WO1999053748A1 - Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw - Google Patents

Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999053748A1
WO1999053748A1 PCT/FI1998/000466 FI9800466W WO9953748A1 WO 1999053748 A1 WO1999053748 A1 WO 1999053748A1 FI 9800466 W FI9800466 W FI 9800466W WO 9953748 A1 WO9953748 A1 WO 9953748A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
helicopter
topping saw
trees
saw
power line
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI1998/000466
Other languages
Finnish (fi)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jorma Ahvenlampi
Hannu Oksanen
Original Assignee
Länsitec Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=8551556&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO1999053748(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Länsitec Oy filed Critical Länsitec Oy
Priority to AU76561/98A priority Critical patent/AU7656198A/en
Priority to DE69819937T priority patent/DE69819937T2/en
Priority to AT98924335T priority patent/ATE254393T1/en
Priority to US09/673,572 priority patent/US6394156B1/en
Priority to EP98924335A priority patent/EP1079683B1/en
Priority to CA002329036A priority patent/CA2329036C/en
Publication of WO1999053748A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999053748A1/en
Priority to NO20004885A priority patent/NO315591B1/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G23/00Forestry
    • A01G23/02Transplanting, uprooting, felling or delimbing trees
    • A01G23/08Felling trees
    • A01G23/091Sawing apparatus specially adapted for felling trees
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S56/00Harvesters
    • Y10S56/09Detachable implement

Abstract

A method for cutting trees (18) in the vicinity of a power line (10) using a topping saw (17) suspended from a helicopter (15) in such a way that the helicopter is flown in the direction of the power line (10) so close to the electricity wires (12) that the topping saw suspended from the helicopter cuts the desired tops of the trees. The cutting line (14) of the topping saw (17) is determined in such a way that the helicopter is flown with the help of a video camera (21) attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw at an angle of 45° and a monitor (22) placed in connetion with the helicopter's cockpit so that the video camera is kept directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10). The distance (a, b) of the point where trees are to be cut from the electricity wire (12) is determined by adjusting the distance (h) of the video camera from the cutting blade (20) of the topping saw (17). The topping saw (17) comprises two cutting blades (20) that rotate horizontally and in the same direcion and a motor (28) that rotates the cutting blades.

Description

METHOD FOR CUTTING TREES IN THE VICINITY OF A POWER LINE AND A TOPPING SAW
The object of the invention is a method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line.
Land areas in the vicinity of power lines must be kept free of trees, as it is thus possible to prevent line damage caused by trees that might touch the electricity wires and disturbances in power distribution caused thereby. However, as trees tend to grow particularly fast especially in open power line areas, power lines must be cleared regularly by cutting trees that have grown too close to the electricity wires. According to a known method, trees are cut manually using a power saw, for example. Manual work is, however, arduous and very slow. In addition, when trees are cut with a power saw, the whole tree often has to be felled, even though it would be sufficient to cut only the top of the tree to prevent the tree from touching the electricity wires.
The aim of the present invention is to achieve a new method for cutting trees that are in the vicinity of a power line. It is characteristic of the method relating to the invention that the tops of the trees are cut using a topping saw suspended from a helicopter in such a way that the helicopter is flown in the direction of the power line so close to the electricity wires that the topping saw suspended from the helicopter cuts the desired treetops.
By the method relating to the invention it is possible to cut the tops of the trees growing in the area of a power line at the desired distance from the electricity wire of the power line. By using the helicopter it is possible to move fast and at the same time to achieve the desired sawing line in order to achieve a clear strip of the desired size in the vicinity of the electricity wires.
According to a preferred embodiment of the method relating to the invention the tops of the trees are cut with a topping saw suspended from a helicopter, the saw comprising a motor and two cutting blades that rotate in the same direction.
According to a second preferred embodiment of the method relating to the invention the cutting line of the topping saw attached to the helicopter is determined in such a way that the helicopter is flown so that the sighting device incorporated in the topping saw is directed towards the electricity wire of the power line. According to a third preferred embodiment of the method relating to the invention the cutting line of the topping saw attached to the helicopter is determined with the help of a video camera attached to the suspension bar for the topping saw, in such a way that the helicopter is flown with the help of a monitor placed in connection with the helicopter's cockpit, the video camera being directed towards the electricity wire of the power line.
According to yet another preferred embodiment of the method the upper limit of the area where trees are to be cut is formed at an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, in such a way that the video camera is attached to the suspension bar for the topping saw at an angle of 45°, and the helicopter is flown with the video camera directed towards the electricity wire of the power line and that the distance from the electricity wire of the point where trees are to be cut is determined by adjusting the distance of the video camera from the cutting blade of the topping saw.
Another object of the invention is a topping saw for cutting trees which are in the vicinity of a power line, it is characteristic of the topping saw relating to the invention that the topping saw comprises at least one cutting blade for cutting the tops of the trees, which cutting blade most preferably rotates in the direction of the horizontal plane, and that the topping saw is suspended from a helicopter by means of an intermediate element.
According to a preferred embodiment of the topping saw relating to the invention the topping saw comprises two cutting blades that are mainly horizontal and rotate in the same direction, and a motor that rotates the cutting blades.
According to a second preferred embodiment of the topping saw relating to the invention the topping saw comprises a sighting device which can be directed towards the electricity wire of the power line in order to determine the desired sawing line to be used when cutting the trees.
According to a third preferred embodiment of the topping saw, a video camera is attached to the suspension bar for the topping saw and there is a monitor in connection with the cockpit of the helicopter, with the help of which monitor the helicopter can be flown in such a way that the video camera is directed towards the electricity wire of the power line in order to achieve the desired sawing line.
According to yet another preferred embodiment of the topping saw, the video camera is attached to the suspension bar for the topping saw most preferably at an angle of 45° so that the upper limit of the area where trees are to be cut also forms an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, and that the distance of the video camera from the cutting blade of the topping saw can be adjusted in order to set the desired distance between the point where trees are to be cut and the electricity wire.
The invention is described in the following by way of an example, with reference to the appended drawings in which
Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic view of the cross-section of the power line, in which areas that are to be cleared of trees or treetops are marked with a broken line. Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view of the cross-section of the power line and the cutting of the treetops using a topping saw attached to a helicopter. Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic view of the cutting of the treetops when the helicopter is moving in the direction of the power line.
Figure 4 shows a diagrammatic view of the vertical section of the topping saw relating to the invention. Figure 5 shows a diagrammatic view of the horizontal section of the topping saw in
Figure 4.
Figure 1 shows the cross-section of the power line 10 and the areas in the vicinity of the power line that are to be cleared of trees or treetops. In Figure 1 the inner limit of the cutting area, inside which there may be no trees closer to the electricity wires 12, is marked with a broken line 11. The outer limit of the cutting area, beyond which trees need not be cleared, is marked with a broken line 13. Between the inner limit 11 and the outer limit 13 of the cutting area, there is an inclined area, in which the trees that are closer to the power line must be cut shorter than the trees that are further away. The upper limit of the cutting area, at an angle of 45° as required by cutting regulations, above which treetops must be cut, is marked with a broken line 14.
Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view of the cross-section of the power line 10 and the helicopter 15 to which has been attached the topping saw 17 suspended from a bar 16. It can be seen in Figure 2 that it is advantageous to cut treetops with the topping saw 17, particularly above the upper limit 14 of the cutting area, the said limit being at an angle of 45°. The cutting of the tops 19 of the trees 18 is carried out by means of a helicopter 15, in such a way that the helicopter is flown in the direction of the power line 10 at different distances from the power line 10 so that all the tops 19 of the trees 18 that are above the upper limit 14 of the cutting area are cut.
Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view of the method by which the flyer of the helicopter 15 can fly so that the cutting blade 20 of the topping saw 17 is continuously at the desired distance (a) from the line 25 that goes through the electricity wire 12 of the power line 10. To enable determination of the correct cutting line, a video camera 21 has been attached at an angle of 45° to the bar 16 suspended from the helicopter 15 at the desired height (h) from the cutting blade 20, the said video camera 21 having been connected with a cable 22 to the monitor 23 in the cockpit of the helicopter. In such case the flyer 24 of the helicopter 15 can, while flying, follow with his eyes both the topping saw 17 and the picture of the electricity wire 12 shown in the monitor 23. When the flyer 24 keeps the helicopter 15 continuously at a height where the picture of the electricity wire 12 can be seen in the monitor 23, the video camera 21 is always at some point on the line 25 shown by a broken line in the figure. In such case the cutting blade 20 of the topping saw 17 for cutting the tops 19 of the trees 18 is continuously at some point on the upper limit 14 of the cutting area.
Figure 3 shows, as seen from the side, the helicopter 15, which is flying in the direction of the power line 10. When the flyer keeps the helicopter 15 continuously at a height where the video camera 23 sees the electricity wire 12, the cutting blade 20 of the topping saw 17 is continuously at the correct height. It can be seen in Figure 3 that the cutting blade 20 of the topping saw 17 has cut the tops of the trees 18 at such a height that the distance from the trees 18 to the electricity wire 12 continuously remains equal. In this way the power line 10 can be cleared in the most advantageous way. None of the trees have been cut too low, as the cutting edge 26 continuously follows the direction of the power line's electricity wire 12, which sags. In Figure 3 this distance is marked with the letter (b).
Figure 4 shows a vertical section of the topping saw 17 that is to be attached to the helicopter. The topping saw 17 has a projecting suspension element 27 attached to it, which suspension element has been placed so that the topping saw 17 is in balance and the cutting blade 20 is horizontal when the topping saw 17 is suspended from the suspension element 27. The topping saw 17 is also most preferably equipped with a combustion motor 28, which rotates the cutting blades 20 by means of transmission belts 29 and 30. The horizontal section of the topping saw 17 presented in Figure 5 shows the symmetrical placing of the blades 20a and 20b in relation to the projecting suspension element 27. Correspondingly, the combustion motor 28 has been placed so that the entire topping saw 17 is in balance. It can be seen from the way in which the transmission belts 29 and 30 are installed that the cutting blades 20a and 20b rotate in the same direction at the same rotating speed, which is, due to the transmission elements, lower than the rotating speed of the axle 31 of the combustion motor 28.
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the different embodiments of the invention may vary within the scope of the claims presented below.

Claims

1. A method for cutting trees (18) in the vicinity of a power line (10), characterised in that the tops (19) of the trees (18) are cut using a topping saw (17) suspended from a helicopter (15) in such a way that the helicopter is flown in the direction of the power line (10) so close to the electricity wires (12) that the topping saw suspended from the helicopter cuts the desired treetops.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the tops (19) of the trees (18) are cut with a topping saw (17) suspended from a helicopter (15), the saw comprising a motor (28) and two cutting blades (20) that rotate in the same direction.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or2, characterised in that the cutting line (14) of the topping saw (17) attached to the helicopter (15) is determined in such a way that the helicopter is flown so that the sighting device (21) incorporated in the topping saw is directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10).
4. A method as claimed in claim 1,2 or 3, characterised in that the cutting line
(14) of the topping saw (17) attached to the helicopter (15) is determined with the help of a video camera (21) attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw, in such a way that the helicopter is flown with the help of a monitor (22) placed in connection with the helicopter's cockpit, the video camera being directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10).
5. A method as claimed in any of the claims 1to4, characterised in that the upper limit (14) of the area where trees (18) are to be cut is formed at an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, in such a way that the video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17) at an angle of 45°, and the helicopter
(15) is flown with the video camera directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) and that the distance (a, b) from the electricity wire of the point where trees are to be cut is determined by adjusting the distance (h) of the video camera from the cutting blade (20) of the topping saw (17).
6. A topping saw (17) for cutting trees (18) which are in the vicinity of a power line (10), characterised in that the topping saw (17) comprises at least one cutting blade (20) for cutting the tops (19) of the trees (18), which cutting blade most preferably rotates in the direction of the horizontal plane, and in that the topping saw is suspended from a helicopter (15) by means of an intermediate element (16).
7. A topping saw (17) as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that the topping saw (17) comprises two cutting blades (20) that are mainly horizontal and rotate in the same direction, and a motor (28) that rotates the cutting blades.
8. A topping saw (17) as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterised in that the topping saw (17) comprises a sighting device (21) which can be directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) in order to determine the desired sawing line (14) to be used when cutting the trees (18).
9. A topping saw (17) as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8, characterised in that a video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17), and that there is a monitor (22) in connection with the cockpit of the helicopter (15), with the help of which monitor the helicopter can be flown in such a way that the video camera is directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) in order to achieve the desired sawing line (14).
10. A device as claimed in any of the claims 6 to 9, characterised in that the video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17) most preferably at an angle of 45° so that the upper limit (14) of the area where trees (18) are to be cut also forms an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, and that the distance (h) of the video camera from the cutting blade (20) of the topping saw can be adjusted in order to set the desired distance (a, b) between the point where trees are to be cut and the electricity wire (12).
AMENDED CLAIMS
[received by the International Bureau on 23 August 1999 (23.08.99) original claims 1-10 replaced by amended claims 1-6 (2 pages)]
1. A method for cutting trees (18) in the vicinity of a power line (10) by using a topping saw (17) suspended from a helicopter (15), the saw comprising comprising a motor (28) and at least two cutting blades (20) that rotate in the same direction and cut the desired treetops (19), characterised in that in the vicinity of a power line (10) the treetops (19) to be cut are chosen so that the helicopter (15) is flown close to the power line (10) in the direction of electricity wires (12), - that the cutting line (14) of the topping saw (17) attached to the helicopter (15) is determined in such a way that the sighting device (21) incorporated in the topping saw is directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10).
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the cutting line (14) of the topping saw (17) attached to the helicopter (15) is determined with the help of a video camera (21) attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw, in such a way that the helicopter is flown with the help of a monitor (22) placed in connection with the helicopter's cockpit, the video camera being directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10).
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or2, characterised in that the upper limit (14) of the area where trees (18) are to be cut is formed at an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, in such a way that the video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17) at an angie of 45°, and the helicopter (15) is flown with the video camera directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) and that the distance (a, b) from the electricity wire of the point where trees are to be cut is determined by adjusting the distance (h) of the video camera from the cutting blade (20) of the topping saw (17).
4. A topping saw (17) suspended from a helicopter (15) for cutting trees (18) which are in the vicinity of a power line (10), the saw comprising comprising a motor (28) and at least two cutting blades (20) that rotate in the same direction and cut the desired treetops (19), characterised in that the topping saw (17) comprises a sighting device (21) which can be directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) in order to determine the desired sawing line (14) to be used when cutting the trees (18).
5. A topping saw (17) as claimed in claim 4, characterised in that a video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17), and that there is a monitor (22) in connection with the cockpit of the helicopter (15), with the help of which monitor the helicopter can be flown in such a way that the video camera is directed towards the electricity wire (12) of the power line (10) in order to achieve the desired sawing line (14).
6. A device as claimed in claim 4 or 5, characterised in that the video camera (21) is attached to the suspension bar (16) for the topping saw (17) most preferably at an angle of 45° so that the upper limit (14) of the area where trees (18) are to be cut also forms an angle of 45° in relation to the horizontal plane, and that the distance (h) of the video camera from the cutting blade (20) of the topping saw can be adjusted in order to set the desired distance (a, b) between the point where trees are to be cut and the electricity wire (12).
PCT/FI1998/000466 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw WO1999053748A1 (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU76561/98A AU7656198A (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw
DE69819937T DE69819937T2 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 METHOD FOR CUTTING TREES NEAR AN ELECTRICAL PIPELINE AND HEAD SAW
AT98924335T ATE254393T1 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 METHOD FOR FELLING TREES NEAR A POWER LINE AND CROSS SAW
US09/673,572 US6394156B1 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw
EP98924335A EP1079683B1 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw
CA002329036A CA2329036C (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw
NO20004885A NO315591B1 (en) 1998-04-21 2000-09-28 Method of Cutting Trees Near a Power Line and Device for Cutting Tree Peaks

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI980880A FI105008B (en) 1998-04-21 1998-04-21 Procedure for cutting trees near a power line and top saw
FI980880 1998-04-21

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999053748A1 true WO1999053748A1 (en) 1999-10-28

Family

ID=8551556

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/FI1998/000466 WO1999053748A1 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-06-01 Method for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line and a topping saw

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US6394156B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1079683B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE254393T1 (en)
AU (1) AU7656198A (en)
CA (1) CA2329036C (en)
DE (1) DE69819937T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2213904T3 (en)
FI (1) FI105008B (en)
NO (1) NO315591B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1999053748A1 (en)

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US6263932B1 (en) * 1999-06-10 2001-07-24 Robert Chalifoux Aerial tree harvesting apparatus
RU2473207C1 (en) * 2011-07-01 2013-01-27 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Марийский государственный технический университет Method of development forest areas of oil and gas pipelines and line routes
CN105580649A (en) * 2015-10-10 2016-05-18 石晓燕 Intelligent machine for trimming crops
RU2794551C1 (en) * 2022-10-19 2023-04-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет имени Г.Ф. Морозова" Method for removing unwanted tree and shrub vegetation in forest plantations

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NO320695B1 (en) * 2004-09-22 2006-01-16 Statnett Sf Clear saw for removing unwanted vegetation
US20090000698A1 (en) * 2007-06-07 2009-01-01 Brian Beresford Suspendable tree cutter having an adjustable orientation pivot
EP2554041A1 (en) 2011-08-02 2013-02-06 Heli-Energyservices SA Adapter for helicopter saw and horizontal saw for helicopter
CN103891535B (en) * 2014-03-28 2015-09-30 国家电网公司 Suspended-type movable pruning device
DE102015002324B3 (en) 2015-02-26 2016-03-03 Wolfgang Folger sawing
CN104798528B (en) * 2015-05-08 2017-07-28 苏州大学 Flying method automatic mower and mowing group
CN104898700B (en) * 2015-05-27 2017-07-11 国家电网公司 Tree bamboo automatic sharpening cuts system and method in a kind of overhead power transmission line passage
US20180215466A1 (en) * 2015-08-05 2018-08-02 Geoffrey William Hall Aerial tree harvester
US10869433B1 (en) * 2016-02-09 2020-12-22 Rotor Blade Tree trimming apparatus and method
CN108556067B (en) * 2018-03-08 2023-12-08 贵州电网有限责任公司 Robot for cleaning tree obstacle in air
US11878440B1 (en) * 2019-01-04 2024-01-23 Craig Mercier Unmanned aerial vegetation trimming system
US11297773B1 (en) 2019-07-16 2022-04-12 Signature Utility Services, LLC Aerial saw
FI129569B (en) 2020-09-03 2022-04-29 Eltel Networks Oy Method and apparatus for cutting trees in the vicinity of a power line
CN111937618A (en) * 2020-09-10 2020-11-17 福州大学 Truss type topping robot and working method thereof

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US4554781A (en) * 1984-06-25 1985-11-26 Aerial Solutions, Inc. Airborne tree trimmer
US4984757A (en) * 1989-05-30 1991-01-15 Joe Hartung Trapeze mount for airborne tree trimming apparatus
US5305972A (en) * 1993-07-30 1994-04-26 Hancocks Larry R K Cable suspended chipper system

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6263932B1 (en) * 1999-06-10 2001-07-24 Robert Chalifoux Aerial tree harvesting apparatus
RU2473207C1 (en) * 2011-07-01 2013-01-27 Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Марийский государственный технический университет Method of development forest areas of oil and gas pipelines and line routes
CN105580649A (en) * 2015-10-10 2016-05-18 石晓燕 Intelligent machine for trimming crops
RU2794551C1 (en) * 2022-10-19 2023-04-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет имени Г.Ф. Морозова" Method for removing unwanted tree and shrub vegetation in forest plantations

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6394156B1 (en) 2002-05-28
NO20004885D0 (en) 2000-09-28
NO20004885L (en) 2000-12-06
DE69819937D1 (en) 2003-12-24
NO315591B1 (en) 2003-09-29
CA2329036A1 (en) 1999-10-28
FI980880A0 (en) 1998-04-21
FI105008B (en) 2000-05-31
EP1079683A1 (en) 2001-03-07
ES2213904T3 (en) 2004-09-01
EP1079683B1 (en) 2003-11-19
DE69819937T2 (en) 2004-11-11
FI980880A (en) 1999-10-22
ATE254393T1 (en) 2003-12-15
CA2329036C (en) 2007-01-09
AU7656198A (en) 1999-11-08

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