WO2001001704A1 - Color display - Google Patents
Color display Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001001704A1 WO2001001704A1 PCT/US2000/017438 US0017438W WO0101704A1 WO 2001001704 A1 WO2001001704 A1 WO 2001001704A1 US 0017438 W US0017438 W US 0017438W WO 0101704 A1 WO0101704 A1 WO 0101704A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- color
- narrow
- wavelength
- band
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
- H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
- H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
- H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
- H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
- H04N9/3155—Modulator illumination systems for controlling the light source
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
- H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
- H04N9/3191—Testing thereof
- H04N9/3194—Testing thereof including sensor feedback
Definitions
- This invention relates to a color display and to a method for displaying color.
- this invention relates to device for the production and communication of color in which improved color specification is achieved by providing independent control of the radiation intensity within at least four bands across the visible spectrum.
- a wide gamut of colors can be generated and displayed by intermixing red, green, and blue primary light sources in different ratios.
- a color that matches any particular color sample can be produced on a display using the three primary colors.
- the ratios of the red, green, and blue primaries that produce a color that matches any particular sample depend on the ambient light used to illuminate the color sample.
- Appearance of the color under given illumination depends on both the reflectance spectrum and the illuminance spectrum. Consequently, reproduction of the appearance of a color sample requires knowledge of both the complete reflectance spectrum and the complete illuminance spectrum. When these are known, the color can be reproduced by generating the spectrum that is the convolution of these two.
- the invention is a method for displaying color.
- the displayed color has reduced metameric confusion as compared to colors obtained by mixing radiation from the three primary colors.
- the improved color specification is achieved by providing independent control of the intensity of radiation within at least four bands across the spectrum.
- the metameric improvement is greater with a larger number of bands.
- at least seven bands of radiation are used.
- the method comprises the steps of: a) providing a radiation spectrum of the color; b) dividing the radiation spectrum into at least four wavelength bands; c) selecting a wavelength in each of the wavelength bands; d) determining an intensity for each selected wavelength; e) transmitting the intensities to a radiation source; f) generating a multiplicity of beams of radiation, each beam of radiation essentially corresponding in wavelength and intensity to the wavelength and intensity of one of the selected wavelengths; and g) combining the beams of radiation and displaying the color.
- the invention is a color display.
- the color display comprises: a radiation source capable of producing at least four beams of radiation, each beam having a respectively different wavelength; means for controlling the intensity of each of the beams of radiation; and a display device.
- the color display also comprises a feedback control means that samples the intensity and/or wavelength of each of the beams of radiation and provides feedback control of the displayed color.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the color display of the invention.
- Fig. 2 shows a set of bands selected from the visible spectrum.
- Fig. 3A shows analysis of a color by adjusting the average emission of each band.
- Fig. 3B shows the generation of a color by adjusting the amplitude of discrete, narrow-band radiation sources.
- Fig. 4 shows a color display of the invention comprising a multiplicity of lamps and filters.
- Fig. 5 shows a color display of the invention comprising a multiplicity of LEDs.
- the invention is a color system that can display colors by projecting radiation onto a display device and a method for transmitting and displaying a color.
- the projected radiation is defined by the intensity of each of a multiplicity of radiation bands, each band of which has a respectively different wavelength. At least four beams of radiation are used to display a particular color. The intensity of radiation within each beam can be varied to produce any desired spectrum within the resolution of the bands used to display the color. All operations are preferably under digital control.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a color display system according to the present invention.
- Color display system 10 receives input signals 12 to an intensity modulator 14.
- the modulator 14 controls the intensity of each selected wavelength of each beam of radiation generated by the multi-wavelength radiation source 16. Exemplary apparatus suitable for use as the modulator 14 is described below with reference to Figures 4 and 5.
- Beams of radiation 18 are combined and displayed by display device 20, which may comprise a screen 22. Also shown are optional monitoring device 23 and feedback control means 24, that may be used to provide improved control of the radiation intensity in the radiation beams.
- the radiation spectrum of an object is determined.
- the radiation spectrum contains information about the intensity of radiation coming from the object, i.e., reflected by and/or emitted from the object, as a function of wavelength.
- the radiation is visible radiation but it is contemplated that the principles of the present invention may be applied to mixing other types of radiation such as ultraviolet or infra-red.
- the object can be a source of radiation, such as a fluorescent lamp. Typically, however, the radiation is reflected by the object, and the object has a color or a colored coating.
- the radiation spectrum may be determined by illuminating the object with an illumination source and measuring the fraction of the reflected radiation as a function of wavelength.
- the illumination source may be a natural source, such as the sun, or it may be an artificial source, such as an incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, sodium vapor lamp, mercury vapor lamp, xenon lamp, etc.
- the illumination source provides a view of how a particular object appears under various conditions of illumination. If desired, a set of illumination sources and filters can be used to generate a variety of illumination conditions.
- the radiation spectrum can be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, "Standard practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
- a spectrometer in cooperation with a computer, can also be used to measure the radiation spectra of objects under known conditions of illumination.
- the optics used to illuminate the object and sense the reflected radiation may comprise a fiber-optic probe.
- the spectrometer can also be used to measure the spectra of the radiation from the illumination source.
- the optics for measurement may also include a fiber-optic probe.
- the reflectance spectrum of the object ⁇ i.e., amount of radiation reflected by the object as a function of wavelength
- the spectrum ⁇ i.e., radiation intensity as a function of wavelength
- the computer can then calculate the intensity of the radiation reflected by the object as a function of wavelength when the object is irradiated with a particular illumination source.
- the intensity of the radiation reflected by the object as function of wavelength i.e., the radiation spectrum of the object, can be calculated for a number of different illumination sources and displayed on the color display, making it unnecessary to measure the radiation spectrum of the object under different illumination conditions.
- the radiation spectrum for an object may be used directly to provide input to the color display from the measuring device or, once determined, it may be stored electronically, such as in a computer or other electronic storage device, and used when desired.
- the reflectance spectrum of the object and spectra of various illumination sources can be stored electronically, such as in a computer or other electronic storage device, and the radiation spectrum calculated and used when desired.
- the radiation spectrum comprises emitted radiation in addition to reflected radiation.
- the object comprises a fluorescent dye and/or pigment
- Sunlight for example, comprises ultraviolet radiation.
- ultraviolet radiation is not detected by the human eye and, thus, does not contribute to the perceived color.
- the measured radiation spectrum or a new spectrum specified by the user is divided into at least four wavelength bands, preferably at least five bands, more preferably at least seven bands, and even more preferably at least eight bands.
- Five wavelength bands significantly reduce metamerism and seven bands reduce the metameric effects by an order of magnitude relative to the commonly used three primary colors. Greater reduction in metamerism can be achieved by the use of a larger number of bands, such as ten bands.
- the radiation spectrum may be conveniently divided by a computer programmed to divide the radiation spectrum into wavelength bands.
- the wavelength bands may be formed by dividing the visible spectrum into bands of equal width. Thus, when the visible spectrum is divided into eight wavelength bands, each band has a bandwidth of approximately 37.5 nm.
- each band spans wavelengths having a difference between longest wavelength and shortest wavelength of approximately 37.5 nm.
- the bands may be of unequal width.
- narrower bands may be provided in regions of the spectrum where the human eye tends to be more sensitive to differences in wavelength.
- relatively wide bands might be used in the red region of the spectrum and narrower bands in the yellow and green region of the spectrum.
- the visible spectrum lies between about 400 nm and about 700 nm, and corresponds to colors from violet to red.
- Fig. 2 shows the visible spectrum divided into ten bands of equal width. Any particular color, for example one represented by the radiation spectrum of Fig.
- the color display receives input signals 12 that describe the color to be displayed in terms of the average intensity in each of the plurality of bands. After the measured radiation spectrum has been divided into at least four wavelength bands, a wavelength is selected in each band. Typically a wavelength at or near the center of the wavelength band is selected, as shown in Figure 3B. The intensity of radiation to be displayed at this wavelength is transmitted to the radiation source of the color display.
- the intensity of radiation to be displayed may be determined in several different ways.
- the intensity of the selected wavelength may be transmitted as the intensity of radiation to be displayed.
- an average intensity may be calculated.
- the average may be the average intensity of the band, or it may be calculated giving greater weight to the wavelengths at the center of the bands by, for example, using a Gaussian distribution.
- Input signals 12 preferably are transmitted by digital means, such as by those means typically used for conventional data communication. Encryption can be used if desired.
- the exemplary radiation source 16 generates at least four beams of radiation.
- Radiation source 16 may comprise a single radiation generator that produces the radiation for all the bands.
- the radiation source 16 may comprise multiple radiation generators, in which each generator produces the radiation for a single band.
- the radiation source may comprise multiple radiation generators in which one or more generators produce the radiation for respective single bands and one or more generators produce the radiation for multiple bands.
- Radiation source 16 also comprises the means for controlling the intensity of each radiation band.
- the selected wavelengths are predetermined and radiation source 16 is preadjusted to produce a beam for each of the selected wavelengths.
- radiation source 16 is preadjusted to produce a beam for each of the selected wavelengths.
- the intensity of each band is controlled, but not the wavelength.
- radiation source 16 comprises a single radiation generator that provides broadband visible light, such as for example, an incandescent lamp or a high pressure mercury-xenon lamp.
- the light is split into a multiplicity of beams by, for example, a series of partially reflective mirrors.
- Each beam is directed through a filter that passes light within one of the selected spectral bands to produce a multiplicity of beams, each of which contains a wavelength or wavelengths corresponding to one of the wavelength bands.
- the light is directed in parallel through several filters, for example, color-selective etalon filters. A portion of the beam passes through each filter to produce the multiplicity of beams 18.
- Each beam may be attenuated by a means for controlling its intensity, e.g. by a LCD device under computer control.
- the filters can be mounted on a single monolithic device such as a liquid crystal display.
- the filters may each comprise a micro- electro-mechanical system (MEMS) diffraction grating of adjustable amplitude.
- the radiation source comprises a multiplicity of lamps and filters.
- Each lamp/filter combination produces a beam that contains a wavelength or wavelengths corresponding to one of the wavelength bands.
- Fig. 4 shows a color display comprising a multiplicity of lamps and filters.
- the intensity each lamp can be controlled, for example, by adjusting the current to the lamp, or by using a variable reflector or attenuator such as a liquid crystal (LC) or micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device interposed between the lamp and the display device.
- the intensity of each wavelength band is preferably controlled by an automated controller, such as by a computer controlled liquid crystal (LC) or MEMS device interposed between the lamp and the display device.
- Intensity may be controlled by limiting the steady-state light transmitted through the device or by pulse-width modulation (PWM) of the device to control the average light transmitted through the device in a predetermined time interval or by a combination of these methods.
- PWM pulse-width modulation
- Optical devices such as mirrors, gratings, lenses, and fiber waveguides and bundles may be used to combine and display the radiation beams by creating a uniform illumination on the display device.
- radiation source 16 comprises a multiplicity of light emitting diodes (LEDs), each of which emits at characteristic visible wavelength that is substantially constant. Each LED emits at a wavelength corresponding to one of the wavelength bands.
- the radiation source comprises an LED corresponding to each wavelength band.
- the wavelength of the each LED essentially corresponds to a respective one of the wavelengths transmitted to the intensity modulator 14.
- the wavelength of the LED is typically at or near the center of the wavelength band. If a particularly narrow wavelength band and/or a particularly high intensity source is desired, lasers, such as semiconductor lasers, may be used in place of LEDs.
- a wavelength-specific filter such as a dichroic filter may be interposed between one or more of the LEDs.
- the combination of LED light sources with filters, particularly dichroic filters, can provide narrow-band light sources with wavelengths slightly offset from the central wavelengths of the LEDs alone.
- a very slight shift in wavelength of an LED can occur as a result of heating of the LED junction by the current driven through the LED.
- This shift may be estimated with good accuracy by measuring the voltage drop across the LED junction at a given level of current. If it is desired to retain a high level of precision in color rendition, this shift can be accommodated by adjusting the relative intensities of the different LEDs in order to retain the desired color.
- LEDs have several advantages over filtered broadband radiation. These include the elimination of separate light filters (which can be costly), higher efficiency (because none of the light is lost in filters), and lower cost (due to elimination of filters, simplification and reduced capacity requirement of the power supply, and the inherent low cost of LED devices). In addition, LEDs are highly stable so that the wavelength does not need to be continuously monitored by a spectrophotometer. A separate spectrophotometer instrument can be used for occasional calibration.
- Radiation source 16 may also comprise a combination of types of radiation generators. For example, LED light sources can be used in combination with other light sources. The radiation source may comprise one or more LEDs that generate one or more of the wavelength bands, and one or more incandescent lamp with appropriate filters that generate the remaining wavelength band or bands.
- Radiation beams 18 are combined and displayed by display device 20. Display device 20 may comprise, for example, display screen 22. The radiation beams can be projected onto either the front or the back of the screen of a display device.
- the display device may comprise, for example, a beaded screen onto the front of which the radiation beams are projected.
- the radiation beams can be projected onto the back of a screen comprising a sheet of transparent material, such as clear glass or a clear plastic such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate, or a translucent material, such as a translucent glass or plastic.
- the screen can be fabricated of a textured material so as to give the appearance of texture as well as color.
- the display device may be, for example, a light pipe comprising a set of diffusers to spread the radiation uniformly across the display surface. Light from the
- LED sources can be directed into light pipes. These pipes can combine the light into a single light pipe, which can carry it to a surface for display. This surface serves as a display screen for the display device. Use of the light pipe simplifies the color display structure, eliminating the need for separate lenses and projection surfaces. With the LED/light pipe combination, the color display structure can be reduced in size, enabling a handheld rather than desk mounted device. Mounting of LEDs, light pipes, and display screens is shown in Fig. 5.
- the display device is a light pipe, such as an optical fiber, or a multiplicity of light pipes, with the surface treated so as to emit a fraction of the radiation through the light pipe wall.
- Such treatments are well known to those skilled in the art, and can include, for example, etching or scribing the surface or embedding reflective or diffractive particles in the light pipe.
- the light pipe or pipes can be wound into a flat surface, for example in the shape of a disk, or can be woven into a flat fabric. Thus, the surface becomes the screen, emitting the radiation fed into one or both ends of the light pipe or light pipes by the radiation source.
- the display device comprises an imaging means.
- the imaging means can be a transmissive display positioned in front of the screen or a reflective display positioned in front of the radiation source.
- the reflective or transmissive display can be a liquid crystal display.
- the imaging means can be a scanned light spot, wherein the light is produced as described above but focussed to a point rather than spread uniformly across a surface, and wherein the intensity of each component is modulated as the spot is scanned, for example in a raster, to produce an image that includes the desired color.
- the scanning means can include of one or more moving mirrors or micromirrors.
- the color can be modulated as the light is scanned to produce an image with multiple colors formed using multiple primaries (preferably at least four).
- the device may also comprise feedback control means 24.
- the radiation at display device 20 may be sampled by a light sensor or a spectrometer connected to a control computer. If desired, the wavelength and/or intensity of each beam can be sampled, for example, by briefly energizing and sensing one beam at a time. This sampling provides feedback and provides improved control of the radiation intensity in the different radiation beams, to more precisely provide the desired spectrum at the display device.
- the spectrometer sampling may also utilize optics including mirrors, lenses, gratings, and fiber optics.
- wavelengths greater than 700 nm or ultraviolet radiation (wavelength about 300 nm to about 400 nm) or both ultraviolet and visible radiation (wavelength range about 300 nm to about 700 nm).
- a high-pressure mercury-xenon lamp may be used.
- the display may also be used to transmit and display wavelengths in other regions of the spectrum, such as below about 300 nm.
- generation and display of wavelengths in other regions of the spectrum may require the use of special materials because many commonly used optical materials absorb radiation in wavelength ranges outside the range of 300 nm to 700 nm.
- the invention provides a method and device for specifying, measuring, displaying, and communicating colors with reduced metameric confusion.
- the device can measure the spectra of color samples and of illuminators, display colors of specified spectra, produce illumination with a specified spectra for observing color samples, and communicate with similar systems to enable similar display and measurement at remote sites.
- the user can alter the displayed color to produce a new color to his liking.
- the computer used for control can also be used communicate with remote sites and to control the display of colors on similar display apparatus at remote sites, and to enable the control of the locally displayed spectrum from remote sites.
- the color display may comprise a connection to a distributed computer network, such as the internet.
- the communications can be encoded to prevent unauthorized interception.
- the communications can be to and from one or more central servers that receive radiation spectra, provide storage of spectra, and transmit spectra to specific or to general authorized users. That is, a radiation spectrum provider, such as a supplier of paints or other colored finishes, can specify that his spectrum is available only to specific users, such as specified customers, or can be generally available to any user that requests it. A fee can be charged for the reception, storage, and transmission of radiation spectra.
- a radiation spectrum provider such as a supplier of paints or other colored finishes
- the server can contain a library of spectra of illumination sources and software for calculating a radiation spectrum from a reflectance spectrum.
- the user supplies the server with the reflectance spectrum, such as the reflectance spectrum of a proposed automotive finish.
- the server calculates the radiation spectrum for the proposed finish under different light sources, such as sunlight, incandescent light, fluorescent light, sodium vapor light, etc.
- the server calculates input signals for the color display and transmits it to the color display.
- the color display displays the color as it appears under different types of illumination.
- the input signals for a large number of finishes under several different light sources may be predetermined and stored as descriptors. Each descriptor representing the input signals for a respective color in a respective finish when viewed under a respective light source.
- a customer may select a color finish and light source and have the resulting color displayed, either as a single color or as a portion of a scanned full-color image. This may be especially useful in cases in which it is desired to match the appearance of a color under a number of different types of illumination, such as, for example, in the automotive refmish business. This service can be provided for a fee.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
- Video Image Reproduction Devices For Color Tv Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020017016558A KR20020016843A (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-26 | Color display |
AU57653/00A AU5765300A (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-26 | Color display |
EP00943136A EP1198960A1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-26 | Color display |
JP2001506247A JP2003503745A (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-26 | Color display |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14119399P | 1999-06-25 | 1999-06-25 | |
US60/141,193 | 1999-06-25 | ||
US15205699P | 1999-09-02 | 1999-09-02 | |
US60/152,056 | 1999-09-02 | ||
US09/602,315 | 2000-06-23 | ||
US09/602,315 US6259430B1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-23 | Color display |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001001704A1 true WO2001001704A1 (en) | 2001-01-04 |
Family
ID=27385613
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/017438 WO2001001704A1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2000-06-26 | Color display |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6259430B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1198960A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003503745A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20020016843A (en) |
AU (1) | AU5765300A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001001704A1 (en) |
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- 2000-06-26 AU AU57653/00A patent/AU5765300A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-06-26 JP JP2001506247A patent/JP2003503745A/en active Pending
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Cited By (7)
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JP2006505191A (en) * | 2002-10-28 | 2006-02-09 | キューデザイン ユーエスエー,インコーポレイテッド | Technology to change the spectrum of the displayed image to be non-perceptible for copy protection |
US7386125B2 (en) | 2002-10-28 | 2008-06-10 | Qdesign Usa, Inc. | Techniques of imperceptibly altering the spectrum of a displayed image in a manner that discourages copying |
US7747015B2 (en) | 2002-10-28 | 2010-06-29 | Qdesign Usa, Inc. | Techniques of imperceptibly altering the spectrum of a displayed image in a manner that discourages copying |
EP1851751A2 (en) * | 2005-01-10 | 2007-11-07 | Columbia Insurance Company | System and method for representing true colors with device-dependent colors on surfaces and for producing paints and coatings matching the true colors |
EP1851751A4 (en) * | 2005-01-10 | 2010-11-24 | Columbia Insurance Co | System and method for representing true colors with device-dependent colors on surfaces and for producing paints and coatings matching the true colors |
EP1889116A1 (en) * | 2005-06-08 | 2008-02-20 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Backlighting apparatus and method |
EP1889116A4 (en) * | 2005-06-08 | 2008-08-20 | Tir Technology Lp | Backlighting apparatus and method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20020016843A (en) | 2002-03-06 |
US6259430B1 (en) | 2001-07-10 |
EP1198960A1 (en) | 2002-04-24 |
JP2003503745A (en) | 2003-01-28 |
AU5765300A (en) | 2001-01-31 |
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