WO2004112960A2 - Flow rate control - Google Patents
Flow rate control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004112960A2 WO2004112960A2 PCT/US2004/015838 US2004015838W WO2004112960A2 WO 2004112960 A2 WO2004112960 A2 WO 2004112960A2 US 2004015838 W US2004015838 W US 2004015838W WO 2004112960 A2 WO2004112960 A2 WO 2004112960A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- rate
- processing
- less
- flow
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/04—Preparation or injection of sample to be analysed
- G01N30/16—Injection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/26—Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns
- G01N30/28—Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier
- G01N30/32—Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier of pressure or speed
- G01N2030/324—Control of physical parameters of the fluid carrier of pressure or speed speed, flow rate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer
Definitions
- the invention relates to controlling the rate at winch a liquid sample flows through a system.
- LC liquid chromatography
- HPLC high performance LC
- ⁇ LC microcolumn LC
- Naive designs include both external and internal sample loops. Injection volumes of less than 100 nL are typically achieved using valves with internal sample loops where a groove in the rotor serves as the loop. Larger injection volumes can be achieved with either internal loops or external loops connected to the valve ports.
- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Devices for processing liquid samples are operated at a flow rate which is selected to give satisfactory results in a satisfactory time, and the liquid samples are conventionally prepared and conveyed at the same or a greater flow rate from a sample preparation site to the device.
- improved results are achieved if the sample is prepared and conveyed to the device at a flow rate which is substantially less than the flow rate through the device.
- the improved results can be attributed to a reduction in the dispersion of the sample, especially as it is prepared at and displaced from the sample preparation site.
- the low flow rate can also improve the uniformity of multiple samples prepared in the same way.
- this invention provides a method of processing a liquid sample, the method comprising
- (B) causing the sample to flow through the processing device at a processing rate; the loading rate, during at least part of the flow of the sample within the sample preparation site and/orof from the sample preparation site to the device, being substantially less than, preferably less than 0.75 times, e.g. 0.01 to 0.75 times, particularly 0.1 to 0.75 times, the processing rate during at least part of the flow of the sample through the processing device.
- this invention provides apparatus for processing a liquid sample, the apparatus comprising (1) a liquid sample preparation site;
- variable flow rate working fluid supply which is connected to the sample preparation site; whereby the working fluid supply can be operated to cause the sample to flow through the sample preparation site and from the sample preparation site to the processing device at a loading rate, and to flow through the processing device at a processing rate which is substantially higher than the loading rate.
- this invention provides a method of preparing a liquid sample, the method comprising
- the controlled loading rate is less than 500 nL/min, e.g. less than 100 nL/min; (2) the volume of the sample is less than 100 nL, e.g. less than 50 nL;
- the controlled time is 1-30 seconds, particularly 2-10 seconds, e.g. 2-5 seconds;
- the sample reservoir is a sample loop in, or associated with, a valve having an actuation time of 60-500, for example 80-200, e.g. about 100, milliseconds.
- Figures 1-3 illustrate an embodiment of the invention
- Figures 4-6 show the results of the experiments described in Examples 1-3.
- an apparatus “comprising” (or “which comprises”) components A, B and C can contain only components A, B and C, or can contain not only components A, B and C but also one or more other ingredients.
- the defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously, and the method can include one or more other steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all the defined steps.
- the term "at least” followed by a number is used herein to denote the start of a range beginning with that number (which may be a range having an upper limit or no upper limit, depending on the variable being defined). For example “at least 1” means 1 or more than 1, and “at least 80%” means 80% or more than 80%.
- a range is given as “ (a first number) to (a second number)” or “(a first number) - (a second number)""
- “from 8 to 20 carbon atoms” or “8-20 carbon atoms” means a range whose lower limit is 8 carbon atoms, and whose upper limit is 20 carbon atoms.
- the numbers given herein should be construed with the latitude appropriate to their context and expression.
- the terms “plural” and “plurality” are used herein to mean two or more.
- the volume of the sample is less than 500 nL, for example less than 100 nL, less than 50 nL or less than 10 nL, for example 1.2-43 nL, e.g. 20 nL.
- the sample is a nearly ideal, square pulse, sample.
- the sample is subject to HPLC separation with weakly retained compounds, including size exclusion chromatography and other isocratic separations.
- the liquid sample can be prepared from a sample source by any method. Many such methods are known. In many l ⁇ iown methods, a sample loop or other sample reservoir is filled from a sample source, and a sample of desired size (which maybe part or all of the contents of the reservoir) is displaced from the reservoir.
- the sample can for example be introduced into the reservoir by injecting the sample into the reservoir with a syringe, or by aspirating the sample into the reservoir (e.g. using a syringe to pull a vacuum), or by pumping the sample into the reservoir (for example as part of an on-line monitoring system)
- the reservoir can be completely filled or it can be partially filled with a known volume of the sample source.
- the filling is preferably continued until some of the sample source goes to waste, thus ensuring that the reservoir is full.
- the reservoir is partially filled, it is preferably filled with a known volume from the sample source in such a way that the sample does not reach the end of the reservoir.
- Particular methods include the use of valves having internal or external sample loops. Valves in which a groove in a rotor serves as a loop are particularly useful for the preparation of samples having a volume of less than 100 nL. Reference maybe made, for example, to the valves available from Rheodyne, Valco Instruments and Upchurch Scientific, and those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,290,909 and US Patent Publication No. 2002/0194909, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the sample is preferably driven from the sample reservoir by the pressure of a working fluid which is directed through the reservoir for a time which displaces a sample of the desired volume.
- a timed displacement also referred to as a moving, temporary or time-slice injection
- the reservoir has been partially filled with a known volume from the sample source, the whole sample is usually displaced (with some working fluid at each end of the sample). If the reservoir has been completely filled, the volume of the displaced sample is usually less than the volume of the reservoir.
- the sample is preferably driven through the sample preparation site and from the sample preparation site to the processing device, and through the processing device, by the pressure of a working fluid behind the sample.
- the working fluid is, therefore, one which does not have an adverse effect on the various parts of the apparatus through which it passes.
- the processing device is an LC column
- the working fluid is the mobile phase in the LC system.
- the working fluid can be a single compound or a mixture of compounds, and can be supplied from a single source or from a plurality of sources supplying the same or different working fluids. When there are a plurality of sources, their outputs can all be combined before any contact with the sample.
- the working fluid(s) from one or more sources can be used to displace the sample at the loading rate, and the working fluid(s) from one or more further sources can additionally be used to drive the sample at the processing rate.
- the mixing of working fluids from different sources can be achieved via diffusion or via passive or active devices.
- variable flow rate supplies are preferably used to supply the working fluid(s).
- the flow rate supply is continuously variable, can provide flow rates from 1 to 100,000 nL/minute into back pressures of up to 5000 psi (350 kg per cm 2 ) or higher, and has a response time of the order of seconds.
- Many such supplies are known, for example, direct electrokinetic pumps, electrokinetic flow controllers, electropneumatic pumps with and without hydraulic amplifiers, and mechanically actuated pumps.
- the supplies can be the same or different.
- information about the working fluid(s), e.g. composition, temperature, pressure, and mixing ratio, can be obtained by flow meters, thermocouples etc. and communicated to a controller which adjusts the variable rate working fluid source(s).
- a controller which adjusts the variable rate working fluid source(s).
- account can be taken of variables such as check valve leakage, pump seal leakage, deformation of mechanical seals, thermal expansion of components, and compression of working fluid(s).
- Suitable controllers, flow .meters, thermocouples etc. are well known.
- the controller can for example be a PLD servo-loop controller, and can include discrete analog and/or digital circuits, a dedicated microprocessor or a programmed computer.
- the flowmeter can for example be as disclosed in Enoksson et al, J.MEMS, 6, 119-125 (1997), U.S. Patent No. 6,386,050, or Carvalho et al, Appl. Opt., 33, 6073-7 (1994), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the flow meter preferably provides a continuous signal at all the desired flow rates (e.g. 10 to 100,000 nL/min) with a signal bandwidth faster than 1, preferably faster than 10, Hz.
- a preferred flowmeter comprises a capillary such that the pressure drop across it is at least 5% of the input pressure at the desired flow rate and at least one pressure sensor (preferably a pressure transducer having a volume of less than 10,000 nL) to measure the pressure drop across the capillary.
- the sample can be processed in any device. However the advantages of the invention are most apparent when the device comprises a conduit having an internal diameter of less than 2 mm, for example a ⁇ LC column. Flow Rates
- the rate at which the sample flows through the sample preparation site and from the sample preparation site to the processing device is referred to herein as the loading rate.
- the rate at which the sample flows through the processing device is referred to herein as the processing rate.
- the loading rate while the sample is moving through and out of the sample preparation site often has a greater influence on the dispersion of the sample than the loading rate during subsequent transfer of the sample to the device. This can be attributed to the relative complexity of the flow path of the sample at the preparation site. It is preferred, therefore, that the loading rate should be relatively slow at least until the sample has left the sample preparation site. This maybe, for example, for a time of 0.5 to 30 seconds. For optimum results, the relatively slow loading rate should be maintained until just before the sample enters the processing device. This maybe, for example, for an additional time of 0.5 to 30 seconds. It is, therefore, preferred that, during at least the first part (e.g.
- the loading rate is less than 0.75 times, e.g. 0.005 to 0.75 times, preferably 0.01 to 0.75 times, e.g. 0.1 to 0.75 times, the processing rate during at least part (e.g. at least 50%) of the time during which the sample flows through the processing device.
- the loading rate is 0.05 to 0.75 times, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 times, the processing rate.
- at least one of the loading rate and the processing rate is substantially constant.
- the time taken to increase the loading rate from a relatively low rate to a rate substantially equal to (within 5% of) the desired processing rate is preferably less than 5 seconds, particularly less than 1 second.
- the change in flow rate can be gradual or stepwise.
- the change from the loading rate to the processing rate can be timed or can be triggered, e.g. by an optical, electronic or electrochemical sensor.
- the processing rate is typically less than 100,000 nL/min.
- the loading rate is typically 50-500 nL/min, e.g. 100 nL/min
- the processing rate is typically 1,000 to 30,000 nL/min, e.g. 1000 to 15,000 or 3,000 to 4,000 nL/min.
- the loading rate might be 500-4000 nL/min and the processing rate 4000-30,000 nL/min; and for processing device comprising a conduit having an inner diameter of 50-200 micron, the loading rate might be 25-500 nL/min and the processing rate 100-4000 nL/min.
- Figures 1-3 illustrate one embodiment of the invention.
- First and second variable flow rate working fluid supplies 20A and 20B supply working fluids at flow rates measured by flow meters 24A and 24B respectively.
- Rotary valve 12 has six external ports 12A-12F. The outputs of the working fluid supplies are combined and delivered to port 12 A.
- Port 12B is connected via loading conduit 181 to ⁇ LC column 18, the output of which flows to detector 26.
- Ports 12C and 12F are connected to sample loop 30, which can be within the valve or external to the valve as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
- Port 12D is connected to a waste line.
- Port 12E is connected to sample source 28.
- a controller 22 controls operation of valve 12 and supplies 20A and 20B, using input from the flow meters, so that the apparatus operates a desired program, as further described below.
- the valve 12 can be in a sample injection position (shown in Figure 2) or in a sample loading position (shown in Figure 3). In the injection position, a sample previously loaded into the loading conduit 181 is injected into the column 18. Thus, as shown in Figure 2,
- ports 12Aand 12B are connected, and the combined working fluids drive a sample already present in loading conduit 181 through the column 18 and the detector 26, the sample flowing at the processing rate, and (ii) ports 12E and 12F and ports 12C and 12D are connected so that the sample loop 30 is at least partially filled from the sample source 28.
- ports 12A and 12F are connected, portsl2C and 12B are connected, and ports 12D and 12E are isolated, so that the combined working fluids load a sample from the sample loop into the loading conduit 181 at the loading rate.
- the valve was a Valco CN2 valve with a 250 nL external sample loop and was pneumatically actuated under computer control.
- the separation column had a length of 150 mm and an internal diameter of 0.3 mm, and was packed with a 3 micron diameter stationary phase (Phenomenax Luna C18).
- the detector had a volume of about 45 nL and a path length of about 4 mm.
- the sample was a mixture of uracil, acetophenone, propiophenone and butyrophenone with a buffer of 55%> methanol and 45%» water.
- the working fluid in each of the fluid supplies was a 55/45 percent mixture of methanol and water.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2525230A CA2525230C (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
US10/557,924 US7645388B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
AU2004249668A AU2004249668B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
EP04752790.8A EP1631811B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
JP2006533249A JP4716998B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
US12/625,194 US8673144B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2009-11-24 | Flow rate control |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/441,640 US6962658B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2003-05-20 | Variable flow rate injector |
US10/441,640 | 2003-05-20 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/441,640 Continuation-In-Part US6962658B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2003-05-20 | Variable flow rate injector |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/557,924 A-371-Of-International US7645388B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
US12/625,194 Division US8673144B2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2009-11-24 | Flow rate control |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2004112960A2 true WO2004112960A2 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
WO2004112960A3 WO2004112960A3 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2004/015838 WO2004112960A2 (en) | 2003-05-20 | 2004-05-19 | Flow rate control |
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US (4) | US6962658B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1631811B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4716998B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2004249668B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2525230C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004112960A2 (en) |
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2004
- 2004-05-19 US US10/557,924 patent/US7645388B2/en active Active
- 2004-05-19 EP EP04752790.8A patent/EP1631811B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2004-05-19 WO PCT/US2004/015838 patent/WO2004112960A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-05-19 CA CA2525230A patent/CA2525230C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-19 AU AU2004249668A patent/AU2004249668B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-05-19 JP JP2006533249A patent/JP4716998B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2005
- 2005-06-29 US US11/171,854 patent/US20050236314A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2009
- 2009-11-24 US US12/625,194 patent/US8673144B2/en active Active
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GB2454783A (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2009-05-20 | Waters Investments Ltd | HPLC constant flow pump to enable low-flow operation, wherein thermal-based sensors are contained within an isothermal block |
GB2454783B (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2009-10-28 | Waters Investments Ltd | HPLC constant flow pump to enable low-flow operation, wherein thermal-based sensors are contained within an isothermal block |
GB2429785B (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2009-11-18 | Waters Investments Ltd | Closed loop flow control of a hplc constant flow pump to enable low-flow operation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20050236314A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
US7645388B2 (en) | 2010-01-12 |
US8673144B2 (en) | 2014-03-18 |
US20040232080A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
EP1631811B1 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
US20070037293A1 (en) | 2007-02-15 |
EP1631811A4 (en) | 2011-11-02 |
JP2007504479A (en) | 2007-03-01 |
EP1631811A2 (en) | 2006-03-08 |
US20100086443A1 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
WO2004112960A3 (en) | 2005-04-21 |
CA2525230C (en) | 2013-08-27 |
AU2004249668A1 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
US6962658B2 (en) | 2005-11-08 |
JP4716998B2 (en) | 2011-07-06 |
CA2525230A1 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
AU2004249668B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
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