WO2004052187A1 - イメージング装置 - Google Patents
イメージング装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004052187A1 WO2004052187A1 PCT/JP2003/014641 JP0314641W WO2004052187A1 WO 2004052187 A1 WO2004052187 A1 WO 2004052187A1 JP 0314641 W JP0314641 W JP 0314641W WO 2004052187 A1 WO2004052187 A1 WO 2004052187A1
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- imaging apparatus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/06—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements
- A61B1/0638—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements providing two or more wavelengths
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/00002—Operational features of endoscopes
- A61B1/00004—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing
- A61B1/00009—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing of image signals during a use of endoscope
- A61B1/000094—Operational features of endoscopes characterised by electronic signal processing of image signals during a use of endoscope extracting biological structures
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/06—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements
- A61B1/0646—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements with illumination filters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B1/00—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor
- A61B1/06—Instruments for performing medical examinations of the interior of cavities or tubes of the body by visual or photographical inspection, e.g. endoscopes; Illuminating arrangements therefor with illuminating arrangements
- A61B1/0655—Control therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
- A61B5/0075—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
- A61B5/0082—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes
- A61B5/0084—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an imaging apparatus for performing a scattering imaging process on a living tissue.
- gastrointestinal tumor diseases such as esophageal cancer occur from the basal layer in the epithelial layer, which is the outermost layer of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
- the malignancy progresses in the direction in which atypical cells generated from the basal layer proliferate and replace the entire epithelium.
- This neoplastic change in the epithelium is accompanied by a pathological structural change, a so-called structural atypia, at the same time as an atypical cell unit, and presents an irregular tissue arrangement different from the normal pathological image.
- endoscopic diagnosis is to detect this type of tumor as early as possible. Early detection increases the likelihood of cure with minimally invasive surgery, such as endoscopic treatment.
- tumors such as esophageal cancer
- esophageal cancer are poorly defined (polyps or depressions) in the early stages and are not always easy to find.
- the backscattered light from the cell array on the epidermal surface is viewed as a polarization component in the same direction (for example, horizontal direction). Measured.
- the light that has propagated into the subepithelium becomes unpolarized due to the multiple scattering effect of constituents on cells and various tissues, and is observed as diffusely reflected light from the tissue surface.
- the magnitude of the multiple scattered light can be estimated.
- the effect of multiple scattering contained in the observation light (horizontal polarization), where the polarization is almost maintained, is corrected by differential operation, and single scattered light from cells on the epithelial surface layer is extracted.
- the single scattering phenomenon by cells can be modeled as Mie scattering by various spherical particles floating in the cytoplasm.
- the characteristics of Mie scattered light depend on the particle size of the scattered particles, the refractive index ratio with the surrounding medium (in this case, mainly the protoplasm), and the shape of the scattering spectrum depends on the observation wavelength. Of particular importance is the relationship between particle size and spectral shape.
- Cell nuclei are considered to be one of the main contributors to scattering in the epithelial layer, and the particle size estimated by the above method is considered to have a high correlation with the size of cell nuclei.
- estimating the size of the nucleus by this method means that the epithelial neoplastic change is Will be estimated.
- Optical element for generating and receiving polarized light When a polarizer is used, the energy of light is extremely reduced.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a simple scatter imaging by simply improving the light source device and the processor inside on the assumption that the existing endoscope optical system is used as it is. It is an object of the present invention to provide an imaging apparatus capable of performing the following. Disclosure of the invention
- An imaging device includes a light source device, an imaging device that converts a living body observation image into a video signal by using irradiation light from the light source device for observation, and a processor that generates a biological image from the video signal.
- the processor is configured to include a unit that generates a biological image having at least scattering characteristics due to a biological tissue as image information.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram showing a configuration of a scatter imaging apparatus
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of a rotary filter of FIG. 1
- FIG. Fig. 2 shows the spectral characteristics of the rotation filter
- Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the image processing circuit in Fig. 1
- Fig. 5 illustrates the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue where the scattering imaging device in Fig. 1 performs scattering imaging.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating the spectral characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract mucosal tissue of Fig. 5 that cause the desired scattering characteristics
- Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the spectrum estimator of Fig. 4, and Fig.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the processing flow of the spectrum estimating unit in FIG. 4
- FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the operation of the scattering feature calculating unit in FIG. 4
- FIG. 10 is a configuration of a modification of the rotary filter in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image processing circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 12 and 13 relate to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a configuration diagram showing the configuration of the scattering imaging apparatus.
- FIG. 13 is a configuration diagram of the rotary filter shown in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a body surface imaging device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 15 to 18 relate to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a configuration diagram showing the configuration of the image processing circuit
- FIG. 16 explains the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG. First figure
- Figure 1 7 is a second diagram illustrating the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG. 15,
- FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG.
- FIGS. 19 to 23 relate to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a configuration diagram showing the configuration of the image processing circuit
- FIG. 20 explains the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG. FIG. 1
- FIG. 21 is a second diagram illustrating the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG. 19
- FIG. 22 is a third diagram illustrating the operation of the image processing circuit of FIG. 19,
- an endoscope apparatus 1 constituting a scatter imaging apparatus includes an electronic endoscope 3 having a CCD 2 as an imaging unit that is inserted into a body cavity and images tissue in the body cavity. It comprises a light source device 4 for supplying illumination light to the electronic endoscope 3 and a video processor 7 for processing an image signal from the CCD 2 of the electronic endoscope 3 and displaying an endoscope image on the observation monitor 5.
- the light source device 4 includes a xenon lamp 11 that emits illuminating light, a hot-wire cut filter 12 that blocks heat rays of white light, and a diaphragm device 13 that controls the amount of white light via the hot-wire cut filter 12.
- a rotating filter 14 that converts illumination light into surface-sequential light, and a surface-sequential light that passes through the rotating filter 14 on the incident surface of a light guide 15 disposed in the electronic endoscope 3. It comprises a condensing lens 16 and a control circuit 17 for controlling the rotation of the rotary filter 14.
- the rotary filter 14 has a disk-like structure with the center as the rotation axis, and a filter for outputting plane-sequential light with spectral characteristics as shown in Fig. 3.
- the control circuit 17 controls the driving of the rotating filter unit 18 so that the rotating filter unit 14 is rotated.
- the video processor 7 includes a CCD driving circuit 20 for driving the CCD 2, an amplifier 22 for amplifying an imaging signal obtained by imaging the tissue in the body cavity by the CCD 2 via the objective optical system 21, and an amplifier. 23 A process circuit 23 that performs correlation double sampling, noise removal, etc.
- a white balance circuit 25 that performs white balance processing on the image data from the AZD converter 24, a selector 26 for synchronizing plane-sequential light with the rotating filter 14, and a synchronization memory 2 7, 28, 29, and image processing that reads out each image data of plane-sequential light stored in the synchronization memory 27, 28, 29, and performs gamma correction processing, contour enhancement processing, color processing, etc.
- a circuits 3 1, 3 2, 3 3 for converting to log signals and a synchronization signal synchronized with the rotation of rotation filter 14 from control circuit 17 of light source device 4 are input and various timing signals It comprises a timing generator 35 that outputs to the circuit, and a dimming circuit 43 that inputs the imaging signal that has passed through the process circuit 23, controls the diaphragm device 13 of the light source device 4, and performs appropriate brightness control. Is done.
- the image processing circuit 30 receives the image data from the synchronization memories 27, 28, and 29 and supplies data necessary for spectrum estimation to the estimation data supply unit.
- a color image generation unit 55 which determines the RGB value of each pixel and outputs it to the D / A circuits 31, 32 and 33 as an RGB image is configured. .
- estimation data supply unit 51 and the feature calculation data supply unit 53 are provided in the video processor 7 or in an external block.
- the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue such as the esophagus
- Tumors such as esophageal cancer originate in the basal layer, which separates the epithelial and mucosal layers. Tumors arising from the basal layer, with nuclear and structural atypia, replace the entire epithelium with atypical cells and progress to cancer through a so-called dysplastic state o
- the epithelial layer is composed of squamous epithelium and exhibits strong scattering properties due to its dense cellular structure. Also, Its scattering properties are wavelength-dependent and are considered to have a property that decreases from short to long wavelengths (thus, short-wavelength light is mostly scattered and reflected within the epithelium, and the submucosal layer thereafter) It is thought that there is little invasion to).
- short-wavelength light is more suitable than long-wavelength light in order to capture the change in scattering characteristics in the epithelium.
- imaging and a narrow-band multiband illumination case will be described below.
- a combination of broadband filters such as C-B, C-G, and C-R is usually used to obtain natural color reproduction. Is used.
- the three band lights illuminate the subject in chronological order, sequentially imaged by monochrome CCDs, synthesized by the video processor, and observed band images corresponding to each illumination light Allocated to the monitor's Blue, Green, and Red channels and displayed as a single blank image.
- the center wavelength of C-B, C-G, C-R will not be largely changed, and the half-width will be narrowed. By doing so, the contrast of the blood vessel image can be improved.
- a band is selected from short-wavelength light as described above.
- Cl, C2 and C3 in Fig. 6 correspond to these.
- the multiple band images of these short-wavelength castles are considered to represent the structure in the epithelium relatively better than the longer-wavelength bands (C4, C5, C6, C7).
- the band image corresponding to the Cl, C2, and C3 illumination light may be applied to the Blue, Green, and Red channels and reproduced as a single color image on the observation monitor. It is not clear how the information corresponds to the scattering properties and how the color change corresponds to any pathological changes (eg, the degree of structural atypia or the degree of swelling of the nucleus). Is not easy. As a result, even if an endoscopist observes such an image during an examination, it is difficult to contribute to early detection of the tumor.
- the spectral reflectance is estimated from the plurality of band images, and the estimated spectral reflectance is converted into a pathologically highly correlated feature based on the optical model of the living tissue.
- the purpose of this embodiment is to estimate the spectral reflectance of each pixel from a narrowband multiband image, It is to estimate a pathologically highly correlated amount based on an optical model, and to generate color information based on a change in the estimated extraordinary amount image.
- the narrow band images output from the synchronization memories 27, 28, and 29 (this embodiment assumes three bands, and corresponds to a short wavelength band; Cl, C2, and C3 as shown in FIG. 6) It is input to a spectrum estimator 52 provided in the image processing circuit 30.
- the spectrum estimating unit 52 obtains data necessary for spectrum estimation from the estimation data supply unit 51 provided in the image processing unit or the external block, and estimates the spectrum of each pixel.
- the estimated spectrum that is, the spectrum image is an input value of the scattering feature calculation unit 54.
- the scattering feature calculation unit 54 obtains data necessary for feature calculation from the feature calculation data supply unit 53 provided in the image unit or in an external block, and calculates several scattering features. At this point, each pixel has been assigned several scattering features.
- the scattering feature calculator 54 outputs the scattering feature image to the color image generator 55.
- the color image generation unit 55 calculates the display color based on the scattering characteristic image, determines the RGB values of each pixel to display the scattering as a color image, and sets the D / A circuits 31, 32, 33 as the RGB image. Output to
- each block (spectrum estimation unit 52, scattering feature calculation unit 54, and color image generation unit 55) will be described.
- the literature “V. Backman, R. Gur jar, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M.S. Feld,” Polarized Light Scattering Spectroscopy or Quantitative Measurement of Epithelial Cellular Structures in situ, "IEEE J. SeI. Top. Quunt urn Electron, 5, 1019-1026 (1999)”.
- "" indicates a vector (small letter) and a matrix (upper letter) with several elements.
- Equation (1) The relationship between the spectral reflectance of the subject and the pixel value of the observed multiband image is shown as the imaging equation of Equation (1).
- ⁇ is a pixel value sequence vector having the dimension of the number of bands (N; 3 in this embodiment).
- f is an object spectral reflectance column vector, and L values are discretized in the wavelength direction.
- n ⁇ is the noise column vector.
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the system matrix of L ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ composed of N vectors, which are the spectral sensitivity characteristics of each band.
- ⁇ is known and the spectral reflectance of the subject is estimated from the observed value g ⁇ .
- ⁇ ⁇ are known as spectral characteristics of the imaging system, such as the observation light spectrum, the spectral transmittance characteristics of the narrow-band filter, and the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the image sensor.
- Equation (2) shows the estimation matrix A in the Wiener estimation.
- the spectrum is estimated by multiplying the estimated matrix A from the right of the observation vector g. Therefore, the spectrum estimating means operates as a matrix calculator using the estimation matrix A set in advance.
- R represents the wavelength direction of the autocorrelation matrix of the subject spectrum to be estimated (LXL)
- R n one is the autocorrelation matrix of additive noise appearing as eta lambda by the formula (1).
- N can be estimated from the noise of the pre-measured imaging system (here, the total system combining the light source and the scope), and is known.
- R is the most important parameter that affects the validity of the estimated spectral reflectance.
- this autocorrelation matrix R is differentiated by assuming that the estimated spectrum is smooth in the wavelength direction (that is, there is no sharp wavelength change such as the emission line spectrum, and the characteristics are relatively gentle in the wavelength direction).
- the inverse of the operator matrix that is, a low-frequency emphasis filter is used in the spatial frequency domain
- the Markov transition matrix is used assuming that the spectral reflectance can be expressed by a statistical model such as a Markov model.
- an autocorrelation matrix R obtained from a spectrum estimated from a discrete particle structure model (hereinafter referred to as an optical model) of a biological tissue described later is used as the autocorrelation matrix R. '
- Living tissue is composed of various elements such as fibrous tissue, cells, lymphocytes, capillaries, cell nuclei, and organelles.
- the phase function and scattering coefficient of a particle of the same or slightly smaller size as the observed wavelength can be predicted by the Mie scattering model.
- the phase function indicates the probability that light incident from the direction s to the scattering main body will be scattered in the s' direction.
- the scattering coefficient is a parameter that indicates how many times a photon is scattered per unit distance.
- This Mie scattering model has 27T ma / A (human is wavelength, m is refractive index ratio, a is diameter of scattering main body) as parameters of the model. Since the refractive index ratio between the nucleus and the cytoplasm does not seem to change significantly, Me scattering can be said to be a model that predicts the scattering spectrum mainly with the scattering as a parameter.
- FIG. 7 shows a conceptual diagram of the particle size distribution.
- the actual particle diameter is considered to be about 0.4 / m for organelles to about 4m for cell nuclei. It is thought that the particle size distribution changes (from f 1 (d): f 2 (d), d is the particle diameter) as the structural variant progresses from the normal tissue, as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 6. Have been.
- the phase function and scattering coefficient are calculated from the particle size distribution function and the refractive index ratio between the particles and the surrounding medium (approximately 1.03, which is assumed to be the protoplasm as the surrounding medium). I do.
- the particle size distribution function a normal distribution or lognormal distribution can be applied.
- the optical coefficient is calculated from the Mie scattering model with respect to the fluctuation of the particle size distribution parameters (average and standard deviation) assumed for the target, and based on the calculated optical coefficient, the light propagation model is used.
- the spectrum is calculated by simulating the multiple scattering process.
- the light propagation model is advantageous in terms of calculation time as an analytical method, but there are methods such as the diffusion equation method, which has a large restriction on the degree of freedom of the model shape, and the Monte Carlo model, which requires a long time to calculate but has a large degree of freedom for the model shape. They can be used according to the situation.
- step S1 the particle size distribution parameters (mean, standard deviation) were obtained in step S1.
- step S3 the parameters of the particle size distribution are input to the Mie scattering model.
- step S3 the scattering coefficient and the phase function are output from the Mie scattering model.
- the Mie scattering model is applied for each particle size, the scattering coefficient and the phase function are calculated, and the particle size distribution is used as a weighted average as a weighting function. Perform scattering calculations.
- nuclear and structural variants associated with neoplastic changes in the epithelium are considered as changes in particle size distribution parameters (mean, standard deviation), spectral calculations are performed, and this is considered as prior knowledge.
- Constrain the solution space spectral space. That is, the autocorrelation matrix in Wiener estimation is calculated in advance from the spectrum distribution estimated from this model calculation.
- the spectral change according to the change in the particle size distribution parameters (variation in the mean and standard deviation) obtained from the pathological findings in step S4 is calculated using the Mie scattering model and the light propagation model. I do.
- step S5 a spectral distribution is formed in the spectral space according to the change in the particle size distribution parameters. Considering this as a population, the autocorrelation matrix in the wavelength direction of the spectrum is estimated.
- the optical model particle size distribution model + Mie scattering model + light propagation model
- the scattering spectrum in the epithelium is estimated using the autocorrelation matrix estimated in advance. Te the month, the estimation de Isseki supply section, HR, Ma Toridzukusu A calculated by equation (2) based on R n are stored.
- the spectrum fluctuation range for changes in the particle size distribution parameters (mean, standard deviation) is known in advance.
- the feature axis corresponding to the mean and standard deviation considered as scattering features is known as F 1 F2.
- the spectrum is distributed in the subspace spanned by Fl F2. Therefore, the projection value (flf2) and the brightness (for example, the area of the spectrum, etc.) from the calculated spectrum to FlF2 are set as the third values, and are used as scattering characteristics. Therefore, the spectrum of each feature axis is stored in the feature calculation data supply unit.
- the calculation in the calculation unit is the calculation of the inner product of the characteristic axis spectrum and the scattering spectrum.
- the scattered feature output from the scattered feature calculator 54 and the brightness of the spectrum are applied to, for example, the Blue and GreenRed channels to generate a color image.
- the relative scatter change that is, the degree of nuclear and structural atypia. Quantize at a predetermined level such as 8 bits and output as RGB signal.
- the characteristics of the present embodiment can be summarized by estimating the spectral reflectance corresponding to each pixel in a short wavelength region where the depth of penetration is relatively shallow and it is assumed that the characteristics within the epithelium are strongly reflected.
- the projection value on the feature axis corresponding to the previously determined particle size distribution parameter in the spectral space is assumed to be a scattering feature, and these extraordinary amounts of each pixel are assigned to a color channel and color information is used. Achieve scatter imaging. (effect)
- the present embodiment without using a special scope such as a polarization optical system, it is possible to perform imaging having a correlation with the scattering characteristic by calculating the narrow band filter and the processing in the processor. This makes it possible to visually recognize features that have been difficult to observe, such as structural irregularities.
- a rotating filter 14 equipped with a plurality of narrow-band filters 14 to C6 (see FIG. 6) as shown in FIG. 10 is used.
- a memory for the number of fill bands is provided so as to correspond to each narrow band fill image.
- the image processing circuit 30 includes a normal observation image generation unit and a spectrum estimation unit 52 + scattering feature calculation unit 54 described in the first embodiment.
- a contrast enhancement coefficient calculator for calculating an enhancement coefficient based on the output of the scattering feature calculator 54 is provided.
- one quantized value is calculated based on a value correlated with, for example, the average value of the particle size distribution or a combined feature using the standard deviation and the average. Based on this value, the spatial frequency emphasis coefficient may be determined for the luminance channel of the image generated by the normal observation image generation unit. This makes it possible to perform contrast enhancement based on the scattering features on the normal observation image.
- the separation is based on the assumption that these capillary images are dynamically high-frequency in spatial frequency, and that the scattered image itself forms a low-frequency image by multiple scattering.
- FIG. In the image processing circuit 30 having the form shown in FIG. A filter unit 61, 62, 63 corresponding to each narrow band image by the image is provided.
- the operation of the filter ring sections 61, 62, and 63 can be realized by a composition operation unit based on the FIR filter, and a high-frequency bandpass filter for separating capillary images and estimation of a scattering spectrum. And low-pass fill
- the output from the filter unit 61, 62, 63 corresponding to each narrow band image is the high frequency image C1H, C2H, C3H (subscript H) and the low frequency image Cl C3L (subscript L) is output, the low-frequency image is output to the scattering spectrum estimator 52, and the high-frequency image is output to the capillary blood vessel image generating means 64.
- the scattering spectrum estimating unit 52 calculates the autocorrelation matrix in the Wiener estimation from the in-epithelial backscattering spectrum distribution estimated from the discrete particle structure model to obtain the scattering. Estimate the spectrum.
- the capillary image generation unit 64 provides a clearer capillary image to the high-frequency image created from each band by appropriate noise elimination and, in some cases, a matched filter model of the blood vessel structure. Is generated and output to the image signal generation unit 65 as luminance information.
- the image signal generation unit 65 creates a scattering characteristic using a color map based on the output from the scattering spectrum estimating unit 52. On the other hand, by combining the capillary image as the luminance information, the scattering + capillary The blood vessel absorption image is output to the observation monitor 5.
- the present embodiment it is possible to perform imaging having a correlation with a change in scattering characteristics by using a narrow-band filter and an operation in a processor without using a special scope such as a polarization optical system. For example, it is possible to visually recognize ⁇ which has been difficult to observe in the past.
- a special scope such as a polarization optical system.
- the capillary images which are absorption images, in advance by the spatial filtering means, it is possible to prevent the accuracy of spectroscopic reflectance estimation from deteriorating, and at the same time, to detect capillary patterns and scattering images that are important for differential diagnosis. It is possible to combine and display.
- the rotary filter 14 of the present embodiment has a The first filter set for outputting narrow-band plane-sequential light with the spectral characteristics of C1 to C3 shown in Fig. 6 is provided on the outer diameter part. Constituting C1 fill 1 4 C1, C 2 fill 1 4 C2, C3 fill 1 4 C3 are arranged, and the inner diameter part is the field sequential light of the spectral characteristics of C4 to C6 shown in Fig. 6.
- the rotary filter 14 is rotated by the drive control of the rotary filter motor 18 by the control circuit 17, and moves in the radial direction (the optical path of the rotary filter 14).
- the first filter set or the second filter set of the rotary filter 14 is selectively moved on the optical path) by the mode switching circuit 42 in the video processor 7.
- the mode is switched by the control signal.
- Power is supplied from the power supply unit 10 to the xenon lamp 11, the aperture device 13, the rotary filter 18 and the mode switch 19.
- the electronic endoscope 2 is provided with a mode changeover switch 41, and an output of the mode changeover switch 41 is output to a mode changeover circuit 42 in the video processor 7.
- the mode switching circuit 42 of the video processor 7 outputs a control signal to the dimming circuit 43, the dimming control parameter switching circuit 44, and the mode switching mode 19 of the light source device 4.
- the dimming control parameter overnight switching circuit 44 outputs to the dimming circuit 43 the dimming control parameters corresponding to the first fill set or the second fill set of the rotating fill set 14.
- the dimming circuit 4 3 controls the aperture device 13 of the light source device 4 based on the control signal from the gate switching circuit 42 and the dimming control parameter from the dimming control parameter switching circuit 44. And perform appropriate brightness control.
- the normal observation light can be obtained by using the C4 fill filter 14 C4, the C5 fill filter 14 C5, and the C6 fill filter 14 C6. Enables observation in the body cavity.
- the imaging device is provided in the endoscope, and the scatter image of the tissue in the body cavity is provided.
- T JP2003 / 014641 is performed has been described.
- a scattering imaging apparatus capable of irradiating a body surface with narrow-band light and detecting skin cancer or the like will be described.
- a hood 81 that comes into contact with the skin a light guide 82 arranged in a ring shape, an objective optical system and a CCD are used.
- a body surface imaging device 84 having an imaging unit 83 at the tip is provided.
- the hood 8 1 is brought into contact with the skin, and the light guide 8 2 irradiates narrow-band plane-sequential light having the spectral characteristics of C 1 to C 3 from the light source device 4, and the image is captured by the imaging unit 83, and the imaging signal is obtained. Is transmitted to the video processor 7.
- the same function and effect as those of the first embodiment can be obtained on the body surface, and skin cancer and the like can be detected. .
- the gastrointestinal mucosa such as the esophagus has a layered structure. Early cancer develops and spreads mainly in the surface. Therefore, in order to detect cancer at an earlier stage, it is necessary to visualize the pathological changes occurring in the mucosal surface.
- the reflected light from the living body generally responds to changes in the layers below the surface layer (first layer) (second layer) since the mucosal surface layer is very thin.
- the change is scattering 'absorption, specifically, pathological structure and blood vessel density.
- a mapping to the scattered minute amount is obtained from an observation value that is a spectral image value or a multiband image value.
- the characteristic calculation data supply unit 53 stores a digestive tract mucosa mapping data 100 for each organ, which will be described later, obtained by multiple discriminant analysis. , Gastric mucosa mapping data, esophageal mucosa mapping data, etc. are stored. Based on the organ selection signal from the input means (not shown), the corresponding digestive tract mucosal mapping data 100 is read out from the feature calculation data supply unit 53, and the scattering feature is calculated.
- the digestive tract mucosa mapping data 100 stored in the feature calculation data supply unit 53 will be described.
- the structure of the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue such as the esophagus is described in Fig. 5.
- the image processing circuit 30 estimates the spectrum.
- the spectrum estimated in Part 52 strongly reflects the effect of the second layer, and the spectral changes that assume the cell swelling of the first layer are masked.
- a mapping to a subspace in which the influence of the second layer is small in the observation spectrum space and the scattering characteristics of the first layer are emphasized is obtained, and the obtained mapping is obtained by mapping the gastrointestinal mucosa map. It is stored in the feature calculation data supply unit 53 as 00.
- Such a mapping by means of a well-known multiple discriminant analysis, under the condition of minimizing the variation depending on the change in the property of the second layer, the change depending on the change in the property of the first layer, in this case the scattering feature.
- ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ It can be obtained as a linear mapping that maximizes the vector change.
- the class means a set that has the same scattering characteristics of the target layer such as epithelium in early esophageal cancer.
- the target layer such as epithelium in early esophageal cancer.
- Fig. 16 since two classes are drawn, it shows a data set having two types of epithelium with different scattering characteristics.
- mapping to the multiple discriminant space means a transformation that maximizes the distance between classes under the condition of minimizing the spread within the class depicted in Fig. 16. (If the mapping is linear in two classes, Is known as Fisher's linear identification).
- the spectrum of the biological tissue in Fig. 16 is transformed into a space where the distance between classes (variance between classes) is reduced and the variation within classes (variance within classes) is minimized as shown in Fig. 17 Is mapped to
- the intra-class variance and the inter-class variance can be calculated by, for example, a light scattering simulation.
- the scattering properties of the living tissue in the layer to be the target, such as the epithelium are emphasized while minimizing the influence of the absorption and scattering properties of the layers other than that layer.
- the image processing circuit 30 In step S52, the spectrum estimating unit 52 receives the image data from the synchronization memories 27, 28, and 29, and the spectrum estimating unit 52 receives the biological image from the estimating data supplying unit 51 in step S52.
- the vector of each pixel is estimated based on the vector self-correlation data
- the scattering feature calculation unit 54 maps the gastrointestinal mucosa mapping data for mapping in the space where the intra-class dispersion and the inter-class dispersion are optimized. Evening 100 is read from the feature calculation data supply unit 53 based on the organ selection signal, and the scatter feature is calculated.
- the color image generation unit 55 receives the scatter feature from the scatter feature calculation unit 54. Based on the image, the display color is calculated, the RGB values of each pixel are determined to display the scattering features as a color image, and the RGB values are output to the D / A circuits 31, 32, and 33 as RGB images.
- the color image generation unit 55 assigns each axis constituting the scattering feature space to one RGB color channel, assuming that the scattering feature obtained by the multiple discriminant analysis is three-dimensional. Each axis, maximum and minimum are defined in advance, and the range of each color channel is allocated within that range.
- Another color allocation method is to allocate information to maximize contrast in the image.
- An image is input to the processing unit on a frame (or field) basis, and data is mapped to the scattering feature space on the screen. Data is distributed in the scattering feature space according to the number of pixel values in the screen.
- the direction of the maximum variance should be the direction that reflects the inter-class variance, that is, the change in scattering characteristics. Therefore, the mapping value to the maximum variance axis is obtained using a general method such as KL expansion.
- One point on the maximum variance axis is determined as a reference point, and colors are assigned to images according to the distance from that point. Colors are assigned in the direction of hue, such as by assigning them in the hue direction.
- a value obtained by correcting the gain balance for the multiband image value may be used as it is, and in this case, the spectrum estimating unit 52 is not required.
- the gain balance is corrected by adjusting the spectral reflectance of a white plate or the like! Image of the subject, and adjust the gain so that the intensity ratio between the observed multiband image values is the ratio calculated from the spectral product of each band characteristic and the spectral reflectance of the subject whose spectral reflectance is known. Do.
- the scattering characteristics of the living tissue in a layer that is an overnight target such as the epithelium are minimized by the influence of the absorption / scattering characteristics of other layers. Since the emphasis is given in a suppressed state, the visibility is further improved.
- the image processing circuit 30 is configured to control the blood vessels in the second layer (the entire lower layer below the base layer in FIG. 5) from the image data from the synchronization memories 27, 28, and 29.
- intra-class variance (intra-class variance) is calculated, and a feature calculation data supply unit 5 3
- map updating unit 112 that updates the digestive tract mucosal mapping data 100 stored in the storage unit based on the calculated intra-class variance.
- the surface layer In the case of living tissue having a layered structure such as the esophageal mucosa, the surface layer often has a characteristic blood vessel structure, as shown in FIG. Observation of a biological tissue with such a structure in bands with different center wavelengths shows that the blood vessels in the surface layer are reproduced on the short wavelength side and the blood vessels in the middle and deep layers are reproduced on the long wavelength side, as shown in Figs. 21 and 22. (See, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2000-9563, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-34893, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-34809, etc.) .
- the epithelium characteristics are the same at the position with and without the blood vessel and the characteristics of the other layers are different, and the intra-class variance can be inferred from these data sets.
- step S71 the blood vessel structure extracting unit 111 extracts a blood vessel position from the RGB image using an image on the long wavelength side (for example, a B image).
- General methods such as threshold processing and spatial frequency filtering can be applied to the extraction of the blood vessel position.
- step S72 the mapping update unit 112 collects a large number of pixels at the blood vessel position and pixels that do not include blood vessels, calculates the intra-class variance in step S73, and supplies the feature calculation data supply unit 5 Update the digestive tract mucosal mapping data 100 stored in 3 based on the calculated intra-class variance.
- the blood vessel structure extraction unit 111 extracts the blood vessel position from the RGB image using the image on the long wavelength side (for example, B image).
- the observation unit may be illuminated using a band filter for the image.
- the illumination light is divided into bands on the light source side to irradiate the light to obtain a multi-band image.
- the present invention is not limited to this. It may be configured to obtain an image.
- the imaging apparatus according to the present invention is useful as an apparatus for imaging scattering characteristics due to internal tissues as image information.
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Abstract
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US10/534,921 US8000776B2 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-11-18 | Imaging apparatus |
EP03812683A EP1576920B1 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-11-18 | Imaging device |
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JP2003-314206 | 2003-09-05 | ||
JP2003314206A JP4632645B2 (ja) | 2002-12-12 | 2003-09-05 | イメージング装置およびプロセッサ装置 |
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EP1576920A4 (en) | 2008-09-10 |
JP2004202217A (ja) | 2004-07-22 |
US8000776B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
JP4632645B2 (ja) | 2011-02-16 |
US20060241349A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
EP1576920B1 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
EP1576920A1 (en) | 2005-09-21 |
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