WO2000067149A2 - Method and apparatus for re-formatting web pages - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for re-formatting web pages Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000067149A2
WO2000067149A2 PCT/US2000/011780 US0011780W WO0067149A2 WO 2000067149 A2 WO2000067149 A2 WO 2000067149A2 US 0011780 W US0011780 W US 0011780W WO 0067149 A2 WO0067149 A2 WO 0067149A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
user
chent
server
contents
rendition
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/011780
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2000067149A9 (en
WO2000067149A3 (en
Inventor
Anurag Mendhekar
Gudrun Socher
Mohan Vishwanath
Original Assignee
Yahoo, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Yahoo, Inc. filed Critical Yahoo, Inc.
Priority to JP2000615920A priority Critical patent/JP4681125B2/en
Priority to KR1020017013918A priority patent/KR100721596B1/en
Priority to EP00928682A priority patent/EP1238345A2/en
Priority to AU46880/00A priority patent/AU4688000A/en
Publication of WO2000067149A2 publication Critical patent/WO2000067149A2/en
Publication of WO2000067149A9 publication Critical patent/WO2000067149A9/en
Publication of WO2000067149A3 publication Critical patent/WO2000067149A3/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/40—Network security protocols
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
    • G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
    • G06F16/957—Browsing optimisation, e.g. caching or content distillation
    • G06F16/9577—Optimising the visualization of content, e.g. distillation of HTML documents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/10—Text processing
    • G06F40/103—Formatting, i.e. changing of presentation of documents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/10—Text processing
    • G06F40/12—Use of codes for handling textual entities
    • G06F40/151—Transformation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
    • G06F40/205—Parsing
    • G06F40/211—Syntactic parsing, e.g. based on context-free grammar [CFG] or unification grammars
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/20—Natural language analysis
    • G06F40/205—Parsing
    • G06F40/221—Parsing markup language streams
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/2866—Architectures; Arrangements
    • H04L67/30—Profiles
    • H04L67/303—Terminal profiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/51—Discovery or management thereof, e.g. service location protocol [SLP] or web services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/55—Push-based network services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H04L12/2807—Exchanging configuration information on appliance services in a home automation network
    • H04L12/2809—Exchanging configuration information on appliance services in a home automation network indicating that an appliance service is present in a home automation network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H04L12/2816—Controlling appliance services of a home automation network by calling their functionalities
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H04L2012/284—Home automation networks characterised by the type of medium used
    • H04L2012/2841—Wireless
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H04L2012/2847—Home automation networks characterised by the type of home appliance used
    • H04L2012/2849—Audio/video appliances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2803—Home automation networks
    • H04L2012/2847—Home automation networks characterised by the type of home appliance used
    • H04L2012/285—Generic home appliances, e.g. refrigerators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
    • H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
    • H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
    • H04L69/329—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the application layer [OSI layer 7]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a client- server technology and more particularly to a client-server system with the application delivered to the client being automatically modified based on the resources available.
  • a server computer may deliver applications to many different types of clients through many different types of media.
  • the server can be delivering a page to a printer through a cable, a note to a pager through radio waves, an audio message to a cellular phone through microwave, a web page to a Internet enabled computer or a palmtop through infrared radiation, a movie to a television through optical fibers, or an on-off command to the switch of a microwave oven or the central air-conditioning system of a house through twisted pairs.
  • Each of these clients or appliances have different capabilities. Some of them can have relatively powerful microprocessors and memory capacity, such as a palmtop. Others can be ultra-thin clients with minimal computation and memory power, such as a television.
  • the delivery media can be very different. For example, some have large bandwidth, such as optical fibers; but others have low bandwidth, such as twisted pairs.
  • the applications can be quite diverse. For example, a movie requires large bandwidth, low latency, and is quite tolerant to error rates; but an on-off command to a switch has to be absolutely accurate, though the bandwidth requirement is low.
  • the server typically follows the same preset network protocol to deliver the interactive application.
  • the server does not have the intelligence to modify the protocol dynamically in view of the change.
  • the server would not be able to respond to certain requests from certain clients.
  • the application is a push application, which is an application determined by a user based on her profile, such as quoting the stock price of XEROX at 1 PM everyday.
  • a server would not be able to respond automatically to both a pager requesting for a stock quote, and a standard telephone requesting for a weather report. The way it is typically done nowadays is to have a separate server dedicated to handle each of these tasks.
  • the present invention is on methods and apparatus that automatically modify an application in view of one or more of the following: the application, and the capability of the client requesting the application and the transmission medium delivering the application.
  • the chent can be a palmtop computer showing your new appointment of the day, a microwave oven automatically being turned on at 6 PM to cook your chicken, or a television showing your favorite James Bond movie.
  • Each of these clients has different capabilities connected to different transmission media, and each application has its characteristics.
  • the server computer automatically modifies the specific application in view of the resources available so as to maximize the benefits of the resources.
  • the application can be of an interactive type, such as a web- page, which a user can interact with.
  • This embodiment includes a server apparatus in a server.
  • the server apparatus includes an appliance-specific transducer and an adaptive transmission transducer.
  • the appliance-specific transducer in view of a chent' s request for an interactive application in the server, is configured to modify the application based on the chent and the application to generate an appliance-specific output. This output is modified automatically depending on the client and the application itself.
  • the adaptive transmission transducer which is coupled to the appliance-specific transducer, is configured to modify the appliance-specific output. The modification is again based on the application and the corresponding medium of transmission. After the modification, an adapted output is generated, and is dehvered through the medium to the chent. Then, the chent decodes the adapted output to produce a modified version of the interactive application that is adapted for the chent.
  • the application can be of a push type.
  • a push application is an application that is pre-determined by a user, such as from the user's profile. Based on her preference, as shown in her profile, specific applications can be delivered to her. For example, during weekends, she prefers to wake up at 9 am, and she likes music by the Beetles. So at 9 am every Saturday and Sunday, the server selects a song by the Beetles, compresses it, and delivers it to her speaker next to her bed for fifteen minutes.
  • This embodiment also includes a server apparatus, with its corresponding appliance-specific transducer and adaptive transmission transducer.
  • Yet another embodiment includes a chent apparatus in a chent.
  • the chent apparatus includes a decoder for generating the modified version of an application from an adapted output.
  • the adapted output is generated by one of the above described appliance-specific transducer and adaptive transmission transducer
  • the resources include the bandwidth, acceptable error rates, and the latency of the transmission medium, and the processing power and memory capacity of a chent.
  • different types of clients can be connected through the same transmission medium, such as a high speed Internet connectivity.
  • the server can modify the applications based on the clients receiving them and based on the applications.
  • different types of clients can be connected through different media, such as wired and wireless, digital and analog; and the server can adapt the applications accordingly.
  • the chent can be ultra-thin, with minimal computing power and memory capacity because the server has already adapted or modified the appUcation for the chent. In other words, the chent can be a very low-cost device. Moreover, since applications can be modified by the server to fit specific clients, the same content materials can be used for different clients. For example, the present invention can use the same Internet content for an Internet enabled computer and a television. And these contents can be delivered to different chents in real time.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention includes a customization tool to reformat a pre-determined rendition of contents, such as a Web page, for specific classes of devices, based on preferences of content providers or end users or both.
  • FIG. 1 shows examples of applications applicable to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of the server side and the client side of the present invention connected through a transmission medium.
  • FIG. 3 shows one set of steps to implement one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows examples of appliance-specific transducers in the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of the adaptive transmission transducer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows examples of the characteristics of transmission media for the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 shows examples of ways to select the compression algorithms based on the computation power of the chent and the input data type in the present invention.
  • FIGS. 8A-B show examples of network protocols selected by the adaptive packetizer under different conditions in the present invention.
  • FIGS. 9A-B illustrate an example of a decision tree of the present invention for a Web browsing application. Same numerals in Figures 1-9 are assigned to similar elements in all the figures.
  • the present invention is applicable to a server-client environment.
  • the server can be connected to one or more chents through the corresponding transmission media.
  • the server can be a personal computer or other types of computers, typically with more computation power and memory than the chents.
  • the chents can be many different types of computing engines; for example, they can be an Internet enabled computer, a television, a palmtop, a microwave oven, a telephone, or a pager.
  • the capabilities of a chent can be quite flexible, as long as it has a decoder to decode the information delivered by the server.
  • the chents also have some form of user-interface apparatus to communicate the decoded information to a user.
  • a chent requests for an apphcation. This can be done by a user activating his set-top box. He might want to get to YAHOO 's web page through his television.
  • This type of apphcation is known as an interactive apphcation, 102 in FIG. 1.
  • a user can interact with the apphcation. This is different from just passively watching a STAR TREK episode on the television, because a user cannot change anything in the episode.
  • the request is transmitted to the server, which will access the web page.
  • the server adapts the accessed web page for the television, with the adaptation depending on a number of factors; for example, the web page itself, such as whether the web page contains text, images, video or some combination thereof; and the resources available, such as the transmission medium carrying the web page to the chent, and the capability of the chent.
  • the web page is modified based on MPEG1 specifications and the RTP network protocols, and is transmitted through an Internet connection from the server to the set-top box of the television.
  • the chent is the television and the set-top box, which receives the transmitted signal, and decodes it.
  • the decoded signals are typically a modified version of the original apphcation.
  • the decoded apphcation is not exactly the same as the apphcation in the server.
  • the set-top box shows the web page on the television, allowing the user to interact with it.
  • a user initially enters his preference to the server. This can be the score of the LA Lakers basketball team at the end of each of their games to be shown on her pager screen.
  • Such piece of information is also known as a push apphcation, 104 in FIG. 1 ; it is preset by the user.
  • the server can deliver it to her pager through radio wave.
  • the apphcation can be adapted based on at least one characteristic of the apphcation itself and the resources available.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the server side and the chent side of the present invention connected through a transmission medium 154.
  • FIG. 3 shows one set 175 of steps to implement one embodiment of the invention.
  • the server side includes an appliance-specific transducer 150 and an adaptive-transmission transducer 152.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 modifies (step 177) an apphcation based on the capabihty of the chent; and the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 further modifies (step 181) the apphcation based on the transmission medium 154.
  • the modification can also depend on the apphcation itself; for example, an audio signal is modified in a different way as compared to a piece of written text.
  • the chent includes a decoder 156 and a user-interface 158.
  • the decoder 156 interprets or decodes (step 185) the delivered signal, which, may have previously been tailored to the capabihty of the decoder 156.
  • the user-interface 158 presents the modified apphcation 187 to a user.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 modifies an apphcation based on at least one characteristic of the apphcation in conjunction with the chent. For illustration purposes, there are four different types of applications; and they are:
  • FIG. 4 shows examples of appliance-specific transducers 150 in the present invention.
  • a term with an apphcation appended by a chent designates an appliance-specific transducer 150 for that apphcation and that chent.
  • a DocTV designates an appliance specific transducer for modifying a document for television viewing.
  • This transducer can include a number of sub-transducers, such as a format sub- transducer for TN to change the format of the image depending on the television. This can be changing the size of the text so that a user six feet away can see the text. So there can be one or more of such sub-transducers to adapt the apphcation for television viewing.
  • sub-transducers can be a text sub-transducer to change the text characteristics based upon the chent, an image sub-transducer to change the image characteristics based upon the chent' s display capabilities, and a user-interface sub-transducer to enhance the usability of the apphcation on the chent.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 can add one or more sub-transducers dynamicaUy to modify the apphcation accordingly.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be a DocSPhone, 200, with S in SPhone denoting screen, or an IntemetSPhone, 202.
  • the DocSPhone is used if one is just using the phone to passively receive messages, whUe the
  • IntemetSPhone is used if one is using the phone to interact with the messages, as in interacting with a Web page.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be an EmaUSphone, 204, or a DocSPhone.
  • the EmaUSPhone, 204 has additional intelUgence in that the phone can have a software management system for emaU.
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be a FormSPhone, 206, which can aUow a user to edit a form, as in ordering a book from the Web.
  • Another method can be through direct mapping. For example, a page in HTML can be changed or mapped directly into a bit-map.
  • the output from the appliance-specific transducer 150 is an appliance-specific output 179, which is further modified by an adaptive-transmission transducer 152.
  • the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 modifies the appliance-specific output 179 to generate an adapted output 183.
  • the compression algorithm and the network protocol to be operated on the appliance-specific output 179 depend on at least one characteristic of the apphcation, such as the reliabUity or error rate of the apphcation required, and the speed or bandwidth of the transmission medium 154.
  • the server sends the adapted output 183 through the transmission medium to the chent.
  • FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 of the present invention. It includes a multimode compressor 250 and an adaptive packetizer 252. The compressor selects the appropriate compression algorithm to compress the appliance- specific output 179, while the adaptive packetizer 252 selects the network protocol to generate the adapted output 183.
  • FIG. 6 shows examples of the characteristics of transmission media for the present invention.
  • the different characteristics can be in the bandwidth, error rates and latency. Latency represents how long a chent has to wait for an apphcation.
  • a medium with a high error rate implies that data going through such a transmission medium 154 tends to have more errors.
  • an apphcation might have to be re-sent to ensure the right signal has been received. This increases latency.
  • an analog signal, 300 transmitted through air— a wireless analog signal— has high error rate, 302 , because signal interference can be high. Since the signals might have to be transmitted a number of times to ensure accuracy, the latency of the signal increases, 304.
  • the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 automaticaUy takes into account such variations, for example, by selecting the appropriate compression algorithm and network protocol.
  • the multimode compressor 250 automatically selects the compression algorithm in view of the apphcation, the transmission medium 154 and the cUent.
  • ASCII text a higher form data
  • bitmap a lower form data
  • the ASCII text document takes less bandwidth to be transmitted, but the chent needs the decoding capabiUty to understand the ASCII text.
  • the document is sent in bitmap, the chent displays whatever is received, but the amount of data sent increases significantly.
  • the parameters used to choose the compression algorithm include:
  • Input data type whether it is text, graphics, natural images, audio or video. Note that the apphcation can have a number of different input data type, such as there can be text and images on the same page.
  • Rate-distortion requirement or the compromise between bandwidth versus quaUty.
  • FIG. 7 shows ways to select the compression algorithms based on the input data type and the computation power of the chent because the decoder 156 might need to decompress the adapted output 183. Note that the computation power of the server may also have to be taken into account because it is the server, or the multimode compressor 250, that is performing the compression. However, typicaUy, the chent is not as powerful -l ias the server. If the chent has sufficient power to decompress, the server should have sufficient power to compress.
  • the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 not only selects the compression algorithm, it also selects the network protocol. This can be done by the adaptive packetizer 252. To iUustrate the present invention, three protocols are considered, and they are TCP, UDP and RTP.
  • FIGS. 8A-B show examples of network protocols selected by the adaptive packetizer 252 under different conditions, with FIG. 8A for low-error rates and FIG. 8B for high-error rates.
  • the selection again is done in an adaptive manner, with the choice made depending on the data type of the apphcation and the transmission medium 154. For example, if the apphcation is a piece of text and has to be accurate, then error rate has to be low. If the transmission medium has inherently high latency, then as shown in FIG. 8A, UDP is selected. On the other hand, if the apphcation is a video stream, then error rate can be high, but latency should be low because a viewer's enjoyment level drops if there are detectable gaps between frames. Based on FIG. 8B, RTP is selected.
  • the chent can be ultra-thin. It only needs minimal computing power and memory capacity because the server has already adapted or modified the apphcation for the chent. Such type of chents can be very low cost.
  • An example of a uliraJhin chent is a TN set top box that is capable of handling powerful applications, such as streaming audio and video, Java applets and ActiveX controls. Such a box may only require the computing power of a 16 MHz 80386 microprocessor, with 1 Mbyte memory, and with embedded software that can fit into 100 KBytes memory.
  • FIGS. 9A-B iUustrate an example of a decision tree of the present invention for a Web browsing apphcation 400.
  • the appliance or the chent is a television 402
  • the appliance-specific transducer 150 wiU select the sub-transducers of a DocTV and an Intemet V.
  • the output from the appliance-specific transducer 150 is further modified, as shown in FIG. 9B.
  • a part of the apphcation is a piece of text, so the data type, 404, is text, 406.
  • the transmission medium 154, or the connection 408, is wired LAN, 410, with bandwidth of 10 mega bits per second (Mbps).
  • the computing power, 412, of the appliance is low, such as less than 10 million instructions per second (Mips).
  • the adaptive- transmission transduer 152 wiU select RLE as the compression algorithm and UDP as the network protocol. After the modification, the output wiU be transmitted through the wired
  • LAN to the appliance, which in this case is a television 402.
  • VAP an apphcation layer protocol
  • TCP Transmission Control Protocol
  • UDP User Data Management Protocol
  • RDO Rendered Data Object
  • CDO Chent Data Object
  • Each RDO packet is self-contained in that it is possible to decode and reproduce a portion of the output based upon each RDO separately. Such a feature is especiaUy suitable to situations with high latency or high error rates. It also permits packets to be delivered out of order.
  • Each RDO packet contains complete information about the active areas of the screen and corresponding actions.
  • RDO packets contain information about the compression algorithm used.
  • VAP permits incremental reconstruction of the output at the chent. This is applicable to implement smart-loading which improves the user experience by providing them with some data quickly.
  • RDO packets contain information about the layer of the reconstruction including transparency information.
  • the CDO characteristics include the foUowing:
  • Each CDO packet contains an appliance-id, which identifies the chent and is specified by the VAP. It is for determining the capabilities of the chent so as to aUow the server to respond accordingly.
  • Each CDO packet contains an action and corresponding data.
  • One embodiment of the present invention includes an image generator, and a customizer to re-format a pre-determined rendition of contents, such as a Web page, into a new rendition, for a specific class of devices, based on preferences of content providers or end users or both.
  • One embodiment of re-formatting includes three windows on a display. One window shows an image of the original rendition of the contents, and another window shows a preview of the new rendition, which can include the image of the new rendition as shown in a simulated image of the specific class of devices. The images can be generated by the image generator.
  • the third window shows a control panel, which is a user-interface of the customizer, to aUow a content provider or an end user to re-format the original rendition.
  • a content provider can identify an area in the original rendition, and place it as a component in the new rendition. This can be done in a number of ways.
  • the customizer can include a section identifier and a section manipulator.
  • the identifier identifies a section in the original rendition. After the section is identified, the manipulator copies that section, and automaticaUy places it as a component in the new rendition. This could be achieved through a drag-and-drop metaphor.
  • a user can navigate from section to section in the original rendition, such as moving from the header to the left hand column. If the user wants a particular section, the user can highUght it.
  • the section manipulator can then automaticaUy place a copy of the section into the new rendition in a format selected by the user.
  • the format desired can be set by a function key in the control panel. For example, if the original format is in three different columns, by cUcking a Ust key, contents in the columns are transformed into a single hst to be placed in the new format. The position of the hst can be set by a position key in the control panel.
  • the new rendition depends on the characteristics of the specific class of devices. For example, if the specific class of devices is a pager, and the section selected is a title with a large font size on the original rendition, the font size of the title can be reduced to fit into the screen of the pager.
  • the transformation from the original to the new rendition can be stored in a storage medium.
  • similar original renditions wiU be transformed the same way to the same class of devices automaticaUy. Similar renditions can be detected even when the renditions have slightly differing characteristics, such as when sections have been moved around, or additional sections introduced or certain sections that are irrelevant to the reformatting are absent.
  • the re-formatting can be under the control of a content provider.
  • an end-user can be in control of the process, or both the end-user and the content provider can control the process.
  • users who can be content providers or end users, can have a pre-determined rendition of contents re-formatted as desired.

Abstract

Methods and apparatus to selectively display a pre-determined set of contents for a specific class of devices. The apparatus includes an image generator, a section identifier and a section manipulator. The image generator generates an image of a pre-determined rendition of the set of contents; the section identifier identifies a section in the contents based on a preference of the provider of the set of contents; and the section manipulator re-formats the identified section to generate a new rendition, depending on a characteristic of the specific class of devices and a preference of the provider. After the re-formatting, the new rendition is displayed on the specific class of devices.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RE-FORMATTING WEB PAGES
This is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. Patent Applications: S/N 09/098,670, filed on June 17, 1998; and S/N 08/970,735, filed on November 14, 1997, both incorporated by reference into this specification.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a client- server technology and more particularly to a client-server system with the application delivered to the client being automatically modified based on the resources available.
A server computer may deliver applications to many different types of clients through many different types of media. For example, the server can be delivering a page to a printer through a cable, a note to a pager through radio waves, an audio message to a cellular phone through microwave, a web page to a Internet enabled computer or a palmtop through infrared radiation, a movie to a television through optical fibers, or an on-off command to the switch of a microwave oven or the central air-conditioning system of a house through twisted pairs.
Each of these clients or appliances have different capabilities. Some of them can have relatively powerful microprocessors and memory capacity, such as a palmtop. Others can be ultra-thin clients with minimal computation and memory power, such as a television. The delivery media can be very different. For example, some have large bandwidth, such as optical fibers; but others have low bandwidth, such as twisted pairs. Also, the applications can be quite diverse. For example, a movie requires large bandwidth, low latency, and is quite tolerant to error rates; but an on-off command to a switch has to be absolutely accurate, though the bandwidth requirement is low.
There is typically a specific approach to deliver each type of application through a specific medium to a specific client. For example, if you want to print a page, you will activate a specific printer driver to print that page; and if you want to send a web-page to your Internet enabled computer, your web-page is compressed by a certain pre-determined ratio and is transmitted following a specific network protocol. Different software programs are called by the server to accomplish such diverse tasks.
Whether an Internet enabled computer or a television requests for an interactive application, which is an application that you can interact with, such as a web-page, the server typically follows the same preset network protocol to deliver the interactive application. In other words, if, for example, the transmission medium is changed after the protocol is preset, the server does not have the intelligence to modify the protocol dynamically in view of the change. There is no intelligent adaptability on the part of the server. The server would not know or would not care that a user is sitting one foot away from the web-page on the Internet enabled computer, or is sitting six feet away from the web-page on the television.
Not only does the server lack adaptability, the server would not be able to respond to certain requests from certain clients. For example, the application is a push application, which is an application determined by a user based on her profile, such as quoting the stock price of XEROX at 1 PM everyday. A server would not be able to respond automatically to both a pager requesting for a stock quote, and a standard telephone requesting for a weather report. The way it is typically done nowadays is to have a separate server dedicated to handle each of these tasks.
It should be apparent from the foregoing that there is still a need for an apparatus and method to automatically handle such diverse applications, client capabilities and transmission media, such that different applications can be automatically modified based on the resources available from the transmission media and the clients.
SUMMARY The present invention is on methods and apparatus that automatically modify an application in view of one or more of the following: the application, and the capability of the client requesting the application and the transmission medium delivering the application. The chent can be a palmtop computer showing your new appointment of the day, a microwave oven automatically being turned on at 6 PM to cook your chicken, or a television showing your favorite James Bond movie. Each of these clients has different capabilities connected to different transmission media, and each application has its characteristics. Based on this invention, the server computer automatically modifies the specific application in view of the resources available so as to maximize the benefits of the resources.
In one embodiment, the application can be of an interactive type, such as a web- page, which a user can interact with. This embodiment includes a server apparatus in a server. The server apparatus includes an appliance-specific transducer and an adaptive transmission transducer. The appliance-specific transducer, in view of a chent' s request for an interactive application in the server, is configured to modify the application based on the chent and the application to generate an appliance-specific output. This output is modified automatically depending on the client and the application itself. The adaptive transmission transducer, which is coupled to the appliance-specific transducer, is configured to modify the appliance-specific output. The modification is again based on the application and the corresponding medium of transmission. After the modification, an adapted output is generated, and is dehvered through the medium to the chent. Then, the chent decodes the adapted output to produce a modified version of the interactive application that is adapted for the chent.
In another embodiment, the application can be of a push type. A push application is an application that is pre-determined by a user, such as from the user's profile. Based on her preference, as shown in her profile, specific applications can be delivered to her. For example, during weekends, she prefers to wake up at 9 am, and she likes music by the Beetles. So at 9 am every Saturday and Sunday, the server selects a song by the Beetles, compresses it, and delivers it to her speaker next to her bed for fifteen minutes. This embodiment also includes a server apparatus, with its corresponding appliance-specific transducer and adaptive transmission transducer.
Yet another embodiment includes a chent apparatus in a chent. The chent apparatus includes a decoder for generating the modified version of an application from an adapted output. The adapted output is generated by one of the above described appliance-specific transducer and adaptive transmission transducer
Based on the present invention, applications are automatically mapped onto various clients based on the resources available. In one embodiment, the resources include the bandwidth, acceptable error rates, and the latency of the transmission medium, and the processing power and memory capacity of a chent.
With the present invention, different types of clients can be connected through the same transmission medium, such as a high speed Internet connectivity. The server can modify the applications based on the clients receiving them and based on the applications. Also, with the present invention, different types of clients can be connected through different media, such as wired and wireless, digital and analog; and the server can adapt the applications accordingly.
The chent can be ultra-thin, with minimal computing power and memory capacity because the server has already adapted or modified the appUcation for the chent. In other words, the chent can be a very low-cost device. Moreover, since applications can be modified by the server to fit specific clients, the same content materials can be used for different clients. For example, the present invention can use the same Internet content for an Internet enabled computer and a television. And these contents can be delivered to different chents in real time.
With the present invention, development time to adapt different applications to a new type of client can be significantly reduced. Changes can be done through software modification based on the present invention. This, in turn, significantly enables widespread deployment of a new type of chent into the market place quickly.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes a customization tool to reformat a pre-determined rendition of contents, such as a Web page, for specific classes of devices, based on preferences of content providers or end users or both.
Note that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readabihty and instructional purposes, and may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. Also, the features and advantages described in the specification are not all-inclusive. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, in view of the specification, which illustrates by way of example the principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows examples of applications applicable to the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows an example of the server side and the client side of the present invention connected through a transmission medium.
FIG. 3 shows one set of steps to implement one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows examples of appliance-specific transducers in the present invention. FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of the adaptive transmission transducer of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows examples of the characteristics of transmission media for the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows examples of ways to select the compression algorithms based on the computation power of the chent and the input data type in the present invention.
FIGS. 8A-B show examples of network protocols selected by the adaptive packetizer under different conditions in the present invention.
FIGS. 9A-B illustrate an example of a decision tree of the present invention for a Web browsing application. Same numerals in Figures 1-9 are assigned to similar elements in all the figures.
Embodiments of the invention are discussed below with reference to Figures 1-9. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is applicable to a server-client environment. The server can be connected to one or more chents through the corresponding transmission media. The server can be a personal computer or other types of computers, typically with more computation power and memory than the chents. The chents can be many different types of computing engines; for example, they can be an Internet enabled computer, a television, a palmtop, a microwave oven, a telephone, or a pager. Thus, the capabilities of a chent can be quite flexible, as long as it has a decoder to decode the information delivered by the server. In one embcπiiment, the chents also have some form of user-interface apparatus to communicate the decoded information to a user.
In one example, a chent requests for an apphcation. This can be done by a user activating his set-top box. He might want to get to YAHOO 's web page through his television. This type of apphcation is known as an interactive apphcation, 102 in FIG. 1. In such an apphcation, a user can interact with the apphcation. This is different from just passively watching a STAR TREK episode on the television, because a user cannot change anything in the episode. Anyway, the request is transmitted to the server, which will access the web page. Then the server adapts the accessed web page for the television, with the adaptation depending on a number of factors; for example, the web page itself, such as whether the web page contains text, images, video or some combination thereof; and the resources available, such as the transmission medium carrying the web page to the chent, and the capability of the chent. In one embodiment, the web page is modified based on MPEG1 specifications and the RTP network protocols, and is transmitted through an Internet connection from the server to the set-top box of the television. In this case, the chent is the television and the set-top box, which receives the transmitted signal, and decodes it. The decoded signals are typically a modified version of the original apphcation. In other words, the decoded apphcation is not exactly the same as the apphcation in the server. Then the set-top box shows the web page on the television, allowing the user to interact with it. In another embodiment, a user initially enters his preference to the server. This can be the score of the LA Lakers basketball team at the end of each of their games to be shown on her pager screen. Such piece of information is also known as a push apphcation, 104 in FIG. 1 ; it is preset by the user. When a score is available, the server can deliver it to her pager through radio wave. Again the apphcation can be adapted based on at least one characteristic of the apphcation itself and the resources available.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the server side and the chent side of the present invention connected through a transmission medium 154. FIG. 3 shows one set 175 of steps to implement one embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, the server side includes an appliance-specific transducer 150 and an adaptive-transmission transducer 152. In general terms, the appliance-specific transducer 150 modifies (step 177) an apphcation based on the capabihty of the chent; and the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 further modifies (step 181) the apphcation based on the transmission medium 154. The modification can also depend on the apphcation itself; for example, an audio signal is modified in a different way as compared to a piece of written text. In one embodiment, the chent includes a decoder 156 and a user-interface 158. The decoder 156 interprets or decodes (step 185) the delivered signal, which, may have previously been tailored to the capabihty of the decoder 156. Then, the user-interface 158 presents the modified apphcation 187 to a user. In one embodiment, the appliance-specific transducer 150 modifies an apphcation based on at least one characteristic of the apphcation in conjunction with the chent. For illustration purposes, there are four different types of applications; and they are:
(a) Document or Doc, which includes text and images in their corresponding formats. (b) Internet, which includes streaming multimedia and plugins.
(c) Email.
(d) Form, which includes different types of forms with different formats for a user to enter information into.
Each of these applications has its characteristics, and can be modified differently depending on the chent.
FIG. 4 shows examples of appliance-specific transducers 150 in the present invention. In this specification, a term with an apphcation appended by a chent designates an appliance-specific transducer 150 for that apphcation and that chent. For example, a DocTV designates an appliance specific transducer for modifying a document for television viewing. This transducer can include a number of sub-transducers, such as a format sub- transducer for TN to change the format of the image depending on the television. This can be changing the size of the text so that a user six feet away can see the text. So there can be one or more of such sub-transducers to adapt the apphcation for television viewing. Note that television is typicaUy watched six or more feet away, whUe a computer monitor is less than one foot away from a viewer. Other sub-transducers, depending on needs, can be a text sub-transducer to change the text characteristics based upon the chent, an image sub-transducer to change the image characteristics based upon the chent' s display capabilities, and a user-interface sub-transducer to enhance the usability of the apphcation on the chent. The appliance-specific transducer 150 can add one or more sub-transducers dynamicaUy to modify the apphcation accordingly.
Figure 4 shows additional examples of such sub-transducers. For example, if one is browsing the Web using a phone with a display, the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be a DocSPhone, 200, with S in SPhone denoting screen, or an IntemetSPhone, 202. The DocSPhone is used if one is just using the phone to passively receive messages, whUe the
IntemetSPhone is used if one is using the phone to interact with the messages, as in interacting with a Web page. For another example, if one is using the phone to retrieve emaU, the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be an EmaUSphone, 204, or a DocSPhone. The EmaUSPhone, 204, has additional intelUgence in that the phone can have a software management system for emaU. As a final example, if the phone is used for electronic commerce or E-Commerce, the appliance-specific transducer 150 can be a FormSPhone, 206, which can aUow a user to edit a form, as in ordering a book from the Web.
There are different ways to produce such appliance-specific transducers 150. One way is based on methods and apparatus disclosed in the co-pending U. S . Patent Apphcation S/N 08/970,735, filed on November 14, 1997, to generate such transducers dynamicaUy.
Another method can be through direct mapping. For example, a page in HTML can be changed or mapped directly into a bit-map.
In one embodiment, the output from the appliance-specific transducer 150 is an appliance-specific output 179, which is further modified by an adaptive-transmission transducer 152.
The adaptive-transmission transducer 152, based on the characteristics of the apphcation and the transmission medium 154, modifies the appliance-specific output 179 to generate an adapted output 183. In one embodiment, the compression algorithm and the network protocol to be operated on the appliance-specific output 179 depend on at least one characteristic of the apphcation, such as the reliabUity or error rate of the apphcation required, and the speed or bandwidth of the transmission medium 154. After the appliance- specific output 179 is modified to generate the adapted output 183, the server sends the adapted output 183 through the transmission medium to the chent. FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 of the present invention. It includes a multimode compressor 250 and an adaptive packetizer 252. The compressor selects the appropriate compression algorithm to compress the appliance- specific output 179, while the adaptive packetizer 252 selects the network protocol to generate the adapted output 183.
FIG. 6 shows examples of the characteristics of transmission media for the present invention. The different characteristics can be in the bandwidth, error rates and latency. Latency represents how long a chent has to wait for an apphcation. A medium with a high error rate implies that data going through such a transmission medium 154 tends to have more errors. To compensate for such deficiencies, an apphcation might have to be re-sent to ensure the right signal has been received. This increases latency. For example, an analog signal, 300, transmitted through air— a wireless analog signal— has high error rate, 302 , because signal interference can be high. Since the signals might have to be transmitted a number of times to ensure accuracy, the latency of the signal increases, 304. Depending on the apphcation and the transmission medium 154 to be used, the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 automaticaUy takes into account such variations, for example, by selecting the appropriate compression algorithm and network protocol.
In one embodiment, the multimode compressor 250 automatically selects the compression algorithm in view of the apphcation, the transmission medium 154 and the cUent. The higher the form of data to be sent from the server to the chent, the lower the bandwidth required, but the more computation power the chent has to have. For example, with respect to ASCII text (a higher form data) and bitmap (a lower form data), the ASCII text document takes less bandwidth to be transmitted, but the chent needs the decoding capabiUty to understand the ASCII text. On the other hand, if the document is sent in bitmap, the chent displays whatever is received, but the amount of data sent increases significantly. If the cUent has the capabihty to decode compressed ASCII text, and if the transmission medium 154 has a smaU bandwidth, then it is better to compress the ASCII text before transmission. This ensures a more efficient use of the resources. In one embodiment, the parameters used to choose the compression algorithm include:
(b) Input data type, whether it is text, graphics, natural images, audio or video. Note that the apphcation can have a number of different input data type, such as there can be text and images on the same page. (b) Rate-distortion requirement, or the compromise between bandwidth versus quaUty.
(c) The transmission medium 154, which affects the bandwidth, error rate and latency.
(d) Capabilities of the server and the chent, such as the processing power and memory available.
A number of compression algorithms are applicable to this invention. They include Lempel-Ziv (LZ), Run Length Encoding (RLE), JPEG, Hierarchical Nector Quantization (HVQ), ADPCM, MPEG1, MPEG2, H.263 and Hierarchical Vector Quantization with Conditional Replenishment (HVQCR). FIG. 7 shows ways to select the compression algorithms based on the input data type and the computation power of the chent because the decoder 156 might need to decompress the adapted output 183. Note that the computation power of the server may also have to be taken into account because it is the server, or the multimode compressor 250, that is performing the compression. However, typicaUy, the chent is not as powerful -l ias the server. If the chent has sufficient power to decompress, the server should have sufficient power to compress.
In one embodiment, the adaptive-transmission transducer 152 not only selects the compression algorithm, it also selects the network protocol. This can be done by the adaptive packetizer 252. To iUustrate the present invention, three protocols are considered, and they are TCP, UDP and RTP.
FIGS. 8A-B show examples of network protocols selected by the adaptive packetizer 252 under different conditions, with FIG. 8A for low-error rates and FIG. 8B for high-error rates. In one embodiment, the selection again is done in an adaptive manner, with the choice made depending on the data type of the apphcation and the transmission medium 154. For example, if the apphcation is a piece of text and has to be accurate, then error rate has to be low. If the transmission medium has inherently high latency, then as shown in FIG. 8A, UDP is selected. On the other hand, if the apphcation is a video stream, then error rate can be high, but latency should be low because a viewer's enjoyment level drops if there are detectable gaps between frames. Based on FIG. 8B, RTP is selected.
In one embodiment, the chent can be ultra-thin. It only needs minimal computing power and memory capacity because the server has already adapted or modified the apphcation for the chent. Such type of chents can be very low cost. An example of a uliraJhin chent is a TN set top box that is capable of handling powerful applications, such as streaming audio and video, Java applets and ActiveX controls. Such a box may only require the computing power of a 16 MHz 80386 microprocessor, with 1 Mbyte memory, and with embedded software that can fit into 100 KBytes memory.
FIGS. 9A-B iUustrate an example of a decision tree of the present invention for a Web browsing apphcation 400. As shown in FIG. 9A, if the appliance or the chent is a television 402, then the appliance-specific transducer 150 wiU select the sub-transducers of a DocTV and an Intemet V. The output from the appliance-specific transducer 150 is further modified, as shown in FIG. 9B. For example, a part of the apphcation is a piece of text, so the data type, 404, is text, 406. Also, the transmission medium 154, or the connection 408, is wired LAN, 410, with bandwidth of 10 mega bits per second (Mbps). Further assume that the computing power, 412, of the appliance is low, such as less than 10 million instructions per second (Mips). Then, foUowing the decision tree, the adaptive- transmission transduer 152 wiU select RLE as the compression algorithm and UDP as the network protocol. After the modification, the output wiU be transmitted through the wired
LAN to the appliance, which in this case is a television 402.
Another embodiment of the invention includes a new type of network protocol. It is an apphcation layer protocol, known as VAP. It runs on top of network protocols, such as the TCP, UDP or RTP. VAP includes two packet types, the Rendered Data Object (RDO) and the Chent Data Object (CDO). RDOs are sent from the server to the client in response to a CDO request.
The RDO characteristics include the foUowing:
(a) Each RDO packet is self-contained in that it is possible to decode and reproduce a portion of the output based upon each RDO separately. Such a feature is especiaUy suitable to situations with high latency or high error rates. It also permits packets to be delivered out of order.
(b) Each RDO packet contains complete information about the active areas of the screen and corresponding actions.
(c) RDO packets contain information about the compression algorithm used. (d) VAP permits incremental reconstruction of the output at the chent. This is applicable to implement smart-loading which improves the user experience by providing them with some data quickly. RDO packets contain information about the layer of the reconstruction including transparency information. The CDO characteristics include the foUowing:
(a) Each CDO packet contains an appliance-id, which identifies the chent and is specified by the VAP. It is for determining the capabilities of the chent so as to aUow the server to respond accordingly.
(b) Each CDO packet contains an action and corresponding data. One embodiment of the present invention includes an image generator, and a customizer to re-format a pre-determined rendition of contents, such as a Web page, into a new rendition, for a specific class of devices, based on preferences of content providers or end users or both. One embodiment of re-formatting includes three windows on a display. One window shows an image of the original rendition of the contents, and another window shows a preview of the new rendition, which can include the image of the new rendition as shown in a simulated image of the specific class of devices. The images can be generated by the image generator. The third window shows a control panel, which is a user-interface of the customizer, to aUow a content provider or an end user to re-format the original rendition.
Using the control panel, a content provider, can identify an area in the original rendition, and place it as a component in the new rendition. This can be done in a number of ways. For example, the customizer can include a section identifier and a section manipulator. The identifier identifies a section in the original rendition. After the section is identified, the manipulator copies that section, and automaticaUy places it as a component in the new rendition. This could be achieved through a drag-and-drop metaphor. Based on the section identifier, a user can navigate from section to section in the original rendition, such as moving from the header to the left hand column. If the user wants a particular section, the user can highUght it. The section manipulator can then automaticaUy place a copy of the section into the new rendition in a format selected by the user. The format desired can be set by a function key in the control panel. For example, if the original format is in three different columns, by cUcking a Ust key, contents in the columns are transformed into a single hst to be placed in the new format. The position of the hst can be set by a position key in the control panel.
The new rendition depends on the characteristics of the specific class of devices. For example, if the specific class of devices is a pager, and the section selected is a title with a large font size on the original rendition, the font size of the title can be reduced to fit into the screen of the pager. Once the user has finished identifying the desired sections, and generated the new rendition, the transformation from the original to the new rendition can be stored in a storage medium. In the future, similar original renditions wiU be transformed the same way to the same class of devices automaticaUy. Similar renditions can be detected even when the renditions have slightly differing characteristics, such as when sections have been moved around, or additional sections introduced or certain sections that are irrelevant to the reformatting are absent.
In the above description, the re-formatting can be under the control of a content provider. However, an end-user can be in control of the process, or both the end-user and the content provider can control the process.
Thus, users, who can be content providers or end users, can have a pre-determined rendition of contents re-formatted as desired.
Other embodiments of the invention wiU be apparent to those skiUed in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only , with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the foUowing claims.

Claims

1. A computer-aided method to selectively display a pre-determined set of contents for a specific class of devices, the method comprising the steps of: generating an image of a pre-determined rendition of the set of contents; identifying a section in the contents based on a preference of a user; and re-formatting the identified section to generate a new rendition, depending on a characteristic of the specific class of devices and a preference of the user; such that the new rendition can be displayed on the specific class of devices.
2. A computer-aided method as recited in claim 1 wherein the user is selected from the group of an end-user viewing the new rendition and the provider of the set of contents.
3. A computer-aided apparatus to selectively display a pre-determined set of contents for a specific class of devices, the apparatus comprising: an image generator configured to generate an image of a pre-determined rendition of the set of contents; a section identifier configured to identify a section in the contents based on a preference of a user; a section manipulator configured to re-format the identified section to generate a new rendition, depending on a characteristic of the specific class of devices and a preference of the user; such that the new rendition can be displayed on the specific class of devices.
4. A computer-aided apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the user is selected from the group of an end-user viewing the new rendition and the provider of the set of contents.
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