WO2002093694A2 - Method of monitoring an optical signal from a laser - Google Patents
Method of monitoring an optical signal from a laser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002093694A2 WO2002093694A2 PCT/US2002/014969 US0214969W WO02093694A2 WO 2002093694 A2 WO2002093694 A2 WO 2002093694A2 US 0214969 W US0214969 W US 0214969W WO 02093694 A2 WO02093694 A2 WO 02093694A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- optical signal
- solid state
- state laser
- monitoring
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/068—Stabilisation of laser output parameters
- H01S5/0683—Stabilisation of laser output parameters by monitoring the optical output parameters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/005—Optical components external to the laser cavity, specially adapted therefor, e.g. for homogenisation or merging of the beams or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/022—Mountings; Housings
- H01S5/0225—Out-coupling of light
- H01S5/02251—Out-coupling of light using optical fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/022—Mountings; Housings
- H01S5/023—Mount members, e.g. sub-mount members
- H01S5/02325—Mechanically integrated components on mount members or optical micro-benches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/42—Arrays of surface emitting lasers
- H01S5/423—Arrays of surface emitting lasers having a vertical cavity
Definitions
- the field of the invention relates to solid state lasers and more particularly to monitoring an output of a solid state laser.
- Solid state lasers are generally known. Such devices are typically constructed by coupling a light-emitting diode to a resonant cavity.
- a vertical cavity surface emitting laser is one type of solid state laser.
- 850 nm VCSELs may be built in the AlGaAs/GaAs material system and fabricated on a GaAs substrate.
- the active region of the VCSEL consists of multiple quantum wells, but, unlike edge-emitting lasers, the mirrors are formed during epitaxial growth using distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs).
- DBRs distributed Bragg reflectors
- the GaAs substrate functions to absorb photonic energies greater than the GaAs bandgap.
- DBR distributed Bragg reflector
- VCSELs need some form of power control to maintain a constant output. Such power control could be performed automatically by measuring an output of a light emitting device during operation and using this measurement to control the power supplied to the light emitting device.
- Such control may be easily achieved when the light emitting device is an edge emitting laser because edge emitting lasers output light from two ends thereof.
- one output may be used for the desired application, while the other output may be used for the power control.
- Previous attempts to monitor the power of VCSELS typically involve splitting off a portion of the output beam to use as a monitor beam. However, such splitting off obscures part of the beam which may affect the wavefront and imaging, and hence coupling, of the light. Further, if the intensity distribution changes, such as when there is a change in lasing mode, the monitored power may change in a way which does not represent the overall output power of the VCSEL within a desired lasing mode.
- splitting off a portion of the beam may require that the output of the VCSEL to be increased in order to maintain the requisite power level at a laser receiver while allowing the monitoring function.
- Previous methods of scattering the beam to create a monitor beam relied on reflection for directing the beam and did not provide an optimal signal to the monitor detector. Further, previous scattering did not insure the entire beam was being monitored. Beam splitting may also require complex optical reflecting components that can be costly and involve precise alignment steps.
- the invention uses light from the VCSEL that is divergent from the optical signal entering the optical waveguide. In other words, light not entering the waveguide because of natural optical losses is thus utilized for the purpose of monitoring the VCSEL.
- light that would otherwise be scattered or absorbed (lost' light) more light is transmitted down an optical fiber, and signal integrity may be preserved.
- a method and apparatus are provided for monitoring an optical signal from a solid state laser.
- the method includes the steps of providing a planar substrate defined by opposing planar surfaces and a substrate edge that together define a substrate volume that is transparent to an optical signal from the solid state laser, disposing the solid state laser on one of the opposing planar surfaces of the planar substrate such that a first portion of the optical signal travels directly through the planar substrate substantially orthogonal to the opposing planar surfaces and a second portion of the optical signal is reflected between the opposing planar surfaces of the planar substrate and passes out of the substrate through the substrate edge, and disposing an optical detector proximate the edge of the planar substrate to detect the second portion of the optical signal.
- FIG. 1 depicts an optical communication system in accordance with an illustrated embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 depicts a side view of the laser transmitter system that may be used with the system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 depicts a detailed view of a portion of the laser transmitter system in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4a depicts a side view of the substrate and laser array
- FIG. 4b depicts a detailed view of the substrate and laser array of FIG 4a
- FIG. 5 a depicts another side view of substrate and laser array
- FIG. 5b depicts a detailed view of the substrate and laser array of FIG 5a.
- FIG. 6 depicts another view of the laser transmitter system.
- FIG. 1 depicts a simplified laser communication system 10, shown generally under an illustrated embodiment of the invention.
- an information signal is coded under an appropriate format within an encoder 12.
- An output of the coder 12 may be provided as a control signal to a laser driver 14 that may, in turn, provide a driving signal to a solid state laser 16.
- the laser 16 may convert the electrical driving signal into an optical signal that may then be transmitted through a waveguide 24 to a remote location.
- a detector 20 may convert the optical signal back into the electrical domain.
- a decoder 22 may retrieve the information signal for use locally.
- a feedback and monitoring circuit 18 may be provided to monitor the output of the laser 16. As an output of the laser 16 changes, a photonics detector 30 may detect the optical signal and a monitoring circuit 18 may adjust a gain of the driving circuit 14 as appropriate to maintain a constant transmission signal.
- FIG. 2 Shown in FIG. 2 is the laser transmitter system 16, 30 of FIG. 1. Included in the system may be the laser array 16, an optically transparent substrate 52 to which the laser 16 is attached, a printed circuit board 56, and a photonics detector 30 (e.g., a PIN photodiode).
- the laser array 16 may be mechanically attached to the substrate with an appropriate adhesive (not shown).
- the laser array 16 may be electrically attached to the signal driver 14 (shown in FIG. 1) by conventional electrical traces 62 and stud bumps 72.
- the stud bumps 72 may also function to structurally support the laser array 16 to the substrate 52.
- the traces 62 may traverse both portions of the substrate 52 as shown, electrically attaching the laser array 16 to the signal driver (shown in FIG. 1).
- the array 16 could also be mechanically and electrically attached by solder balls rather than stud bumps.
- the printed circuit board, or PCB, 56 may be any suitable material such as FR4, ceramic interconnect, or the like.
- the PCB 56 may have a plurality of electrical and optical devices for signal processing, as well as electrical traces and electrical pads (not shown on the PCB 56 in the figure).
- the optically transparent substrate 52 may be attached to the PCB 56 by any conventional method (i.e., solder, adhesive, etc.).
- the substrate 52 may comprise a glass or glass like structure having suitable optical and structural properties, (other materials that have been found to display suitable properties include plastic and ruby crystal).
- the substrate 52 shown in FIG. 2 contains two planar sections 64, 66 that may be separated by a ninety degree angle (details of the substrate 52 will be discussed in further detail below).
- the laser array 16 can be any suitable photonic device or array of photonic devices. Yet, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the laser array is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array.
- the laser array 16 may have a number of optical ports 50 (FIG. 6) for coupling light to a respective optical device, such as a waveguide 24.
- the number of optical ports 50 in the laser array 16 is not limited in any way.
- the array 16 could have 1 or n optical ports 50.
- the optical ports 50 may provide transmission paths 60 that pass directly through the substrate 52 to which the laser array 16 is attached, as shown in the FIG. 2.
- an optical detector 30 Also shown in FIG. 2 is an optical detector 30 that may be electrically and mechanically attached to the PCB 56.
- the detector 30 is positioned to receive a portion of light energy from the laser array 16 as shown. Within the detector 30, the light energy may be detected and converted into an analog feedback signal. The analog signal, in turn, may be coupled to an inverting amplifier 32 (FIG. 1). The monitoring circuit 18 may in turn use the signal from the inverting amplifier 32 to adjust the gain on the laser driver 14 as appropriate.
- the feedback signal may be used to maintain a laser output appropriate to provide an adequate level of energy impinging upon the detector 20.
- the level of the feedback signal may fall.
- the inverting amplifier 32 may increase a gain of the driver 14 thereby compensating for loss of laser energy.
- the optically transparent substrate 52 may comprise a glass or glass like structure displaying adequate optical and structural properties.
- the substrate 52 may first be fabricated in a planar form.
- the optical array 16, and electrical contacts 62 and 72, may all be disposed on a first surface 80 of the substrate 52.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the substrate 52 having a ninety degree bend to allow optical signals to travel substantially parallel to the PCB 56.
- the ninety degree bend in the substrate 52 may be formed by breaking the substrate along a groove 68 and rotating a portion of the substrate 52 about the groove 68. After breaking, the substrate 52 may then become a two-member assembly, having relatively rigid planar elements 64 and 66.
- the groove 68 shown in the enlarged side view of FIG. 4b, may be formed on a second surface 82 of the substrate 52.
- the groove 68 may be formed at any location on the second surface 82.
- the groove 68 could be formed using a conventional laser ablation, laser scribing, or mechanical scribing process.
- the groove 68 may traverse the width while not extending through the thickness of the substrate 52, as illustrated in FIG. 4b (i.e., about 80% through the thickness). If the groove 68 is formed completely through the thickness of the substrate, the electrical traces 62 could be damaged or separated.
- the preferred method of forming a groove 68 in the substrate is the conventional laser ablation technique.
- the substrate 52 Upon forming the groove 68 partially through the substrate 52, the substrate 52 could be placed in a mechanical fixture that breaks the substrate 52 by rotating the planar elements 64, 66 about the groove 68.
- the broken substrate 52 with first and second planar elements 64 and 66 may then have an abutting common edge 84, as shown in FIG. 5b.
- the first and second planar elements 64, 66 may be rotated to any angle, with respect to each other, about the common edge 84 (e.g., the planar elements may form a desired angle of ninety degrees on one side and 270 degrees on the other side).
- the conductive traces 62 traversing the substrate 52 may structurally and electrically interconnect the two planar elements 64, 66.
- the conductive traces 62 traversing the two planar elements may also form a hinge 86 extending the width of the substrate 52 (the hinge 86 being located along the common edge 84).
- the vertical planar element 66 may be rotated along the hinge 86 to any desired angle. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vertical planar element 66 is broken and rotated ninety degrees, forming a ninety-degree angle with the substrate's horizontal planar element 64 as part of a single manufacturing step.
- Rotating of the substrate to the desired angle in a single step could more quickly and efficiently complete the assembly process of the substrate 52 and two subsections 64, 66. That is, the planar substrate 52 could be broken and rotated to the desired angle by necessarily rotating the second planar element 66 of the substrate 52 about the hinge 86, thus eliminating the separate specific manufacturing process of breaking the substrate 52. Rotating the vertical planar element 66 of the substrate 52 to the desired angle allows the transmission axis 60 of the optical array 16 to be aligned parallel to the PCB 56 and the horizontal planar element 64 of the substrate 52, further promoting planarity and manufacturability.
- the vertical planar element 66 may further be held in place by a conventional adhesive and/or polyimide (not shown) applied to the first surface 80 of the substrate 52 near the hinge 86 and common edge 84.
- a retaining structure (not shown) could be placed near the second surface 82 of the vertical planar element 66 such that the structure substantially prevents the element 66 from rotating about the hinge 86 from the desired angle. If the angle of the vertical planar element 66 deviates from its nominal position (i.e., the desired angle) with respect to the horizontal planar element 64, optical signals may not be properly aligned to the optical waveguide 24.
- the vertical planar element 66 As light from the optical array 16 is transmitted through the vertical planar element 66, the majority of the light then passes through the substrate 66 and into an appropriate optical waveguide 24. Yet, a portion of the light 58 is not able to escape the substrate 66. That is, some light enters the substrate 66 and is internally reflected. This portion of the light 58 has the critical angle necessary to be reflected within the substrate 66. The internally reflected light 58 may traverse through the length of the vertical planar element 66 and may in turn be used as a feedback signal to monitoring circuit 18, as further described.
- the processes of forming the groove 68 in the substrate 52 and breaking the substrate 52 causes microscopic irregularities to form in the break region 88 planar elements 64, 66.
- the irregular surfaces in the break region 88 are similar in structure and function to a roughened or unpolished end of an optical fiber. When light is transmitted down an optical fiber and strikes an unpolished end on a transparent substrate, the light is scattered. A portion of the light is reflected back down the fiber, and a portion of the light is absorbed at the fiber end. Yet, some light exits the fiber through the roughened surface. This light may exit the fiber at a different angle than which it struck the unpolished surface.
- the irregularities in the substrate 52 are then similar in structure to a roughened optical fiber.
- a portion of the light 58 striking a broken edge 74 of the vertical planar element 66 may be allowed to escape the substrate 66 and impinge on the detector 30.
- This light 58 in turn may be used as the feedback monitoring signal coupled to the monitoring circuit 18.
- the feedback photonics detector 30 may be disposed on the PCB 56 such that it receives light 58 exiting the broken edge 74 of the substrate 66.
- the feedback photonics detector 30 can be situated at or near the broken edge 74 of the vertical planar element 66 to collect light from the optical array 16.
- the detector 30 can be any conventional/suitable photodiode or photonics detector.
- the detector 30 could also be attached to the optically transparent substrate 52, and is not limited to a specific location.
- the preferred method of use attaches the detector 30 to the PCB 56 near the break region 88 of the substrate 52.
- the feedback photonics detector 30 is used to detect a net change in optical power output from the optical array 16.
- FIG. 6 shows a front view of the laser communications system 10. In this view, optical signals being transmitted to the optical waveguide 24 (shown in FIG. 2) come out of the page.
- the detector 30 is adapted to receive reflected and scattered light 58 from all the optical ports 50 of the optical array 16. Since the operating characteristics of optical devices on the same wafer/optical array 16 tend to behave similarly, the detector 30 receives light 58 from all the optical ports 50, and the monitoring circuit 18 looks for a change in power output from the optical array 16. As the power output of the optical array 16 reduces, the light input 58 to the detector 30 accordingly reduces.
- the use of one photodetector 30 can provide an appropriate feedback signal that can in turn instruct the laser driver 14 to increase output power accordingly.
- the output of the individual ports 50 may be measured individually under a multiplexing format.
- a multiplexing circuit 90 within the driver 14 may individually activate the ports 50 on start up and measure an output of each port 50.
- the multiplexing circuit 90 may monitor for those events where only a single port 50 or a small number of ports 50 are active.
- a simple summing equation may then be used to determine the specific output of each port 50 and to adjust a driver level accordingly.
- one photodetector 30 to provide feedback for all the optical ports 50 has cost and manufacturing advantages. If, instead, one photodiode were to be used to monitor each optical port of the optical array, the overall cost of the communications device would increase. In addition, manufacturing yield would decrease if additional optical components were added to the system, and optical diodes tend to have a greater fallout rate than passive optical components.
- Another advantage of the present invention lies in the source of light providing the feedback signal.
- Optical signals that would normally be lost due to scattering and/or reflection are, instead used to provide optical feedback to improve and optimize performance of the optical transmitter.
- the majority of light from the laser array 16 may be transmitted to the optical waveguide 24.
- Some light is naturally lost because of differences in index of refraction, reflection, and absorption. It is the intent of the invention to use light that would otherwise be considered lost, thus maintaining a relatively high optical power level transmitted to the optical waveguide. This can preserve optical signal integrity as well.
- a specific embodiment of a method and apparatus for monitoring an optical signal from a solid state laser has been described for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention is made and used.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002344333A AU2002344333A1 (en) | 2001-05-17 | 2002-05-13 | Method of monitoring an optical signal from a laser |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US29167801P | 2001-05-17 | 2001-05-17 | |
US60/291,678 | 2001-05-17 | ||
US10/144,519 US20020176458A1 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2002-05-13 | Method of monitoring an optical signal from a laser |
US10/144,519 | 2002-05-13 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002093694A2 true WO2002093694A2 (en) | 2002-11-21 |
WO2002093694A3 WO2002093694A3 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
Family
ID=26842075
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/014969 WO2002093694A2 (en) | 2001-05-17 | 2002-05-13 | Method of monitoring an optical signal from a laser |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU2002344333A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002093694A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006034677A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-06 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Optical sensor module |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5416870A (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-05-16 | Motorola, Inc. | Optoelectronic interface device and method with reflective surface |
US5771254A (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 1998-06-23 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Integrated controlled intensity laser-based light source |
US5774486A (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 1998-06-30 | Motorola, Inc. | Waveguide power monitoring system for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers |
US6111903A (en) * | 1997-06-28 | 2000-08-29 | Mitel Semiconductor Ab | Optical source with monitor |
-
2002
- 2002-05-13 WO PCT/US2002/014969 patent/WO2002093694A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-05-13 AU AU2002344333A patent/AU2002344333A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5416870A (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-05-16 | Motorola, Inc. | Optoelectronic interface device and method with reflective surface |
US5771254A (en) * | 1996-01-25 | 1998-06-23 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Integrated controlled intensity laser-based light source |
US5774486A (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 1998-06-30 | Motorola, Inc. | Waveguide power monitoring system for vertical cavity surface emitting lasers |
US6111903A (en) * | 1997-06-28 | 2000-08-29 | Mitel Semiconductor Ab | Optical source with monitor |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006034677A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-06 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Optical sensor module |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2002344333A1 (en) | 2002-11-25 |
WO2002093694A3 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
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