WO2001004984A1 - An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system - Google Patents
An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001004984A1 WO2001004984A1 PCT/US2000/018526 US0018526W WO0104984A1 WO 2001004984 A1 WO2001004984 A1 WO 2001004984A1 US 0018526 W US0018526 W US 0018526W WO 0104984 A1 WO0104984 A1 WO 0104984A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- power
- fuel
- electricity
- vehicle
- board
- Prior art date
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04865—Voltage
- H01M8/0488—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
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- B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
- B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
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- Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/16—Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
- Y02T90/167—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
- Y04S10/126—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S30/00—Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation
- Y04S30/10—Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles
- Y04S30/14—Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to the field of propulsion systems.
- the invention concerns an on-board fuel cell system for mobile vehicles such as trains, marine vessels, automobiles, motorcycles, motorbikes, and other mobile means of transportation.
- mobile vehicles such as trains, marine vessels, automobiles, motorcycles, motorbikes, and other mobile means of transportation.
- concerns surrounding traditional power sources persist, investigation into alternative means of power generation are becoming increasingly important.
- environmental and political concerns associated with combustion-based energy systems cannot be ignored.
- an ever increasing interest has arisen in devices capable of generating electricity by consuming fuels without requiring combustion.
- Electric vehicles are well known in the art. Typical electric vehicles are powered by nickel-cadmium batteries which drive electric motors of anywhere from twenty to 100 horsepower. The batteries are generally rechargeable by stationary direct-current (dc) power supplies.
- dc direct-current
- Known systems are also expensive.
- Solar rechargeable systems, such as are available from Solectria of Arlington, Massachusetts, represent one attempt to increase the travel range and control the cost of electric motor vehicles.
- Drawbacks associated with the solar generation of electricity include its usefulness being limited to clear weather and daylight hours, and the expense of the vehicle.
- Fuel cells therefore, have been explored as a means for powering electric vehicles and reducing the constant need to recharge the vehicle from off-board sources.
- Fuel cells electrochemically convert fuel, such as hydrocarbon fuel, to electricity.
- a combustion reaction is not involved.
- a drawback associated with prior art fuel cell systems is that they are not economically viable for applications in which the power rating of the fuel cell must meet propulsion demands.
- motor vehicle applications for example, a fuel cell system designed to provide sufficient power required by the vehicle for cruising, let alone for peak surge, would be prohibitively expensive. While various known systems have attempted to exploit the advantages of designating a surge battery to meet peak demand in motor vehicle applications, none has satisfactorily overcome the economic problems.
- the present invention relates to a power supply system that enhances the economic viability of certain modes of transportation that incorporate fuel cells to generate electricity.
- Such modes of transportation are referred to herein as mobile vehicle fuel cell power systems, where vehicle, as used herein, refers to all means of transportation, for example, automobiles, electric vehicles, trucks, trains, marine vessels, airplanes and spacecraft, and other vehicles employing a power source to transport one or more people.
- vehicle as used herein, refers to all means of transportation, for example, automobiles, electric vehicles, trucks, trains, marine vessels, airplanes and spacecraft, and other vehicles employing a power source to transport one or more people.
- the power supply system of the present invention provides for the off-board use of the electric power generated by the onboard fuel cell of a mobile vehicle fuel cell power system, such as the fuel cell mounted in an electric car.
- Off-board use, or use remote from the vehicle, of the electrical power can include delivery of power to a remote site, such as a local residence, for example, the residence of the owner of the
- the present invention also contemplates the use of a mobile vehicle power system that includes all known and compatible types of mobile vehicles or transportation, such as automobiles, electric vehicles, trucks, trains, marine vessels, airplanes, spacecraft and the like.
- the mobile vehicle power system employs a power source or generator for converting fuel to electricity.
- generator as used herein is intended to include general types of power sources for supplying energy to a mobile vehicle, such as a diesel engine, fuel cell, internal and external combustion engines, electric motor or generator, battery, and solar cells, as well as gas and steam turbines of micro and macro sizes.
- the integration of fuel cells with a gas turbine, including both micro and macro gas turbines, is clearly set forth in U.S. Patent No. 5,693,201, to the assignee hereof, the contents of which are herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- Off-board stations are provided for delivery of fuel to the vehicle and for receiving the electrical power generated by the fuel cell, and for supplying electricity off-board of or loading or receiving electricity onto the electric vehicle.
- the off-board station and the vehicle are appropriately equipped for quick and easy interconnection such that electrical power is drawn from the fuel cell for off-board use.
- the off-board station can be equipped to deliver fuel to the vehicle, with similar provisions for the quick interconnection of the vehicle and the off-board station.
- Vehicles can be considered mobile fuel cell systems that deliver power for off-board use when power from the fuel cells is not required for on-board uses, such as propelling the vehicle. Fuel cells may be incorporated into mobile vehicles in a number of ways.
- fuel cells can be used in tandem with a gas turbine to propel a vehicle, such as a marine vessel or a train.
- the on-board use of the fuel cell need not be limited to, or even involve, propelling the vehicle or vessel.
- Fuel cells can be used to provide heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems independently of or used in connection with the mobile vehicle power system.
- HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- a marine vessel can use an on-board fuel cell for on-board HVAC and for the provision of on-board electrical power; off-board uses can include the delivery of electrical power to an off-board station when the vessel is in port.
- the invention can employ from one to many off- board stations.
- the owner or principal user of an electric vehicle can have an off-board station located near a primary residence.
- off-board stations can be provided at locations where electric vehicles are typically parked for an extended period of time, such as homes, shopping malls, parking lots and places of employment.
- the off-board station can be electrically connected through power cables to a utility grid, to transmit a portion of the electrical power produced by the on-board fuel cell to a remote site for use.
- Conductive power cables are not the only carriers for the high efficiency transmission of electrical power; such transmission has been demonstrated over free space using microwaves.
- the dual use of the vehicle fuel cell power plants that is, use wherein the fuel cell supplies power for both on-board and off-board purposes, is intended to enhance the economic viability of mobile vehicle fuel cell power systems, promote the use of alternative power sources, and realize the attendant environmental benefits.
- the invention comprises a power supply system for converting fuel to electricity, where the power supply system includes a mobile vehicle fuel cell power system and an off-board station.
- the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system optionally includes a rechargeable battery; a fuel cell for converting fuel to electricity and for recharging the battery; optionally a fuel supply for storing and providing fuel to the fuel cell; and apparatus for electrical connection to the off-board station for delivering to the off-board station the electricity generated by the fuel cell.
- the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system can also include apparatus for receiving fuel from the off-board station.
- the off-board station typically includes apparatus for receiving electrical power from the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system and output apparatus for providing at least a portion of the electrical power for use off-board of the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system.
- the fuel supplied by the off-board station and received by the mobile vehicle fuel cell is a hydrogen-containing fuel.
- the fuel can be a hydrocarbon fuel, in which case a fuel reformer, and perhaps a fuel shifter, are included on-board the vehicle for producing a hydrogen-containing fuel.
- a fuel reformer, and perhaps a fuel shifter are part of the off-board station.
- the off-board station can include a fuel storage tank for storing reformed fuel.
- hydrocarbon fuels often contain sulfur. Sulfur in significant quantities causes corrosion of the fuel cell and can destroy certain catalysts of the reformer and the fuel cell electrodes, as well as contributes to air pollution and acid rain when discharged into the air.
- a desulfurization unit can optionally be incorporated in the present invention to remove sulfur from the fuel prior to the delivery of the fuel to the reformer.
- the desulfurization unit can form part of, according to one aspect, either the off-board station or the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system.
- a reactant such as water is supplied to the reformer, whether located on-board the vehicle or at the off-board station, to aid in the reformation process.
- a reactant such as water is supplied to the reformer, whether located on-board the vehicle or at the off-board station, to aid in the reformation process.
- appropriate means are employed for supplying water to the vehicle.
- water is supplied to the off-board station, and appropriate ports are provided at the station and on the vehicle, to accommodate a quick-connect hose connected therebetween.
- the power system of the present invention can include apparatus to filter and/or de-ionize the water, if such treatment is necessary.
- a reformer can be designed to simply utilize an oxidizer (e.g. air) instead of a reactant such as water.
- Use of a reformer, either on-board of off-board the mobile vehicle need not require incorporation of means to deliver a reactant such as water to the reformer.
- meters are inco ⁇ orated into the power supply system for metering, for example, the fuel received by the electric vehicle from the off-board station.
- an electric meter can be also be used to measure the electrical energy or power delivered from the vehicle to the off-board site or from the off-board site to another location, e.g. the power grid or a local residence, for use remote to the vehicle.
- the off-board station includes an inverter or inverters for converting the direct-current electrical energy produced by the vehicle fuel cell to single-phase or multi-phase electrical power.
- a typical utility power grid transmits three-phase electrical power, and thus an off-board station, if supplying power to the grid, converts fuel cell electric power to three-phase alternating current.
- the inverter or inverters can be located on the mobile vehicle fuel cell power system to provide alternating current for off-board and/or off-board use.
- the off-board station includes a two-way or one-way telecommunications link to report condition parameters of the station, and perhaps of the electric vehicle, to another location.
- Condition parameters can include, but are not limited to, the quantity of fuel delivered to a vehicle, the amount of electricity supplied by the fuel cell of the vehicle for use remote to the vehicle, the identity of the vehicle or of the owner of the vehicle, and other usable parameters.
- the communications link can also transmit to the off-board station and/or the vehicle instructions for execution.
- Many types of fuel cells are known to those of ordinary skill in the art to be useful in with electric vehicles. Accordingly, it is deemed within the scope of the invention to use several types of fuel cells, including but not limited to, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, and proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
- Both can include apparatus, such as male electrical receptacles, for coupling with the female connectors of a power cable connected between the fuel cell mobile vehicle power system and the second mobile power system for transferring electrical power therebetween.
- apparatus such as male electrical receptacles
- the second mobile power system can be a fuel cell vehicle or a conventional (e.g., non- fuel cell) electric vehicle.
- the power system of the present invention is also deemed to include vehicles that do not employ fuel cells.
- a mobile vehicle power system can use traditional power plants, such as a combustion engine, an electrical generator, a battery, steam or gas turbines or generators and other power forms, such as solar power.
- the generator converts the mechanical energy of the combustion engine to electrical energy for on-board use, off-board use, and/or for storage by the battery.
- the power plant delivers electricity to the off-board station for use off-board the vehicle and optionally receives fuel from the off-board station.
- the combustion engine can be an internal combustion engine, for example a diesel or gasoline engine, or an external combustion engine, such as a steam engine or a sterling engine.
- the mobile vehicle power system can include an electric motor for propelling the vehicle, as is typical in a diesel-electric train engine, or the combustion engine may propel the vehicle directly, as is typical in conventional automobiles.
- the electricity exchanging system includes a coupling element for coupling the housing to an electric vehicle.
- the vehicle mounts a fuel cell, a battery, or a combustion engine.
- the electricity exchanging system includes a receiving element means for receiving electricity from the electric powered vehicle, or structure for supplying electricity to the electric powered vehicle.
- the electricity exchanging system employs structure for decrementing a monetary value stored on the portable memory device in an amount related to an amount of electricity supplied to the electric powered vehicle.
- the electricity exchanging system can also employ structure for incrementing a monetary value stored on the portable memory device in an amount related to an amount of electricity supplied to the system by the electric powered vehicle.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of a power supply system according to the invention, illustrating a vehicle that includes an on-board fuel cell power plant and further including an off-board station for connection to the vehicle.
- Figure 2 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of the power supply system that includes a fuel reformer on-board the electric vehicle according to the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the power supply system wherein the off-board station includes a fuel reformer and a fuel storage tank.
- Figure 4 is an illustration of the access panel of an off-board station for quick attachment of fuel and power lines to a mobile vehicle fuel cell power system.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an electricity exchanging system for supplying electricity to or receiving electricity from a mobile vehicle power system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a schematic block diagram of a hybrid power system suitable for powering a mobile vehicle employing an electrochemical converter serially in-line with a gas turbine according to the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 7 is a schematic block diagram of an alternate embodiment of a hybrid power system suitable for powering a mobile vehicle employing an electrochemical converter out of line with a gas turbine according to the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a schematic block diagram of another alternate embodiment of a hybrid power system suitable for powering a mobile vehicle employing an electrochemical converter and a steam turbine according to the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 9 is a schematic block diagram of yet another embodiment of a hybrid power system suitable for powering a mobile vehicle employing both a gas turbine, a steam turbine, and a converter exhaust heating element according to the teachings of the present invention.
- Figure 10 is a plan view, partially cut-away, of a pressure vessel enclosing a series of electrochemical converters according to the teachings of the present invention. Description of Illustrated Embodiments
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a power supply system according to the present invention, illustrating a mobile vehicle power system, such as an electric vehicle 2, and an off-board power station 4.
- the mobile vehicle power system 2 includes, according to one embodiment, a fuel cell assembly 10 which is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery 8.
- the battery 8 is connected to an electric or drive motor 6 which drives a motor vehicle drive train 3.
- the fuel cell assembly 10 receives fuel such as, for example, natural gas, from a fuel supply tank 14 and electrochemically converts it to electricity, as is known in the art, to recharge the battery 12.
- a voltage regulator 12 is arranged between the fuel cell assembly 10 and the battery 8.
- the foregoing circuitry is known to those skilled in the art of motor vehicles in general and electrically powered motor vehicles in particular.
- the illustrated fuel cell assembly 10 does not necessarily directly provide power to the electric motor 6. Rather, the fuel cell assembly 10, the battery 8, and the electric motor 6 act together to power the vehicle.
- the fuel cell assembly 10, under steady operation, can be utilized for on-board recharging of the battery 8.
- the battery 8 is typically under a variable load demand, depending on the terrain, the speed of the vehicle, the driving requirements and environment, etc.
- the fuel cell assembly 10 is electrically connected to the voltage regulator 12, which is in turn electrically connected to the battery 8 to transfer recharging electrical energy from the fuel cell assembly 10 to the battery 8.
- the fuel cell assembly 10 can comprise, for example, a solid oxide fuel cell.
- a solid oxide fuel cell is an electrochemical converter which employs solid oxide electrolytes. Such converters are capable of high efficiencies, depending only on the relation between the free energy and enthalpy of the electrochemical reaction.
- An example of a solid oxide fuel cell is described in United States Patent No. 4,614,628, issued 30 September 1986 to Hsu et al, the teachings of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- an on-board fuel cell assembly 10 that uses hydrogen as a fuel, or an on-board fuel cell that is capable of internal reforming and that consumes a hydrocarbon fuel, can be installed in the vehicle 2.
- fuel cells known to those of ordinary skill in the art and suitable for use in the mobile vehicle power system include molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Additional details on electric vehicles and fuel cells for inco ⁇ oration therein can be found in U.S. Patent 5,332,630, issued July 26, 1994 to Hsu, and which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- the off-board station 4 includes a fuel supply conduit or line 16 for supplying fuel from a fuel source (not shown) to the vehicle 2, and a power transmission line 18 for receiving and transferring electric power generated by the fuel cell 10 for direct use at a residence or other facility, or for provision to an electric power grid.
- the fuel meter 20 meters, measures or records the amount of fuel delivered by the off-board station 4 to the fuel tank 14 of the vehicle 2.
- the electric power meter 22 measures the amount of electricity delivered by the vehicle for off-board use.
- the station 4 can further include an inverter 24 for conversion of the direct current electrical power typically generated by the fuel cell 10 to single phase, or if necessary multi-phase, alternating current typically compatible with the electric power grid.
- Power and fuel are transferred between the vehicle 2 and the off-board station 4 by an electrical power transmission line 28 and a fuel conduit or line 30, respectively.
- the power line 28 and the fuel line 30 interconnect the vehicle 2 and the off-board station 4 via the vehicle access panel 32 and the off-board station access panel 26.
- the access panel 26 of the off-board station and the access panel 32 of the vehicle 2 each comprise two access sub-panels - a fuel sub-panel for accommodating the fuel line 30 and an electrical sub-panel for accommodating the electrical power line 28, as is described in more detail in relation to FIGURE 4.
- the fuel sub-panel 27 of the off-board access panel 26, Figure 4 is separate from the electrical sub-panel 29 in FIGURE 4 to avoid the risk of explosion due to stray sparks igniting fuel.
- the vehicle access panel 26 is similar to the off-board station access panel 26 depicted in FIGURE 4.
- a power line 34 electrically connects the electrical access panel of vehicle access panel 32 to the fuel cell 10; the fuel sub-panel of access panel 32 is connected to the fuel tank 14 by a fuel line 36.
- the off-board station access panel 26 is similarly connected to the power line 18 and the fuel line 16.
- Lines 30 and 28 are preferably of the quick interconnect type, such that a driver of the electric vehicle, upon parking the vehicle, can easily and quickly interconnect the vehicle access panel 32 with the off-board access panel 26. Many types and variation of the lines 28 and 30 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- the lines 28 and 30 can have male connectors on each end, and the access panels 26 and 32, can be equipped with mating female receptacles.
- the lines 28 and 30 can be permanently attached at one end to the access panels 26 or 32 and connect via connectors to the other access panel.
- a cable for the transmission of electrical power will not have male connectors on an end, as this could expose a user of the cable to dangerous voltages and/or currents.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a power supply system that includes an on-board fuel reformer 40 that is connected between the fuel tank 14 and the fuel cell 10.
- the reformer produces, from a hydrocarbon fuel, a hydrogen-containing or hydrogen-rich reformed fuel for the fuel cell.
- a fuel shifter (not shown) can also be included in a series connection with the fuel reformer 40 to assist in the formation of hydrogen-rich fuel.
- the fuel shifter is typically filled with a shift catalyst that converts carbon monoxide present in the fuel stream into carbon dioxide, producing fuel stock rich in hydrogen. The removal of carbon monoxide from the fuel stream is essential to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning of certain fuel cells.
- the fuel mixture exiting the shift converter is thus rich in carbon dioxide and hydrogen
- the receiving receptacle 130 can employ any selected mechanical and electrical assemblies that allow for the reading of recorded information from the memory element 140, or to write or update information stored on the recording element 140.
- the recording element 140 includes a storage element, such as a magnetic stripe, adapted for storing selected information, such as monetary values, that enables the system user to either purchase electricity supplied to the electric vehicle through the electricity exchanging system 100, or to sell electricity generated on-board the vehicle to the exchanging system 100.
- the illustrated facility 102 further employs an alteration stage or device 122 that alters the information stored on the memory element 140, when positioned within the receiving receptacle 130, as a function of the type of electrical operation performed at the electricity exchanging system 100.
- the converter 124 can employ or be constructed as a power or electrical meter to monitor the flow of electricity to and/or from the electricity exchanging system 100.
- the meter can thus be adapted to monitor the bi-directional flow of electricity therethrough.
- the meter is able to detect the direction of electricity flow when electricity is either supplied to the vehicle or received from the vehicle by detecting the phase relationship between the AC voltage and the dc current, as is known.
- the meter can be a commercially available power meter, such as those produced by Schlumberger, U.S.A., and can be employed with a pair of current transformers in order to monitor current flow in each direction.
- the meter 22, Figure 1 can monitor the bi-directional flow of electricity therethrough.
- a telecommunication link can involve, for example, transmission to satellites, or to ground based stationary and/or mobile receivers. Such transmission techniques are well known and oft employed by those skilled in the art of telecommunications for communicating signals, and are deemed to fall within the scope of the present invention.
- a vehicle operator desirous of selling electricity to the electricity exchanging system 100 positions the electric vehicle 2 sufficiently close to the electricity exchange facility 102 so as to effect the exchange of electricity therebetween.
- the operator desires to purchase electricity from the electricity exchanging system 100 for supply to the electric vehicle 2
- a similar process is performed.
- the operator positions the memory element 140 into the receiving receptacle 130 of the exchange facility 102, connects electrical line 28 to the input electrical leads 108, and then actuates the contact switch 106.
- the contact switch 106 places the switches 112 into the closed position, thus placing the output electrical leads into electrical communication with the input leads 108.
- the electricity exchanging system 100 then supplies electricity from a suitable local or remote power source to the output electrical leads 110.
- the output leads communicate the electricity to the input electrical leads 108 for subsequent transfer to the electric vehicle 2.
- a significant advantage of employing an electricity exchanging system 100 in accordance with the features of the present invention is that it can be relatively easily positioned and mounted for allowing an electric vehicle operator to download electricity at a selected location (e.g., site).
- the electricity exchanging system 100 provides the electric vehicle operator with a compact and relatively easily usable facility that is disposed at multiple and easily accessible locations for bi-directionally exchanging electricity with the vehicle.
- Facilities of this type can be easily installed at multiple locations to create a substantially continuous or systematically staggered power support infrastructure that provides the electric vehicles with a dependable and easily accessible source of power, thereby allowing the vehicle to travel freely throughout a selected region.
- the facility 102 can be coin operated, and hence can be configured to accept any general currency to enable the purchase of electricity from the electricity exchanging system 100.
- the vehicle operator or user can supply electricity for sale.
- the system 100 can provide a seller of electricity with a coupon, token or cash to indicate the sale of electricity at the site of the electricity exchanging system 100.
- FIG. 9 shows an alternate power system 200 that utilizes an electrochemical converter 72 '", a gas turbine 80" ' , and a steam turbine 212'.
- the illustrated power system 200 includes, in addition to the above-listed system components, a secondary combustor 204, a steam generator 208', and a steam turbine 212'.
- the gas turbine produces an exhaust output 181 which is passed through a heat recovery steam generator 208' for subsequent use with the bottoming steam turbine 212'.
- the steam turbine output is coupled to the electric generator 184"' which produces electricity.
- Electrical connections 188A'" and 188B'" indicate that electricity can be directly extracted from both the electrochemical converter 172'" and the generator 184'".
- the electrochemical converter 172 can be operated at an elevated temperature and at ambient pressure or slightly above, as when the energy system employs an HVAC system as the bottoming device, or at an elevated pressure, as when the energy system employs a gas turbine, and wherein the pressure vessel and electrochemical converter acts as the combustor of the gas turbine system.
- the electrochemical converter is preferably a fuel cell system that can also include an interdigitated heat exchanger, similar to the type shown and described in U.S. Patent No. 4,853,100, which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- the heat exchanging fluid circulated in the pressure vessel heat exchanger such as the cooling jacket formed by walls 234 and 238 and annulus 236, is an input reactant, such as the air input reactant flowing in the manifolds 238.
- the manifolds 228 are essentially inlets that are in fluid communication with the portion of the annulus 236 adjacent the top 240 of the pressure vessel 220. Additional manifolding (not shown) fluidly connects the annulus 236 to the fuel cell stack 222 such that the air input reactant is properly introduced thereto.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001509109A JP2003519429A (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | External station and electrical exchange system suitable for use in mobile transportation |
EP00945199A EP1201000A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
AU59178/00A AU5917800A (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
IL14743200A IL147432A0 (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
CA002384367A CA2384367A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
HK03101770.1A HK1050428A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2003-03-11 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/349,567 | 1999-07-08 | ||
US09/349,567 US6380637B1 (en) | 1996-09-19 | 1999-07-08 | Off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
Publications (1)
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WO2001004984A1 true WO2001004984A1 (en) | 2001-01-18 |
Family
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PCT/US2000/018526 WO2001004984A1 (en) | 1999-07-08 | 2000-07-07 | An off-board station and an electricity exchanging system suitable for use with a mobile vehicle power system |
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US (1) | US6380637B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1201000A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003519429A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100756230B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1191652C (en) |
AU (1) | AU5917800A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2384367A1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1050428A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL147432A0 (en) |
TW (1) | TW462136B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001004984A1 (en) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2384367A1 (en) | 2001-01-18 |
CN1191652C (en) | 2005-03-02 |
KR100756230B1 (en) | 2007-09-07 |
EP1201000A1 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
JP2003519429A (en) | 2003-06-17 |
IL147432A0 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
TW462136B (en) | 2001-11-01 |
CN1372701A (en) | 2002-10-02 |
HK1050428A1 (en) | 2003-06-20 |
KR20020034152A (en) | 2002-05-08 |
AU5917800A (en) | 2001-01-30 |
US6380637B1 (en) | 2002-04-30 |
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