WO2005006173A9 - Data storage array - Google Patents
Data storage arrayInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005006173A9 WO2005006173A9 PCT/EP2004/051385 EP2004051385W WO2005006173A9 WO 2005006173 A9 WO2005006173 A9 WO 2005006173A9 EP 2004051385 W EP2004051385 W EP 2004051385W WO 2005006173 A9 WO2005006173 A9 WO 2005006173A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- storage units
- data storage
- data
- code
- check
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/08—Error detection or correction by redundancy in data representation, e.g. by using checking codes
- G06F11/10—Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out 9's or 11's
- G06F11/1076—Parity data used in redundant arrays of independent storages, e.g. in RAID systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/06—Digital input from, or digital output to, record carriers, e.g. RAID, emulated record carriers or networked record carriers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
- G06F2211/10—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/10
- G06F2211/1002—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/1076
- G06F2211/1057—Parity-multiple bits-RAID6, i.e. RAID 6 implementations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
- G06F2211/10—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/10
- G06F2211/1002—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/1076
- G06F2211/1059—Parity-single bit-RAID5, i.e. RAID 5 implementations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
- G06F2211/10—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/10
- G06F2211/1002—Indexing scheme relating to G06F11/1076
- G06F2211/1064—Parity-single bit-RAID3, i.e. RAID 3 implementations
Definitions
- the present invention relates to storage systems.
- the present invention relates to a system and a method for providing improved performance, protection and efficiency for an array of storage units.
- An "element” is a block of data on a storage unit.
- a "base array” is a set of elements that comprise an array unit for an Error or Erasure Correcting Code.
- An "array” is a set of storage units that holds one or more base arrays.
- a “stripe” is a base array within an array.
- n is the number of data units in the base array.
- r is the number of redundant units in the base array.
- m is the number of storage units in the array.
- d is the minimum Hamming distance of the array.
- D is the minimum Hamming distance of the storage system.
- lOw is the number of IOs to perform an update write.
- the present invention provides an array configuration that provides improved performance, protection and efficiency over conventional approaches.
- an array controller coupled to three data storage units and three check storage units: a (3 + 3) configuration, referred to herein as a RAID 3 + 3 array.
- Information is stored on the data storage subsystem as a symmetric Maximum Distance Separation code, such as a Winograd code, an EVENODD or a derivative of an EVENODD code, or a Reed Solomon code.
- the array controller determines the contents of the check storage units so that any three erasures from the data and check storage units can be corrected by the array controller. Failure of any three storage units, data and check, can occur before data stored in the data storage subsystem is lost.
- the array controller updates a block of data contained in array using only six IO operations while maintaining the contents of the check storage units so that any three erasures of the data storage units and the check storage units can be corrected by the array controller.
- Two of the IO operations are read operations and four of the IO operations are write operations. More specifically, the read operations read data from the data storage units that are not being updated, and the four write operations write data to the data storage unit being updated and to the three check storage units.
- Figure 1 shows a RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a graph comparing the relative protection of different conventional system configurations and a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3 shows a RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem according to an embodiment of the present invention in which the subsystem is configured as a plurality of stripes, each consisting of a RAID 3 + 3 base array, and in which the data and check elements are distributed among the storage units for minimizing access hot spots.
- the present invention provides a new storage system configuration that has significant advantages over previously conventional storage system configurations.
- the storage system configuration of the present invention provides the best combination of performance, protection and efficiency.
- the storage system configuration of the present invention also enables entirely new techniques for handling errors that increase the level of protection. See, for example, US Patent Application Serial No. 10/619,641 (Attorney Docket No. ARC920030014US1), entitled “Anamorphic Codes", US Patent Application Serial No. 10/619,649 (Attorney Docket No. ARC9-2003-0015US1), entitled “Autonomic Parity Exchange,” and US Patent Application Serial No. 10/619,633 (Attorney Docket No. ARC9-2003-0016US1) entitled “Multi-path Data Retrieval From Redundant Array", and each incorporated by reference herein.
- FIG. 1 shows a RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem 100.
- Subsystem 100 includes an array controller 101 , three data storage units A, B and C containing data and three check storage units P, Q and R containing redundant information.
- Data storage units A, B and C and check storage units P, Q and R typically are Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), but will be referred to herein as storage units because the present invention is applicable to storage systems formed from arrays of other memory devices, such as Random Access Memory (RAM) storage devices, optical storage device, and tape storage devices.
- HDDs Hard Disk Drives
- Storage units A, B, C, P, Q and R communicate with array controller 101 over interface 102.
- Array controller 101 communicates to other controllers and host systems (not shown) over interface 103. Such a configuration allows array controller 101 to communicate with multiple storage arrays.
- the configuration of storage subsystem 100 is referred to as a symmetric code in which the number of data storage units is the same as the number of redundant storage units, and is MDS.
- Array controller 101 calculates redundant information from the contents of the data units such that all the data can be recovered from any three of the six storage units.
- Winograd codes are highly efficient encodings that only utilize exclusive-OR (XOR) operations for computing the redundant data.
- XOR exclusive-OR
- Winograd codes for computing a 3 + 3 code as illustrated in US Patent Application Serial No. 10/600,593 (Attorney Docket No. YOR9-2003-0069US1) which is incorporated by reference herein.
- EVENODD code extensions to the EVENODD code that only utilize XOR operations, however they are less efficient than the Winograd codes. See, for example, M.
- RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem 100 The data efficiency of RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem 100 is Vz.
- the configuration of RAID 3 + 3 array 100 as a storage subsystem that is part of a larger storage system provides several advantages over conventional storage subsystems relating to failure resilience and write performance.
- RAID 3 + 3 subsystem 100 can tolerate failure of any three storage units without losing the data set.
- MDS Maximum Distance Separation
- the resilience to failure permits repairs to be made to RAID 3 + 3 storage subsystem 100 in a less urgent fashion for conventional RAID system configurations. That is, by providing more redundancy, the opportunity to repair a broken subsystem is increased, thereby allowing a longer interval before data loss occurs due to storage unit failures. Additionally, by keeping the number of storage units within the subsystem low, the chances of units failing within each subsystem is reduced in comparison to subsystems that use a larger number of storage units.
- Table 1 compares the data storage efficiency and write performance penalty of different conventional system configurations and a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the first (leftmost) column lists a number of conventional system configurations, including a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the second column shows the minimum Hamming distance
- the third column shows the data storage efficiency
- the fourth column shows the write performance penalty for the different system configurations listed in the first column to Table 1.
- the write performance penalty values represent the number of IO operations for small block writes.
- Figure 2 is a graph comparing the relative protection over a period of time of the system configurations listed in Table 1.
- the abscissa lists the system configurations, including a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the bars indicate the relative protection level provided by each respective system configuration, as quantified by the right ordinate.
- Horizontal line 201 at a protection level of 1 indicates a selected protection target of 1 data loss event per million storage units per 5 years.
- a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to the present invention provides the highest efficiency of the three rightmost system configuration, and has the same write behavior as a RAID 51 system configuration.
- a 3x Mirror system design sacrifices substantial efficiency for improved the write performance.
- a conventional updating technique is used for a linear MDS code to update parities based on changes in data.
- the conventional technique requires reading the old data from the data drive, reading the corresponding old parities from the parity drives, writing the new data, computing the new parities and writing the new parities to the parity drives.
- the conventional technique of updating parities based on changes in data will be referred to herein as the "forward method" of updating parities.
- the number of IOs to perform an update write for the forward method is:
- a second method that can be used for updating parity in an MDS code referred to herein as the "complementary method" of updating parities is:
- Equation 4 shows that array configurations having a high degree of redundancy thus have better IO efficiency by using the complementary method for updating parity.
- the complementary method also spreads the IO load more evenly among the storage units of the system because there is one IO per device - either a read or a write.
- the forward method involves read-modify-write operations on the accessed devices resulting in a more localized access pattern.
- the complementary method may also have better implementation characteristics when, for example, nearby data is cached.
- FIG. 1 Distributed parity can be used with a RAID 3 + 3 system configuration according to the present invention for avoiding hot spots.
- Hot spots can occur when data access patterns are localized.
- RAID 5 uses distributed parity (also called declustered parity) to avoid hotspots induced by having a dedicated parity storage unit (known as RAID 4).
- RAID systems using the forward update method will have hot spots on the parity units due to the read-modify-write operations. While RAID systems using the complementary update method avoid this type of hot spot, write activity will concentrate on the check units.
- Figure 3 illustrates one method for distributing parity across the storage units to achieve a balanced distribution of array elements.
- each storage unit has elements of all the (A, B, C, P, Q and R) types.
- storage units 1 are shown as the columns, with stripes " las the rows. The elements are rotated 1 unit to the right for each successive stripe.
- stripe configurations that can be utilized to avoid hot spots.
- the present invention has been described in terms of storage arrays formed from HDD storage units, the present invention is applicable to storage systems formed from arrays of other memory devices, such as Random Access Memory (RAM) storage devices, optical storage device, and tape storage devices. Additionally, it is suitable to virtualized storage systems, such as arrays built out of network-attached storage. It is further applicable to any redundant system in which there is some state information that associates a redundant component to particular subset of components, and that state information may be transferred using a donation operation.
- RAM Random Access Memory
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2532766A CA2532766C (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2004-07-07 | Data storage array |
EP04766143A EP1644819A2 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2004-07-07 | Data storage array |
JP2006519919A JP2009514056A (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2004-07-07 | Data storage array |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/619,648 | 2003-07-14 | ||
US10/619,648 US7254754B2 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2003-07-14 | Raid 3+3 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005006173A2 WO2005006173A2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
WO2005006173A9 true WO2005006173A9 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
WO2005006173A3 WO2005006173A3 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2004/051385 WO2005006173A2 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2004-07-07 | Data storage array |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US7254754B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1644819A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009514056A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100985444B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100495353C (en) |
CA (1) | CA2532766C (en) |
TW (1) | TWI338219B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005006173A2 (en) |
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-
2003
- 2003-07-14 US US10/619,648 patent/US7254754B2/en active Active
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2004
- 2004-07-07 EP EP04766143A patent/EP1644819A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-07-07 JP JP2006519919A patent/JP2009514056A/en active Pending
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- 2004-07-07 CA CA2532766A patent/CA2532766C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2004-07-07 KR KR1020067000066A patent/KR100985444B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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CN1902592A (en) | 2007-01-24 |
CA2532766A1 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
JP2009514056A (en) | 2009-04-02 |
CN100495353C (en) | 2009-06-03 |
WO2005006173A2 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
US20080126890A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
US20080016413A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
WO2005006173A3 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
US7788569B2 (en) | 2010-08-31 |
US20050015700A1 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
TW200515146A (en) | 2005-05-01 |
CA2532766C (en) | 2011-04-05 |
US7254754B2 (en) | 2007-08-07 |
EP1644819A2 (en) | 2006-04-12 |
KR20060052772A (en) | 2006-05-19 |
US8108750B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
KR100985444B1 (en) | 2010-10-06 |
TWI338219B (en) | 2011-03-01 |
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