23 can be re-written as follows:
- Equation (32) can be rewritten as: (Equation 33)
- Equation 33 can be simplified to:
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an apparatus 400 used to implement CAC in accordance with the present invention.
- the apparatus 400 communicates with a core network 420 and a WTRU 430, and may reside in an RNC or a Node-B, or any other network entity which is responsible for CAC and radio resource allocation.
- the apparatus 400 includes a receiver 402, a code selector 404, a first calculation unit 406, a comparator 408, a second calculation unit 410, and a controller 412.
- the controller 412 initiates a CAC process in accordance with the present invention.
- the code selector 404 selects a code among available codes in response to the controller 412. The selected code is evaluated for potential allocation to each of available timeslots through calculation of an estimated target cell load and neighbor cell loads based on UL interference, or through calculation of an estimated target cell transmission power and neighbor cell transmission power based on DL interference.
- the first calculation unit 406 calculates a target cell load and a neighbor cell load for each available timeslot using Node-B measurements and assuming addition of the selected code.
- the comparator 408 compares the target cell load and the neighbor cell load with predetermined thresholds, respectively. If both the target cell load and the neighbor cell load are below the thresholds, respectively, the code is added to the timeslot for potential allocation.
- the second calculation unit 410 calculates a weighted system load for the timeslot.
- the controller 412 controls the overall process and selects a timeslot having a smallest weighted system load among candidate timeslots to allocate for the call request.
- the first calculation unit If the CAC is based on DL interference, the first calculation unit
- the 406 calculates a target cell transmission power and a neighbor cell transmission power for each available timeslot using Node-B measurements and assuming addition of the selected code.
- the comparator 408 compares the target cell transmission power and the neighbor cell transmission power with predetermined thresholds, respectively. If both the target cell transmission power and the neighbor cell transmission power are below the thresholds, respectively, the code is added to the timeslot for potential allocation.
- the second calculation unit 410 calculates a weighted interference for the timeslot.
- the controller 412 selects a timeslot having a smallest weighted interference among candidate timeslots to allocate for the call request. It is noted that the functions performed by the components with the apparatus 400 may be performed by more or less components as desired.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MXPA06005007A MXPA06005007A (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements. |
EP04810549A EP1687904B1 (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements |
DE602004014184T DE602004014184D1 (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | WIRELESS COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND DEVICE RELATING TO COMMON MEASUREMENTS |
JP2006539717A JP2007511180A (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | Wireless communication method and apparatus for performing call admission control based on common measurements |
CA002544795A CA2544795A1 (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements |
NO20062524A NO20062524L (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2006-06-01 | Tradlos communication method and apparatus for implementing call access control based on common measurements |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US51838003P | 2003-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | |
US60/518,380 | 2003-11-07 |
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WO2005048469A2 true WO2005048469A2 (en) | 2005-05-26 |
WO2005048469A3 WO2005048469A3 (en) | 2006-08-03 |
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PCT/US2004/037240 WO2005048469A2 (en) | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-05 | Wireless communication method and apparatus for implementing call admission control based on common measurements |
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US (1) | US20050117533A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1687904B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2007511180A (en) |
KR (2) | KR20060095778A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1985450A (en) |
AR (1) | AR046444A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE397331T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2544795A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602004014184D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2305898T3 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA06005007A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20062524L (en) |
TW (2) | TW200623919A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005048469A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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EP2181515A1 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-05-05 | Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (PUBL) | Code assignment in hs-scch less operation mode |
EP2989818A1 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2016-03-02 | Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy | Area/cell availability evaluation |
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GB2445393A (en) * | 2006-12-05 | 2008-07-09 | Roke Manor Research | Call admission control in a cdma communication system |
US8224326B1 (en) * | 2007-03-19 | 2012-07-17 | At&T Mobility Ii Llc | GSM rescue handover utilizing adaptive multirate half-rate |
US8218450B2 (en) * | 2007-05-24 | 2012-07-10 | Nec Corporation | Throughput estimation method and system |
KR101048456B1 (en) * | 2007-10-16 | 2011-07-11 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus and method for predicting cell load in a wireless access communication system |
US8559359B2 (en) * | 2008-04-29 | 2013-10-15 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Information exchange mechanisms to achieve network QoS in wireless cellular systems |
CN102823188A (en) * | 2010-02-11 | 2012-12-12 | 诺基亚西门子通信公司 | Assignment of component carriers |
EP2583498A2 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2013-04-24 | InterDigital Patent Holdings, Inc. | Home nodeb (hnb) mobility in a cell forward access channel (cell_fach) state |
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2004
- 2004-11-05 MX MXPA06005007A patent/MXPA06005007A/en unknown
- 2004-11-05 DE DE602004014184T patent/DE602004014184D1/en active Active
- 2004-11-05 KR KR1020067013851A patent/KR20060095778A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-11-05 ES ES04810549T patent/ES2305898T3/en active Active
- 2004-11-05 TW TW094115142A patent/TW200623919A/en unknown
- 2004-11-05 US US10/982,845 patent/US20050117533A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-11-05 JP JP2006539717A patent/JP2007511180A/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-11-05 TW TW093133912A patent/TWI287937B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-05 WO PCT/US2004/037240 patent/WO2005048469A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-11-05 KR KR1020067011023A patent/KR100709959B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-05 CA CA002544795A patent/CA2544795A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-11-05 EP EP04810549A patent/EP1687904B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2004-11-05 CN CNA2004800326227A patent/CN1985450A/en active Pending
- 2004-11-05 AT AT04810549T patent/ATE397331T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-11-08 AR ARP040104108A patent/AR046444A1/en active IP Right Grant
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2006
- 2006-06-01 NO NO20062524A patent/NO20062524L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP2181515A1 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-05-05 | Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (PUBL) | Code assignment in hs-scch less operation mode |
EP2181515A4 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2012-01-18 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Code assignment in hs-scch less operation mode |
US8582451B2 (en) | 2007-08-23 | 2013-11-12 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Code assignment in HS-SCCH less operation mode |
EP2989818A1 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2016-03-02 | Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy | Area/cell availability evaluation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MXPA06005007A (en) | 2006-07-06 |
TW200524450A (en) | 2005-07-16 |
AR046444A1 (en) | 2005-12-07 |
ES2305898T3 (en) | 2008-11-01 |
EP1687904A2 (en) | 2006-08-09 |
CN1985450A (en) | 2007-06-20 |
TW200623919A (en) | 2006-07-01 |
ATE397331T1 (en) | 2008-06-15 |
KR20060100459A (en) | 2006-09-20 |
TWI287937B (en) | 2007-10-01 |
NO20062524L (en) | 2006-08-01 |
EP1687904B1 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
US20050117533A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
JP2007511180A (en) | 2007-04-26 |
WO2005048469A3 (en) | 2006-08-03 |
KR20060095778A (en) | 2006-09-01 |
CA2544795A1 (en) | 2005-05-26 |
KR100709959B1 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
EP1687904A4 (en) | 2007-02-21 |
DE602004014184D1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
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