WO1989003063A1

WO1989003063A1 - Environment in three dimensions, with sensory stimuli

Info

Publication number: WO1989003063A1
Application number: PCT/US1987/002804
Authority: WO
Inventors: Henry Merritt Farnum
Original assignee: Henry Merritt Farnum
Priority date: 1987-10-05
Filing date: 1987-10-27
Publication date: 1989-04-06
Also published as: AU1053488A

Abstract

A spherical environment is recorded holographically in a continuous succession of vertical/transient fields each for display with a width less than the diameter of the pupil of an eye. The holographic information includes spherical wavefront, orientation and intensity. Single, corresponding holographic images for the right and left eye of an observer, respectively, are recorded, without redundancy. There is no interference between each narrow field and any other field. All information in the scene from the eye to infinity is recorded. Camera (1) movement in any path through the environment is provided. A selected portion of the spherical environment is displayed for the observer, selectively positioned on a transparent floor. The observer moves freely within the display area. The scene is displayed on a horizontally direction-selective screen (4) with side lobes, for viewing by natural vision without glasses or other viewing device. The climate including temperature and humidity is continuously controlled by a servomechanism and related circuitry responding to pre-edited signals on the film correlated with the scenes in the film. The edited film can be displayed in any climate or local conditions anywhere, and provide the preset climate for each scene. Six, correlated parameters for control are provided.

Description

TITLE:

ENVIRONMENT IN THREE DIMENSIONS, WITH SENSORY STIMULI

This application is a continuation or copenctlng application, Serial

No. , file October 5, 1986, which is a continuation of copending application Serial

No. 279,001, filed June 30, 1981, which is a continuation of application Serial No. 872,478 filed on January 30, 1978, which is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial No. 711,976 filed on August 5, 1976, which is a continuation-in-part of original, copending application Serial No. 302,901 filed on November 1, 1972, all said applications filed by the applicant herein, Henry Merritt Farnum.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THIS INVENTION Holographic display, first embodiment

This pioneer invention is the only system that (1) enables an observer to view a spherical environment erected with stereoscopic relief, by natural vision from inside said environment, (2) using non-redundant, non-interferin holographic information (3) recorded in any desired path of camera movement from unlimited viewing angles, (4) said environment erected in a realistic display of all the information (5) in said sphere, (6) experienced by each observer moving freely in a wide area during said display. This invention clearly and unambiguously records a single view of a spherical environment and erects it holographically: it records corresponding images for the right and left eye of an observer, and excludes all interfering, redundant information within the resolving capacity of the pupil of an eye,by including only the right and left hand image within the width of a vertical slit, toy transfering said right and left hand image to its common location on a holographic film; and by erecting said holographic, right and left hand image in its respective location in a spherical cyclorama.

This invention achieves said results by ignoring six long-established factors of the prior art. Each said factor ignored by this invention, achieves an extraordinary result in this invention.

1. This invention is the only system that enables an observer to view a spherical environment erected with stereoscopic relief, by natural vision from inside said environment.

This invention erects a display viewable by an observer naturally, without glasses, exit pupils, rasters, or viewing aids.

The observer in this invention views from inside the environment. The environment is erected holographically. inside a sphere, he views a realistic environment which surrounds him in three dimensions to the far horizon.

2. .. .using non-redundant, non-interfering, holographic information.

This invention disregards the conventional belief that a hologram should record redundant information. This invention records the environment holographically, for a display with transient vertical segments having a width less than the diameter of the pupil of an eye, with each corresponding right and left hand segment recorded holographically in its respective, corresponding location on a holographic film for display on a spherical cyclorama. This invention eliminates interference among similar, adjacent, transient vertical segments. This invention eliminates any interference among redundant or "infinite" views of said environment, by recording only a corresponding right hand image and left hand image for each respective portion of said environment.

Therefore this invention eliminates interference among the redundant views of a scene recorded by a conventional hologram in the prior art.

3. ...recorded in any desired path of camera movement from unlimited viewing angles,

In this invention, the camera can be moved in any path thru the environment, or to any desired camera-environment distance, because there is no interference between adjacent, vertical portions of the environment while the holographic film is recorded. Therefore this invention provides greater flexibility in camera-environment-object relationships than even a conventional hologram with its redundant information, or self-styled "infinite" information.

4. ...said environment erected in a realistic display of all the information

Any observer can view any object erected within the depth of focus of the camera, even closer than the tip of the nose. There are no viewing aids such as a raster, viewing slits, or exit pupils, to prevent recording of information between an observer and said viewing aid.

Therefore this invention records an environment with natural realism, continuously, with the observer inside said environment and selectively at its center. Said observer views at least a segment of a spherical scene from his natural, central orientation, erected so closely that he feels that he can touch it, from the tip of his nose to the far horizon and beyond, and viewed by natural vision without viewing aids. If a humming bird hovers for a few seconds at a flower near the observer's body, the observer can extend his finger beneath the bird as an imaginary perch for the bird. The bird is observed in three dimensions, without glasses. (There are no exit ports to reduce the observer's mobility to less than the diameter of an eye.) 5. . ..in said sphere,

In this invention a vertical angle of 180 degrees when the camera rotates 360 degrees, defines a sphere.

In a display, an observer for example is seated on a transparent floor.

6. ...experienced by each observer moving freely in a wide area during said display.

An observer is free to move to any position within a display area. There are no rasters or exit pupils to limit his mobility while he continuously views the environment. Each said position is a potential viewing position for another observer.

In comment on the foregoing six advantages of this holographic invention, it is an object to reconstruct a spherical physical environment for an observer, and for an audience of many observers in a theatrical event. Each observer experiences reality because he is inside an entirely realistic environment which surrounds him in three dimensions to the far horizon, viewed in free stereo- -meaning without glasses. The fidelity is complete including the finest technicolor in the surrounding scene and in moving pictures, in a sensational new experience.

It is a further object of this invention in the recording of said scene that any color film may be selected as the original material with freedom to the cameraman to select film with the most advantageous sensitivity (film speed), and color fidelity.

It is a further object of this invention that motion may be recorded without the use of lasers or coherent light sources .in the original recording, and without special requirement for the brief duration of light pulses, for high energy levels for any light pulses, and without any limitations imposed by the rate of pulses from a light source. It is a further object of this invention that original recording is done by natural light or any desired light source, and without the use of a laser light source , which otherwise exposes live performers to a laser beam. It is a further object of this invention that any desired portion of a spherical environment is recorded in moving pictures, without the necessitv for multiple cameras for surrounding the perimeter of objects to be recorded, or for recording motion in said scene. It is a further object of this invention that a holographic display be recorded by a single camera rotating at the center of said spherical scene, and that said camera include a rotating mirror selectively with focusing means.

It is a further object of this invention that the position of said camera be at the center of said scene, facing outward to the horizon, with the realism that results from surrounding the observer in an environment with himself at the center, as in real life. In contrast, an observer of a circular hologram finds himself outside of a perimeter which defines the motion of a camera around a limited area to be recorded.

It is a further object of this invention that the foreground of said scene is realistic and true to reality in all directions, 360 degrees around the observer if desired. The observer merely turns his head and looks around him without leaving his seat. Equally important, in this invention the accurate realism in the foreground of said scene is not limited to the portion of the scene in front of the observer.

It is a further object of this invention that said environment be unlimited in its expanse to the horizon.

It is a further object of this invention that said scene be originally recorded by incoherent light. This Sensory Invention (Film edited for continuous climate-control apparatus) Six features of this invention for continuous control of theater climate.

System of Control Humidity Temperature

Feature 1 : establish a lead time , measured by the physical length of the film motion

Feature 2: vary the speed of the humidity- changing device during said lead time

Feature 3: Provide said device with comparative information between the actual and desired humidity during said lead time (error signal)

Feature 4: Equip said device with compensating means to enable it to act on said information during said lead time

Feature 5: Provide time delay means to prevent over-reaction by said device

Feature 6: Provide for a change of humidity in the desired direction if said preset humidity has been achieved at the outset--by switching in a fixed increment of humidity change

This invention controls both temperature and humidity in order to control the climate, because the control of a single variable is incapable of controlling climate. Control of temperature only, to increase or reduce temperature/ provides absolutely no control of humidity. The humidity may be changes in an uncontrolled manner which / contrary to the climate in the scene being projected.

Control only of measured humidity similarly changes the temperature perceived by the observer in an uncontrolled manner which similarly may be exactly the opposite of the climate in the scene being projected. The control apparatus for this sensory invention for the control of climate includes, for example, a servomechanism and related control means. Crosby, U.S. patent #3,670,228, issued June 13, 1972, is incorporated by reference in my prior application, serial no. 872,478j and a copy filed therein on June 9, 1930, as Appendix 3. (Crosby, "Digital Fine-coarse servomechanism for a single element printer control system.") Crosby discloses a coarse/fine servo mechanism system for positioning a spherical printing element. In the coarse mode the difference between the actual and commanded position of the printing element is used to energize a servo that drives the character element when a signal from rate sensor 26 representing the velocity of the servo exceeds a signal representative of the difference between actual or commanded position. The servo is decelerated. In the fine mode, the difference signal is cut off and a position signal is combined with the velocity signal. For final position an undisclosed mechanical detent device is used.

Therefore Crosby discloses an operative servomechanism system. Comparisons between actual and commanded information result in an error signal, for control of its respective torque motor responding thereto . (Crosby at 1 : 19-20; 3: 39-52) . Fine tuning is disclosed. (Crosby at 1 : 29; 1 : 30-34 ; and 4: 32-54) Braking means is provided . (Crosby at 4: 72 to 5 : 16)

An apparatus which does not control both the increase and decrease of temperature, and also the increase and decrease of humidity ( water content of the air) , inherently fails to control cl imate.

The film being displayed with pre-edited cues for temperature only , for example , therefore fails in its objective of creating real ism for the observer , even if all other variables correspond to the cond itions prevailing in the theater where said film was ed ited.

The failure of said single, pre-edited film is compounded by the fact that many other variables further distort or invert the desired correspondence between the observer' s sensory experience, and the scene being displayed.

The single pre-edited film is displ ayed in: 1. diverse climates around the world as to humidity.

2. diverse climates around the world as to temperature. 3. even in one specific theater, at diverse seasonal temperatures in the theater; 4. diverse seasonal humidities in the theater; 5. diverse changes in temperature and/or humidity between successive performances in a single day, and even during a single performance.

This invention teaches the six humidity problems, the six temperature problems, and the functioning of specific, disclosed control elements to control each of said twelve parameters. Therefore this application enables a person of ordinary skill in the art, by the teaching of this invention, to achieve the result of this invention, cued control of climate for the entire body of an observer in a theater. Said climate corresponds to the selected scene displayed.

An indispensable result for the film producer and theater owner, is that this invention enables a film, with a single editing for climatory control, to be displayed under all of the diverse conditions aforesaid. Said edited film then will create comparable climatory cues to observers under all diverse variables described supra.

To an observer experiencing the extraordinary immedia of the holographic, visual cues almost touching his body, the result is an "indelible" experience now achieved in almost response to the changing cues of an immediate, /touchable, surrounding holographic film environment. Holographic display, first embodiment

Each of the six improvements of this invention is the result of ignoring a long-accepted factor which heretofore has been believed by the prior art, as follows.

1. The conventional belief that an observer cannot view by natural vision an erected, holographic, stereoscopic, spherical environment from inside said environment, or from its center.

In Lee, U.S. patent #3,632, 181 issued Jan. 4, 1972, the observer must wear glasses with lenses each polarized at a different angle for each eye to separate corresponding images for right and left eyes. Or in a second embodiment, Lee uses a separate exit pupil for each eye, and slightly larger than the eye, as a viewing aid.

Hologram 11' in Lee records an "infinite number of particular views of the object 13". If Lee's hologram 11' were projected on a horizontally direction-selective screen, a jumble of images would result from the interference among the "infinite", redundant "views".

In Lee, each hologram is of the conventional, peripheral type, because "To a certain extent, the viewer may 'walk around' the object image and obtain various views thereof." Said object image is viewed by the observer from outside the periphery of said object in each respective hologram, "displayed...on a diffusion screen".

2. The conventional belief that a hologram records its stereoscopic images redundantly and with interference among adjacent portions of the display.

In Lee, "an infinite number of particular views of the object 13 may be obtained, in those instances where a two-dimensional screen display must be provided...."

"...so far, a single image is reconstructed and displayed in two dimensions on a diffusion screen.... it may be desired to reconstruct two images in a manner to provide stereoscopic viewing. A hologram 11' as constructed by ordinary techniques contains enough information of an object so that two images may be reconstructed therefrom to give a stereoscopic viewing effect. Two specific techniques are described...."

"...the viewer then wears polarized glasses...." [or] "...exit pupils 111 and 113 are separated in amount equal to human eye separation and each made a little larger than a single human eye to give some flexibility in where a viewer may position himself...."

The foregoing explains the Lee Abstract, "...As the beam of reconstructing light is moved relative to the hologram, the two-dimensional image presents a changing view of the...object. If two narrow parallel reconstructing beams illuminate the hologram, two images...are formed in a stereoscopic effect,...by distinct polarization of the two hologram reconstructing beams, or by a provision of separate exit pupils...." Therefore Lee's conventional holograms with redundant information require polarized glasses or exit pupils, for viewing, and cannot be viewed by natural vision. 3. The conventional belief that holography is incapable of unlimited flexibility in moving an observer on any path, with any orientation, thru an accurate, realistic reproduction of an environment.

In any conventional hologram of an object, and in reference Lee, for the width of a frame or segment of a scene, all views of the object are from a single, fixed camera-object distance in relation to an observer in its display. Any change in that camera-object distance would create a jumble of images in its display. 4. The conventional belief that the observer is separated from his environment; by an invisible curtain, which prevents the holographic erection of objects on the observer's side of sain curtain.

In Lee, the camera cannot record the objects within the observer's immediate environment which are between him and the diffusion screen or TV screen. The scene beyond said screen is a separate world, to that extent remote from the observer.

Lee records, a first conventional, peripheral hologram 11' of an object with only two-dimension information first displayed with an orientation away from the observer beyond a diffusion screen, and further oriented away from said observer like a merry-go-round with its center far away from said observer beyond said screen, and with an "infinite" number of views in said orientation. Said first hologram is recorded intermittently by a pulsed laser. A second, similar view of a similar conventional, peripheral hologram, similarly oriented away from the observer, is displayed on said screen for viewing with polarized glasses or exit pupils, to give a stereoscopic effect in said orientation away from said observer. The result of said orientation and intermittent recording is to give, in Lee's words, what "appears" to be an event to "simulate motion" with said orientation away from an observer. A plurality of similar, conventional, peripheral holograms are recorded intermittently with a similar orientation away from the observer. 5. The conventional belief that a hemisphere defines the broadest scope of a projected environment.

Kipping, U.S. patent #3,420,605, issued January 7, 1969, shows a hemisphere horizontally as a dome, or vertically as a stage for a concert. Kipping's lens does not rotate during its projector's display. Thus Kipping teaches away from a spherical cyclorama. When it shows a dome, it does not show any lower hemisphere for display. When it shows a concert shell, it does not show a rear background, nor describe means for projecting it. In neither example does it show a transparent floor or other structure for viewing a lower hemisphere in a spherical display. 6. The conventional belief that an observer, or audience of observers, is limited in individual mobility by individual viewing aids or by a raster, in the selected location of an observer in said display.

One example of a raster in the prior art, is a cylinder of viewing slits around an audience. With a raster, the mobility of the observer's head is limited by the necessity to maintain an eye-raster-screen alignment. (Savoye, U.S. patent #2,421,393, 1947)

The following comments in Valyus are noteworthy. (Valyus, N.A., Stereoscopy. London and K.Y. : The Focal Press, printed in Russian in 1962, and in English in Hungary in 1966.)

P. 144 , "...to view a steieoscopic picture the eyes must lie within the viewing zones....The permissible head movements of the spectators are similarly restricted...." P. 148, "...the most interesting lenticular raster for practical stereoscopic projection is...a radial slit raster...."

(P. 154) "...when a radial raster is used...only...in one row will the distance between adjacent viewing zones correspond to the normal interpupillar; distance. [other] Spectators....will suffer increased visual fatigue...." (P. 154) "8. The Polarization Easter Stereoscene...." (p. 156) "...when the spectator moves his head...he...merely loses the picture...."

The exit pupils of reference Lee impose the further limitation that the viewing aid limits observer mobility to the small increment by which each exit pupil exceeds the diameter of the observer's respective eye.

A picture image on an ordinary film has no three-dimensional information in a single frame to provide a three-dimensional hologram.

Watanabe (U.S. patent #3,914,544) has no three-dimensional information in a single frame of a film to provide a three dimensional hologram. It specifically uses holographic recording of ordinary film to solve the following two problems. "First, substantial speckle noise...is produced.... Secondly...breaking due to the rotation occurs at each picture image.... The main object...is to provide a method of solving said two problems."

The result is stated by Lee. "In the embodiments...described so far, a single image is reconstructed and displayed in two dimensions on a diffusion screen." (Emphasis added)

In the prior art, two methods, each with its own disadvantages, have been tried. Each seeks to avoid the disadvantages of the other. Neither method has overcome its own disadvantages.

The first method uses a Q-pulsed laser for recording motion in the scene. Its apparatus requires that the energy of each light pulse be sufficiently high, and that the duration of each pulse be short enough that the object does not move or even vibrate during said pulse. The use of a laser for original recording (that is, for the original recording of said scene, imposes many additional limitations: the limited area to be illuminated by a laser, the limited selection among laser-sensitive films, the limited light levels suitable for recording, and the limited color fidelity for holographic film. Use of the direct laser source for illumination creates health hazards for any participants in said scene. In a second method, because of the problems created by a laser in the original recording of a scene, objects within a perimeter have been recorded by incoherent light. For example, the camera is moved at angular increments around the perimeter of a static scene with said camera pointed at the center of the arc or circle defined by said perimeter. Film is exposed at each increment. The information in said incremental exposures is combined by laser light in a second step to make a hologram of said objects within said perimeter. An observer viewing said hologram sees said objects from the viewpoint of outside said objects and said perimeter. The time involved in moving a single camera around said perimeter imposes limitations upon any motion within said perimeter during said recording.

The position of said observer outside said perimeter inhibits his sense of participation in an environment, for many reasons. Because the size of the field recorded is limited to objects within an arc or within an enclosed perimeter, the observer receives irrelevant, distracting visual cues on the periphery of his vision, defeating realism in the area recorded. Realism in a scene comprising an environment is defeated by the artificial movement of an observer around the limiting periphery of a hologram or, alternatively, by the rotation of said hologram.

Film edited for temperature

Two U.S. patents are issued to H.L. Ratliff, Jr.: #3,291,904 issued Dec. 13, 1966; and #3,471,224, issued Oct. 7, 1969. This discussion relates to the 1966 patent. The improvements in the 1969 patent relate solely to wide-angle stereoscopic viewing with polarized spectacles.

Ratliff does not disclose any apparatus for control of humidity. The only

Ratliff means affecting humidity is shown incidentally, without explanation, other than it is a conventional dehumidifier 2 built into a conventional air conditioner in a pre-heating system 1. The Ratliff film control is edited only for temperature, adjusted to a single, mean humidity, edited in a single theater at a random moment of time and weather. Ratliff is therefore inoperative as a device to edit a film for other moments of time and weather even in said single theater. A fortiori, Ratliff is inoperative in editing said temperature in film for distribution to other theaters around the world with the aforsesaid variables.

Ratliff discloses a thermostat T for changing temperature (5: 30-46) in response to temperature cues on film. Even as to temperature, Ratliff does not teach the use of predetermined temperature lead time (Farnum feature

1 ) , varying the speed of temperature change (Farnum feature2) , comparative information between actual and desired temperature to achieve said temperature at target time (Farnum feature3 ) , compensating means to act on said comparative information to achieve a desired temperature at target time when the specific scene on film actually is displayed to an audience (Farnum feature 4 ) , time delay means to prevent the heat of the warm .fireplace prematurely when the film shows the characters still - freezing on the way home (Farnum feature 5 ) , or a fixed increment of temperature change in the cued direction if the theater temperature is already hotter than the preset thermostat control (Farnum feature 6) . Said sixth deficiency of Ratliff can actually send the oberver' s temperature plumneting when the characters reach the warm fireplace on screen.

As to humidity, Ratliff does not even show an apparatus to raise humidity. Therefore Ratliff, lacking any apparatus for controlling any one of the six essentials for temperature control in the manner of this invention, and completely without humidifying means or humidity control means, lacks an apparatus for control of the climate. Ratliff states that it does not control humidity. After revealing how actual humidity in a single theater distorts the temperature which the film editor has selected, Ratliff finally gives up any attempt to achieve uniform perceived temperature in diverse theaters.

In pre-editing the film for a recorded temperature cue,

Ratliff uses an amplifier A-1 to vary the intensity of the recorded temperature cue (5: 14 ) . in merely editing for a bare temperature control for his observer, Ratliff concludes:

"It is probably more practical [ in editing for temperature] to adjust A-1 for a mean seasonal relative humidity. " (9 : 61 -63 )

Therefore it is seen that reference Ratliff does not edit for humidity at all. When it. edits for temperature, it compromises for a mean ( average) temperature in all theaters under whatever diverse circumstances.

This sensory invention for control of climate features a pre-edited film to create the same comparable environment for observers in theaters around the world with all regional, seasonal, and variable conditions of temperature and humidity. Ratliff teaches away from this invention. It does not even control temperature in a single theater when climate variables change in that theater. Even as to that single theater, it makes a fixed adjustment to temperature based on "mean seasonal relative humidity". Said fixed adjustment does not change, even tho it may not conform to to the actual humidity in that theater, nor the actual season, nor to any other variable which affects actual humidity, when that film is shown in that theater under all diverse viewing conditions. As to the control of humidity, it teaches away from this invention by failing to disclose humidifying means , humidity control means , or any humidity control principles whatsoever. Citations of prior art

1. ( "Epreuves reversibles . Photographies integrales . " ) Note de M. G . Lippmann, in Comptes Rendus , Vol . 146 , p. 446-451 , March 2 , 1908 , in French , annexed as Appendix A.

2. English abstract in Science Abstracts , Section A - Physics , N.Y. : Spon & Chamberlain, 1908 , Vol . XI , p. 275-6 , annexed as Appendix B .

Farnum Lippmann ( a l legedly)

a. Recording Single "Assemblage means camera of small cameras"

Display Observer is inside a "An observer passing" recorded hologram...spherical environment or segment surrounding him

Size of Motion picture The full size of recording film the window means (e .g . 35 or 70 mm. ) d . Number of Single camera An "assemblage" of cameras "cameras", each with a diameter "smaller than the pupil of an eye", said assemblage the full size of the "window"

Camera Pivoted at optical An "assemblage" of position center of "cellules" in a environment "picture" "window" f. Information Two images, horizontally: recorded for image R for right eye for each of thousands unlimited image L for left eye, of viewing angles... number of identical for each of for each tiny "cellule" observers an unlimited number ...the entire scene must of observers be recorded for each of the thousands of possible horizontal positions as observer "passes a window". no additional images vertically, used; identical for for observers of varied all observers heights among thousands of increments of height, for each tiny "cellule", the entire scene must be recorded for each of the thousands of increments of height; Farnum Lippmann (allegedly) for a respective observer, only one scene is used; all the remainder are unused (redundant)g. Screen lenticular screen an "assemblage" of for with side lobes "cellules" display h. How By natural v is ion , By natural vision, viewed wi th display by a with proj ector an "assemblage" of

"cellules" Lippmann

As described by citation 2, Lippmann's structure comprises many "cellules" (lenslets).

"The diameter of each cellule must be less than the diameter of the pupil of the observer's eye."

* * * "The whole acts as an assemblage of small cameras, which can produce a multitude of microscopic images."

* * *

[To] "an observer passing [a specific cellule]...every point being seen...under its original angle of view. As the position of the eye changes, the field of view changes; and as each eye has its own field of view, the effect is stereoscopic."

Therefore to each observer passing, in each cellule, for each eye, the field of view changes when the position of the eye changes, however slightly. 3. Pole, "3-D Imagery and Holograms of Objects Illuminated in White Light", (Applied Physics Letters, January 1, 1967, Vol 10, No. 1, pp. 20-22). 4. McCrickerd and George, "Holographic Stereogram from Sequential Component Photographs", (Applied Physics Letters, January 1, 1968, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 10-11. 5. King, M.C., "Flat Holograms Show 360 degree View of Object", Bell Lab Record, March, 1968, 46:100-1. 6. J.D. Redman and W.P. Wolton, "Use of Holography to make Truly Three-Dimensional X-ray Images," Nature, Vol. 220, No. 5162, October 5, 1968, pp. 58-60. 7-a. Sun Lu, "3-D Holographic Images from 2-D Photos", Lazer Focus, Vol. 5, February 1969, pp. 36-37. Pole (cit: 3) acknowledges Lippmann three times. McCrickerd and George (Cit. 4) cites Lippmann in note 4 (n. 4). Lu (Cit. 7) cites Pole (n. 1), McCrickerd and George (ns. 2 and 4), and Redman (ns. 3 and 5). Redman is citation #6. Therefore all seven citations expressly relate themselves to Lippmann except King (Cit. 5). King uses a peripheral method of record- ing. The peripheral method is described as prior art in this application (p. 4, 2nd and 3rd full paragraphs). Applicant's citations 7 thru 16 below are. each by

Herbert E. Ives and published in the Journal of the Optical Society of America, and relate to alleged structure of the external, peripheral type discussed in this application, page four, first and second full paragraphs.

7-b. "A Camera for Making Parallax Panoramaqrams", 18, 435-439 (December, 1928).

8. "Motion Pictures in Relief", 18, 118-122 (February, 1929).

9. "Parallax Panoramaqrams Made with a Large Diameter Lens", 20, 332-342 (June, 1930).

10. "The Chromolinoscope Revived", 20, 343-353 (June, 1930).

11. "Parallax Panoramaqrams for Viewinα by Reflected Light", 20, 585-592 (October, 1930).

12. "Parallax Panoramaqrams Made with a Large Diameter Concave Mirror", 20, 597-600 (November, 1930).

13. "Reflectinq Screens for Relief Picture Projection", 21, 109-118 (February, 1931).

14. "Optical Properties of a Lippmann Lenticulatecd . Sheet", 21, 171-176 (March, 1931). 1 5 . "The Projection of Parallax Panoramagrams", 21, 397-409 (July, 1931).

16. "A Method of Projection in Relief and Color", 22, 191-198 (April, 1932).

Additional articles Comment on alleged structure

17, Norling, J. A. "The StereoSpecific discussion of the art scopic Art--A Reorint" , in 1953 , including : Journal of the SMPTE, 60, p. 300, "integral", 297-301, 306-308 (March, (Lippman, 1908); 1953).

298: "selective screen" (including F.E.Ives and Herbert E.Ives)

18. Collender, Robert B. "Stereo Non-holographic, and teaches without Glasses", American away from holography. Cinematoqrapher, 650-654 Vertical slit between observer (October, 1965). and screen.

19. Lin, J. H., "A Method of Discusses the effect upon the Hologram Information Reducquality of the image of a tion by Spatial Frequency conventional holoqram, when a Sampling", Applied Optics, selected percentage of the 7 , 545-548 (March, 1968). image is displayed.

20. Collender, Robert B., Non-holographic, and teaches "825 Seat Capacity--120 away_v from holography. Degree Field of View--True Vertical slit between observer Stereoscopic Movie System and screen. without Glasses, Part J", Information Display, 5, 25-38, (July/August 1968).

21. Ibid., "Part II", 23-30, Non-holoqraphic. Vertical slit (September/October 1968) between observer and screen.

United States patents are as follows.

U.S.Patent Year/

Inventor Patent # Issue Comment

22. F.E.Ives 666,424 1901 Background (color) 23. F.E.Ives 725,567 1902 Grid type

24. C.W.Kanolt 1,260,682 1918 Grid type; selective screen. 25. H. E.Ives 2,012,995 1929 Grid and external peripheral 26. Saint Genies 2,139,855 1938 Grid 27. Savoye 2,421,393 1947 Movable cylinder of slits between observer & screen

28. Collender 3,178,720 1965 Non-holoqraohic. Vertical slits between observer and screen. 29. Collender 3,324,760 1967 Same as citation #28 . 30., De Montebello 3,503,315 1970 Lenticular or fly ' s-eye lens -- non-holoqraphic. See: Citation # 1 (Lippmann, 1 908 ) #2 Abstract of # ( 1 908)

31 . Collender 3 , 81 5 , 979 1 974 Non holoqraphic. External, peripheral type.

(Cited with applicant's confirmation of interview with the examiner February 23, 1981, and mailed Feb. 27, 1981)

32. Valyus, N.A. Stereoscopy. London and N.Y. : the Focal Press, 1966.

Selected pages between p. 4 and p. 361. (Cited in applicant's response mailed Feb. 5, 1981, copy as Exhibit 4)

33. Tanzler Great Britain, 1898 Panoramic lantern illusion patent 17,434

34. Gates, Hall, Stockholm, June 23-29, J.W.C. Gates, R.G.N. Hall, and Ross 1968, Proceedings of and I.N. Ross,

8th International "Repetitive Q-Switched Laser Congres on High-Speed Light Sources for Interferometry Photography, Printed and Holography", and by Goteborg Offsettry"Holographic Recording of Rapid ckeri AB, Surte 1968, Transient Events and tne Problems in Sweden, of Evaluation of the Reconstrucpages 299 to 307 tion",

National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 herein is a horizontal view of separate images for each eye, and is a segment of Fig. 3 viewed in the same direction as the arrows. Figs. 2 and 3 show horizontal and vertical views, respectively, of recording to the horizon, by incoherent light. Fig. 2 shows a section of Fig. 3 viewed in the same direction as the arrows. Figs. 4 and 5 show horizontal and vertical views, respectively, of a spherical cyclorama for display in three dimensions by coherent light of the scene recorded in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 6 shows three views designated a, b, and c, of three kinds of rotating reflectors for recording described in my copending application No. 711,976. Fig. 7 shows the recording in a single film by coherent light of the parallax information recorded by incoherent light in Figs. 1 thru 3. Figs 7-a and 7-b show a schematic diagram for displaying stereoscopic images for holographic recording. Fig.8a shows the same result accomplished in the camera in Figs. 1 thru 3 while said camera continues to record said scene. Fig. 8b is a schematic view of a second embodiment of Fig. 8a, with an integral film. Fig. 8c is a schematic of a third embodiment with engaging means including hooks and loops, and with film 3' optically projected onto film 9'. Fig. 8d is a schematic of a fourth embodiment similar to Fig. 8c, with the films substantially in contact with each other during recording.

Fig. 9 shows an automatic apparatus for polishing and finishing the cyclorama. Fig. 10 shows an apparatus for control of the sensory environment, including humidity and relative humidity.

In this invention of sensory stimuli for an environment, the schematic drawing in Fig. 10 shows the following vertical columns. Fig. 10a in a left hand column shows preset signals recorded on film, and in a center coltinn ishows comparator and control means, including a heat pump. Fig. 10b in a right hand column shows an alternative embodiment, separate heating and cooling means. The foregoing controls are for control of temperature. Fig. 10c shows means for control of humidity in interaction with the means of Figs. 10a and 10b. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIS INVENTION Background Art U.S. Patent 3,989,362

In said parent application, the following apparatus shown in this application functions as follows.

Camera 1 rotates at a uniform speed, and a projector is mounted on the optical axis of camera 1, for projecting the image recorded on film 3 back to the portion of cyclorama 4 corresponding to the respective portion of said scene.

Each of the dual lenses of camera 1 comprises a color camera adapted to record on its respective track of a single film 3 (videotape) a color image. Said camera includes an anamorphic lens with a vertical angle of preferably

180°. Said camera pans horizontally at a uniform speed and photographs/ thru vertical slits (a focal plane shutter). Camera 1 is panned 360° horizontally to record the 360° panorama on film 3 (videotape) .

Because said environment is recorded on conventional film by incoherent light, the camera can be moved while recording said environment.

Display at the frequency of 24 frames per second, for example, shows a steady picture to the observer's eye as the result of persistence of vision. Film 3 is displayed circumferentially each 1/24th second. In a single videotape with two parallel tracks, said tracks are recorded with a right hand image 5 and a left hand image 6, respectively. A rotating or driving means, not shown, for rotating said camera, rotates said camera at a uniform speed.

The projector in said parent application corresponds to its camera, to project the images recorded on film 3 back to their corresponding portion of the cyclorama 4. Film is a generic term including photographic film, videotape, and equivalent recording means.

Equivalent recording means selectively coacrises a video disc or record rotating, for example, at 1,500 revolutions per minute to record and then to play back for projection at said 24 frames per second; and has the capacity to record, for example, 43,200 usual color pictures for television. (Electronics, Vol. 45, pp. 29-30, Sept. 11, 1972.)

Cyclorama 4 herein corresponds to cyclorama 126 in Figs. 14-b and 14-c in my said parent application which issued as patent No. 3,989,362 on November 2, 1976. The size of cyclorama 4 is selected in a scale adapted to its respective use. Inside said spherical cyclorama 4 said observer selectively is seated on a transparent floor spanning plane 7-7' in Fig. 4 herein. A natural scene is recorded for display. Thus any spherical scene may be recorded comprising the entire environment of an observer 360° horizontally and 360° vertically, or any selected segment thereof. Said scene is displayed on cyclorama 4 comprising a generally symmetrical geometric figure such as a sphere.

In Figs. 2 and 3, rotating camera 1 is pivoted at a specific position in said scene and rotates in a 1/24-second cycle. Said camera rotates at a uniform speed for said recording. Said camera position locates projector 2 in Figs. 4 and 5, in the corresponding relation to spherical cyclorama 4.

Camera 1 thus records said scene continuously for display circumferentially each 1/24th second.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The following apparatus in this application functions in the following manner in my copending application No. 711,976.

Fig. 6 herein shows rotating reflecting means 8 comprising a right angle prism. Alternative rotating reflecting means, not shown, include a rotating focusing means comprising a convex lens, and a rotating focusing means comprising a concave mirror.

Said rotating prism 8 selectively is used with a recording means comprising camera 1, for rotating said reflecting means instead of rotating said camera.

If it is desired that the axis of images 5 and 6 each correspond to the longitudinal axis of film 3 in camera 1, said images are reflected by means not shown and well known in the art, for example a dove prism rotating in the vertical axis of prism 8 at a reduced speed ot rotation one-half of the speed of rotation of prism 8. Camera 1 selectively records each right and left hand image for the respective eye of an observer, each continuous image recorded in its respective area, for example a track on film 3 in camera 1. In an embodiment with said film moving continuously at a speed selected to correspond to the speed of rotation of prism 8, images 5 and 6 are optically at rest in relation to film 3.

Therefore; Fig., tf shows a rotatable reflecting means comprising a right angle prism for transmitting images 5 and 6 to camera 1, including the entire. spherical scene for projection on spherical cyclorama 4.

Having described two copending applications in terms of the apparatus of this invention, the additional operation of said apparatus in this invention is now considered.

Fig. 1 in this application shows a section of Fig. 3. It shows the images being recorded by camera 1 at a specific instant in its continuous revolving. The right and left hand lens of camera 1 each are recording images 5 and 6 respectively, shown schematically in Fig. 1 separated by the standard interocular distance designated I.O.S. The axis of each of said lenses is parallel to the other, shown by broken lines between man 14 and distant object 15. Image 5, at the right hand side of camera 1, comprises the man's arm on its side which is designated 14-R, and image 6 similarly comprises 14-L.

In Fig. 2, which is a horizontal segment of Fig. 3, man 14 is seen in. a circumferential scene illuminated by incoherent light 18. Camera 1 is now recording images 5 and 6 of Fig. 1, reflected by right angle prism 8, rotating clockwise as indicated by the arrow at 24 revolutions per second. In Figs. 2 and 3, camera 1 and prism 8 function in the manner heretofore described herein and in my prior applications already cited. Therefore in Fig. 3, camera 1 has said two lenses, with right hand lens 1-a shown. Said images are being recorded on film 3, which records incoherent light preferably on a high fidelity color film. Figs. 4 and 5 show projector 2 in the corresponding relation to spherical cyclorama 4 as camera 1 to the circumferential scene recorded in Figs . 1 thru 3. Projector 2 has a focusing means preferably including rotating, concave, first-surface mirror "b" shown in Fig. 6. Multicolor nonlaser spectral source 10 ' projects film 9 recorded by coherent light in Fig. 7, or selectively in Fig. 8.

Figs. 7-a and 7-b show a schematic diagram of a structure for holographic recording of continuous stereoscopic images. Illuminating source 10 preferably comprises a krypton-ion white light laser. The stereoscopic images for the right and left eyes of an observer respectively, images 5 and 6, are shown recorded on a single holographic film 9 with corresponding images 14-R and 14-L in the foreground of said scene recorded in Fig. 1, said right and left images maintained in constant relationship by said film 9. In this embodiment, said right and left images are intermittently or recorded/continuously on film 3. It is apparent that any type of recording pattern and recording material can be used, such as helical recording on videotape, and interlaced recording of said right and left images on film. (Recording: intermittent, ref. Bestenreiner; continuous, Gates et al., supra 30: 11.) In an alternative apparatus for making a hologram of a transparency

(slide), multicolor nonlaser spectral source has been used to make a hologram, and also to project it, because the coherence requirements are not as strict as in making a hologram of a three dimensional object. The beam of coherent light source 10 is split by beamsplitter 11. Object beam 12 is reflected by mirror 13 to said film 3. continuously moving in the direction shown by the arrow in Fig. 7-a. A detail of film 3 shown in Fig. 7-b is viewed from the position indicated by the arrows in Fig. 7-a, and shows image 5 for an observer's right eye, and 6 for his left eye, continuously moving in the direction shown by the arrow Images 5 and 6 are projected upon holographic film 9 by prisms, not shown, with the standard interoculary separation, and by cooperating lens far each of images 5 and 6, with lens 5' shown for image 5.

Said images 5 and 6, projected by said object beam 12, construct with said coherent light said stereoscopic image of said respective segment of said scene, for holograhic recordin on said holograhic film 9 as follows. In said holographic recording each said corresponding right and left image previously recorded on conventional film, is recorded thru a vertical 65 slit/holographically on said holographic film in its respective location thereon. At the instant of said holographic recording, said vertical slit 65 on said holographic film with its respective width, limits the width of a recorded field/to a corresponding segment of said original scene limited by said width of the 65. intermittently or vertical slit/ Inasmuch as said holographic film is moving/ continuously

65 in relation to said vertical slit/and at right angles thereto, said field on said holographic film is transitory. Said field has a specific width in the sense that it is regarded as frozen at a selected instant of time.

The preferred width of a field for display on a lenticular screen was well known in the art in 1931.

For example, "...It is clear, remembering that these ridges are quite small--that is of width comparable with the diameter of the pupil of the eye...." "...vertical cylindrical ridges...." ( (Ives, Herbert E.,

"Reflecting Screens for Relief Picture Projection", Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 21, February, 1931, p. 109, 111.) See also the optical drawing, Fig. 2, "Exact form of ridged structure for relief pictures." (Ives, "Parallax Panoramagrams for Viewing by Reflected Light", JOSA, Vol. 20, October, 1930, p. 585, 587.)

Similarly, see Lippmann in 1908, "...The diameter of each cellule must be less than the diameter of the pupil of the observer's eye...." ("Epreuves reversibles. Photographies integrales." Note de M. G. Lippmann, in Comptes Rendus, Vol. 146, pp. 446-451, March 2, 1903, in French. English abstract in Science Abstracts, Section A--Physics, N.Y. : Spon & Chamberlain, 1908, Vol. XI, p. 276.)

There is no holographic interference between the respective images for the right and left eyes of an observer in this invention, except within said width of said transitory field.

Therefore each corresponding right and left image recorded at its respective time on conventional film, is recorded in a transitory field of said holographic film in its respective, common, location thereon. Said transitory field when displayed by said holographic film should have a maximum width within said width well know in the art since 1931, the diameter of the pupil of the observer's eye.

Corresponding points in right hand image 5 and left hand image 6 are recorded on holographic film 9 by the superimposed alignment of correspending distant objects. In Fig. 1, said distant object is shown at point 15 . Said aligned images 5 and 6 of film 3 are recorded holographically on holographic film 9 by object beam 12, and by reference beam 16 reflected at angle θ onto said holographic film 9 by intermittently or mirror 17. Said film 9 is moving/ continuously in the direction indicated by Film 9 is projected thru a vertical slit similar to slit 65 for recording (26:2-7). the arrow./ In projection, in Figs. 4 and 5, film 9 is displayed on cyclorama 4 comprising, preferably, a reflecting screen, a cathode ray tube, an electronic screen, or a "Xograph" described in said original application, which includes a lenticular sheet with side lobes developed at least by April 7, 1964. Electronic screen and cathode ray tube

For an "electronic Screen" comprising a cyclorama in this invention, and a "cathode ray tube", for example in a television set, see the original application in 1972. (Farnum, Serial No. 302,901, filed Nov. 1, 1972, issued as patent #3,989,362 on November 2, 1976, In said application, see pp. 73:2-4; 82:28; 83:1; 91:27; and 92:20-23.) "Xograph" screen as a cyclorama

For a cyclorama in this invention comprising a "Xograph" screen, see the original application in 1972. Farnum, Serial No. 302,901, filed Nov. 1, 1972, pp. 68:24-5; 74:5-10; 74:23-28; 87:1; 91:18.

Said "Xograph" includes a lenticular sheet with side lobes. Said reflecting screen was well known in 1930. (Ives in 1930 and 1931, as aforesaid.) Said lenticular sheet with side lobes is described in 1934-1938 in Saint Genies. (Saint Genies,. U.S. patent #2,139,855, 1938.) Saint Genies is set forth in a chart of screes with side lobes, including screens for transmission (T) and reflection (R) by Okoshi. (Takanori Okosh, Three Dimensional Imaging Techniques, N.Y. : Academic Press, 1976, pages 27 and 28, including Fig. 2.14. Side lobes are at 2-A in chart, p. 135.)

"Xograph" lenticular sheets were developed at least by April 7, 1964. (Okoshi, op. cit., pages 27 and 28, including Fig. 2.14.) Measured side lobe angles of 49 degrees are known. (Okoshi, op. cit., p. 154, Table 5.2, "Computed and Measured Side-Lobe Angles".) Cyclorama with an aperture

Support for an aperture in a spherical cyclorama thru which the display is viewed by an observer, is described in the original application serial no. 302,901 filed November 1, 1972, as follows.

"Figs. 14-b and 14-c show hexagons comprising a 360 degree vertical spectacular, with a horizontal view thereof in Fig. 14-b, and a vertical view thereof in Fig. 14-c. Said spectacular has many uses shown in embodiments thruout this specification, with the scale of this embodiment adapted to its respective use." (86:2-7)

"In this embodiment of said vertical spectacular, the observer views from outside the structure, thru an aperture, not shown." (86:15-17)

Fig. 8 shows an apparatus for display of. a scene contemporaneously with recording.The scene is recorded by camera 1 in Figs. 2 and 3, by incoherent light, on conventional film 3' which is a fast, self-developing film. It is not necessary that camera 1 be vibrationless, which in this second embodiment means the prevention of vibration of more than a fraction of a wavelength. Inasmuch as this apparatus provides substantially contemporaneous display of the scene, for example on a monitor for a film director making a motion picture, it is preferred that the apparatus be centrally-located in a base adjacent to camera 1. If the camera is mounted on a dolly for mobility, there are the following alternatives .

If the film is high fidelity, for use directly in holographic recording, either the holographic development is adjacent to the camera, or the film is protected while moving towards off-site holographic development at a selected distance from the camera. If videotape is used, then its images can be electronically communicated. Therefore the vibrationless constraint only applies to the selected site for holographic recording. First reel storage 60 is provided in Fig. 8a for the quantity of conventional film phographed during the time for instant development of film 3'. Holographic film 9' comprises an instant self-developing film. In a first embodiment, films 3' and 9' are separate films,

In Fig. 8-a, developed, conventional film 3' is holographically recorded on holographic film 9' by object beam 12 and reference beam 16 in the same manner as discussed at length in Fig. 7a, at a selected location, moving or stationary, with vibration no more than a .fraction of a wavelength.

Second reel storage 62 provides storage of film 9' during its period of development.

Developed holographic film 9' is displayed for a film director by an illuminating source, preferably a krypton-ion white light laser 10' similarly to the display in Figs. 4 and 5. If a spherical, lenticular screen for display is in a TV monitor for the director, he views thru an aperture 64 in sphere 4

In Fig. 8b, a second embodiment, films 3' and 9' are layers of an integral, multi-layer film, held together by pressure-sensitive adhesive layer 63. Opaque stripping plate 61 temporarily separates film 9' during the conventional film recording step, so that the self-developing feature of film 9' is not actuated by incoherent light during the recording of conventional film 3'. Cleaning means not shown, cleans adhesive from contacting rollers. Films 3' and 9' are rejoined by adhesive layer 63 after the holographic recording of film 9'. The convenience feature of an integral, multi-layer film for recording a.' scene holographically, therefore is achieved. It is apparent that transparent adhesive may be provided automatically when films 3'. and 9' are apart.

In a third, preferred embodiment in Fig. 8-c, said integral film includes engaging means including strip'63a with hooks, and strip 63b with engaging loops, mounted longitudinally on the edges beyond the recording area of films 3' and 9'. Said engaging hooks and loops^' are sold under the trade name Velcro with eastern U.S. sales at 39 South Fullerton Ave., Mbntclair, N.J., and 521 Fifth Ave., N.Y., N.Y. In Fig. 8c, film 3' is optically projected. In a Alternatively, the alignment between said films3' and 9' in an integral, multi-layer film can be achieved by sprocket holes, or by electronic alignment between corresponding, coded, magnetic signals on each of said films 3' and 9'. Selectively, the multi-layer feature may be continued after said display to a director for simplicity and convenience in retrieval of the images. Or films 3' and 9' may be stored separately after display. If, for example, said electronic means for alignment is used, selected, separately-stored corresponding films 3' and 9' can be integrated into a multi-layer film at any useful time.

First surface mirror manufactured in situ as a cyclorama for a display This invention is set forth for uses in the art for which the reflective characteristics of a first surface mirror are significant. Criteria include : 1. The percentage of reflectivity of the respective first surface mirror at selected viewing angles, for selected electromagnetic ray projections, including light; 2. cooperating with the respective reflective characteristics of selected materials, for example a silver-coated first surface mirror, an aluminum mirror or coating, and the like; 3. with the advantage, for example, of automatic electroless plating with the respective coating; and 4. in relation to the enormous cost per square inch of similar raflecting means, for example first surface laboratory mirrors, in the prior art.

Fig. 9 shows an apparatus for automatically performing a , desired operation on the surface of a sphere or other regular figure with a known configuration, including a lenticular screen.

If said cyclorama comprises a first surface mirror, selectively said cyclorama must be coated evenly with a reflective material. In accordance with the desired optical qualities of said cyclorama, said reflective material selectively is ground with abrasives to a desired, uniform configuration; polished with polishing abrasives such as rouge to the desired optical, reflective specifications; polished with a buffer to desired reflective characteristics for selected wavelengths, cleaned to maintain said characteristics, and worked upon with any industrial process for obtaining the desired results.

An object of this invention is to maintain desired ootical and other specifications in a spherical, first surface mirror, or in a reflector. Another object is to perform each operation automatically. Other objects will appear in the description of the apparatus.

Interchangeable tools to be provided each for its respective operation include abrasive wheels, polishing and buffing wheels, and the other tools which can be driven by a motor spindle, or that will function at the end of a boom.

In operation, a vertical cam 24 is installed to engage cam roller

20 which controls the vertical position of boom 22, The desired rotary 26 tool is installed on the spindle of first motor 21, at the end of boom 22.

Selected abrasives or other compounds are loaded into an automatic dispenser, not shown, for discharge in a controlled amount onto the tool. The desired pressure is set on spring 23 to predetermine the pressure of said motorized wheel upon said spherical surface, by presetting spring 23. Vertical cam 24 determines the respective segment of the sphere to be worked upon. For example, in a modified embodiment inverting means not shown is preset in its upright position for selecting the upper hemisphere of said sphere for said selected operation.

If the selected operation (e.g., coating or polishing) is to polish, a polishing wheel is installedon the spindle of first motor 21 at the extreme end of boom 22 which extends fromiits pivot in the center of said sphere for the length of its radius. Said boom is extended by adjustable extender 27 until roller stop 28 contacts the surface of said sphere, said roller stop acting as a stop to limit the motion of said engaging spring. Second motor 29 is energized to begin the automatic cycle with the predetermined pattern of the path of rotary tool 26 upon a spherical cyclorama similar to cyclorama 4 in this specification.

This apparatus can perform its successive steps automatically at a dramatic saving in cost, and can further be used for initial installation in situ. This Sensory Invention (Film edited for continuous climate-control apparatus) A desired audience environment for humidity can only be achieved by a well-conceived plan for signals, on the film for example, actuating a comparator, compensator, and related equipment which controls temperature and humidity.

If on the contrary the tape only gives a "ninety degree" cue at the instant needed when the safari enters the jungle, or a "sixty-five degree" signal when the skiers leave the mountaintop lodge on the screen, anomalous results will occur when the same film with the same recorded signals reaches Maine in the winter, and Brazil in the summer.

The applicant's invention contemplates that the observer will feel the desired, realistic environment in his entire body, as in real life.

Its use in an individualized trainer or simulator falls far short of the potentiality of this invention for its preferred use to create an entire environment around the body of an observer in the natural setting of a theater.

The functioning of this invention depends upon the recording of signals on the film, the presetting of response devices to respond to said signals, and the operation of control devices when actuated in said preset manner.

As aforesaid, a servomechanism and related control means is incorporated by reference. (Crosby, U.S. patent #3,670,228, issued June 13, 1972, for a "Digital Fine-coarse servomechanism for a single element printer control system.") Said printer control system includes comparisons between actual and commanded information for an error signal, a torque motor responding thereto, fine tuning, braking means, and other apparatus.

In a word, the inspiration for this invention is the result of the Coca Cola Pavilion at the New York World's Fair of 1964-65. In a brief journey through a circular path on foot, said Pavilion took the observer around the world where his experiences ranged from a tropical rain forest to the crisp chill of mountain air at a Swiss chalet. The described results were maintained individually in each area of the Pavilion, although of course there was no film shown to requiring a varying response in respective areas. The result was an indelible experience.

In Fig. 10, in a schematic diagram, the left hand vertical column comprises preset signals recorded, for example, on film 30. In Figs. 10-a and 10-b, said pieset signals include lead time signals 31 designated by a box of dotted lines, target time 32, and disconnect time 33. Said lead time signals, actuated simultaneously at the selected instant ahead of said target time comprise: a first signal for cooling, a second signal for heating, and preset target temperature 34. A preset temperature on film may comprise a visual optical signal which generates a frequency with the motion of the film, which when amplified can set the upper and lower limits of a thermostat range, for example.

The preferred eirbodiment is shown in Fig. 10a in lines of dashes, as follows. At the selected time in advance of said target time, temperature comparator 35 records the preset target temperature, for example sixty degrees for an Alpine village at target time. At the same time, switeh 36 receives the signal that the desired trend is "cooling." If temperature comparator 35 at that instant measures the "temperature now" as seventy degrees, ten above target temperature, then temperature compensator 38 increases the necessary speed of its variable speed regulator for the cooling function of heat pump 39 to reach the target temperature of sixty at target time 32. If however the film is shown on a cruise ship at sea and the temperature now already is fifty-five degrees, five degrees less than target temperature, the "cooling" signal to heat pump 39 will actuate a fixed increment of cooling. Otherwise the temperature will rise (to sixty degrees) when the Alpine peak flashes on the screen--exactly the wrong sensation for the scene. The heat pump in Fig. 10 a offers the advantage of a single device for extracting heat from a winter day outside the theater, and for cooling in the summer. Disconnect time 35 signals the end of the respective scene. In Fig. 106, for theaters using conventional air conditioner 41 for cooling, and a separate heater 42, the same results as those in Fig. 10 a are actuated by the same signals on said film 30, with the same six advantages listed hereafter. For theater managers who wish to adjust the system for local conditions manual adjustments of the preset signals are provided in switches shown schematically but not in hardware and designated ('), comprising 31' and 31' in Fig. 10a. Said manual signals also are effective in events such as plays, with variable target times, which often are put on in the same theaters as the motion pictures.

This invention adds six tools to change the environment of the specific theater. First, establish a lead time, measured by the physical length of the film motion during the time motion. Second, vary the speed of the temperature-changing device, for example by a governor on the motor on a heat pump. Third, provide said device with comparative information between the actual and desired temperature, by setting the limits of the range of variation of a thermostat. Fourth, equip said device with compensating means to enable it to act on said information during said lead time. Fifth, provide time delay means to prevent over-reaction by said device. Sixth, provide for a change of temperature in the desired direction if said preset temperature has been achieved at the outset—by switching in a fixed increment of temperature change. The same six tools are provided for control of humidity. Furthermore, with the, tools at hand for control of temperature and of humidity, then this invention relates the two to control relative humidity.

From the foregoing it is apparent that each of said six tools for control of temperature, humidity, and relative humidity, are indispensable to the effective creation of a temperature and humidity environment.

Fig. 10c shows a system for control of the humidity environment, with humidity devices corresponding to the temperature devices in Fig. 10a, The preset signals on tape 30 comprise the following: "humidify" and "dehumidify" signals, and preset target humidity 43, selectively relative humidity; target time 44, and disconnect time 45. Humidifier 46 and dehumidifier 47 correspond to the heater and cooler in Fig. 109. Switch 48, humidity comparator 49, humidity compensator 50, and manual controls 51' and 43' each corresponds to its respective counterpart in Fig. 10 a. --It is apparent that this invention as shown in this specification may comprise many alternative embodiments not shown, within the spirit of the invention.—.

Claims

Therefore I claim.

1. An improved apparatus for recreating a holographic scene for an observer wherein said improvement comprises. a rotating stereo camera pivoted at a selected location in said scene, and driven at a predetermined speed, for recording on a conventional film by incoherent light separate images including information corresponding to the right and left hand eyes of an observer, for recording with stereoscopic relief all the information in at least a spherical segment of said scene surrounding said camera;

holographic recording means with a vertical limiting means for recording a transient, vertical segment of said scene with a width for display with a width no greater than the diameter of the pupil of an eye, for recording a selected portion of said scene at any single instant;

said holographic recording means including reference and object beams of coherent light for transfer of said information from each such image recorded on said conventional film to a holographic film recording spherical wavefront, orientation, and intensity information, for communicating said information from a reflecting screen to the respective eye of at least one said observer viewing by natural vision;

Projecting means to display said corresponding right and left hand information in each said image recorded on said holographic film to each respective eye of said observer substantially simultaneously and in a relationship substantially of normal interocular separation; and

said reflecting screen communicating each said image of said projected information to each said respective eye of said observer viewing by natural vision from a selectably changing location in a display area, for viewing said re-creation of said natural scene from within said scene by natural vision.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said incoherent light illuminates a live actor, for safety by use of nonlaser light sources.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, where said cyclorama includes a horizontally direction-selective, reflecting screen such as a lenticular sereen, selectively including at least a segment of a spherical shape, said sphere selectively with a transparent floor to support said observer, for reflecting said holographic display including curvature of wavefront information, and respective orientation information in said image to said observer viewing said display naturally from inside said environment.

4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said observer views said environment erected from a horizontally direction-selective screen.

5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each observer views a sub s tantial ly identical environment , in which corresponding objects are in an identical three dimensional relationship in the environment , for each and all said observers .

6 The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said corresponding right and left hand points each recorded in its respective images selectively include/ vertical strip of said scene, and wherein further there is noninterference between the holographic information in adjacent strips of said display.

7 . The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein said noninterference between the holographic information in said adjacent strips reduces the redundancy of information in said display end reduces the volume of information required to communicate said display , thereby reducing the bandwidth of communication in televis ion three- dimensional displays .

8. The apparatus of claim 1, in which said coherent light source is a krypton-ion white light laser.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said coherent light source is a multicolor nonlaser spectral source, for safety in display of said scene to an observer,

10. The cyclorama of claim 1, wherein said reflecting means is coated by electroless plating which is applied to said cyclorama in situ.

11. The cyclorama of claim 1, further comprising an apparatus for coating said first surface mirror by electroless plating and including:

a boom pivoted substantially at the optical center of said cyclorama, for performing an operation on the entire surface thereof,

at least one cam for positioning said boom in a predetermined pattern on said surface,

dispensing means supported by said boom for coating said surface with plating means for said electroless plating,

resilient means for engaging said dispensing means in relation to said surface,

a positioning means for predetermining the position of said dispensing means adjacent to said surface, and for using said cyclorama as a full-size model of its contour for said coating,

12. The apparatus of claim I wherein said cyclorama includes a general shape of at least a part of a sphere with reflecting means for displaying a holographic scene of an environment to an observer viewing by natural vision thru an aperture in said cyclorama,selectively with the eyes and ears of said observer at or inside said aperture, for viewing while surrounded by said holographic scene,

said cyclorama including the screen of a television set.

13. An improved apparatus for control of a sensory environment for an observor of a display, comprising:

humidity control means including

a preset humidity target time and at least one advance time signal recorded on said film at a preset interval from said target time, for sending a commanded humidity signal,

humidity measuring means such as a humidistat recording the humidity in said environment continuously, for sendi a continuous humidity signal,

a selector for selecting either a humidifier motor or a dehumidifier motor according to whether said commanded humidity signal is above or below said continuous humidity signal, respectively,

a servo mechanism for energizing a variable speed control for said respective motor, for continuously energizing said respective motor with a velocity corresponding to the magnitude of a humidity error signal representing the difference between said commanded and said continuous humidity signal measured in a specific quantity of water per pound of dry air, for achieving said preset humidity at said target time.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising temperature control means including:

a preset temperature target time and at least one advance time signal recorded on said film at a preset interval from said target time, for sending a commanded temperature signal,

temperature measuring means recording the temperature in said environment continuously, for sending a continuous temperature signal,

a second selector for selecting either a heating motor or a cooling motor according to whether said commanded temperature signal is above or below said continuous temperature signal, respectively,

a second servo mechanism for energizing a temperature variable speed control for said respective motor, for continuously energizing said respective motor with a velocity corresponding to the magnitude of a temperature error. signal representing the difference between said commanded and said continuous temperature signals, said error adjusted for the change in temperature resulting from evaporation or condensation of water in said control of humidity, for achieving said preset temperature at target time;

said humidity and temperature control means cooperating to achieve a preset climate in said environment for said observer at said target time.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a plurality of said time signals preset at predetermined intervals of time, for providing time reference signals to said humidity and temperature variable speed controls, for controlling the velocity of each motor energized by each respective variable speed control to achieve its respective target in the time remaining before its said target time.

16. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising:

a humidity mode selector means for selecting a second humidity mode for control of humidity if said continuous humidity signal initially approximates said preset humidity signal within a predetermined increment in a predetermined orientation,

in said second humidity mode, said humidity compensator means including an alternative humidity signal for an alternative target humidity with a magnitude corresponding to said predetermined increment of humidity in said predetermined orientation, and

a temperature mode selector means mode for selecting a second temperature mode if said continuous temperature signal initially approximates said commanded temperature signal within a predetermined increment in a predetermined orientation,

in said second temperature mode, said temperature compensator means including an alternative temperature signal for an alternative target temperature with a magnitude corresponding to said predetermined increment of temperature in said predetermined orientation.

17. An improved apparatus for control of the sensory environment for an observer of a display by recording a preset temperature on a film, comprising:

a second servo mechanism for energizing a temperature variable speed control for said respective motor, for continuously energizing said respective motor with a velocity corresponding to the magnitude of a temperature error signal representing the difference between said commanded and said continuous temperature signals, for achieving said preset temperature at target time; An improved mathod for recording and display of at least a segment of a scene selectively including movement therein and recorded by incoherent light thru left- and right-hand images each recorded on its respective track of film, wherein the improvement comprises:

rotating a camera at the center of a spherical scene for said incoherent recording;

mounting an opaque means with a vertical slit having a width for display with a width less than the diameter of the pupil of an eye, between said incoherently recorded film and a holographic film, for limiting irradiation of each coherent beam upon said holographic film to the width of said vertical slit;

irradiating said holographic film by an object beam of coherent light, and by a first reference beam of coherent light at angle θ in relation thereto, said incoherently recorded film moving continuously and synchronized with said continuously moving holographic film;

recording by said coherent light a left-hand point in said left-hand image, and a corresponding right-hand point in said right-hand image, for recording holographically said left-hand and right-hand points each in their respective position on said holographic film;

projecting said holographic film by a second reference beam of coherent light at said angle θ, thru a rotating projector at the center of a display, thru a vertical slit having a width for display with a width less than the diameter of the pupil of an eye, upon a surrounding screen including at least a segment of a sphere and with vertical lenticules each having a width less than the diameter of the pupil of an eye and each including a reflecting means; for erecting said left-hand and right-hand points each in its respective three dimensional position in a spherical scene, to an observer situated within said scene and viewing by natural vision without glasses or special device; and

similarly recording each left-hand and corresponding right-hand point in said scene, for erecting said scene as an environment for said observer. The method of claim B wherein said incoherent recording is United to a single right- and left-hand viewpoint of said spherical scene, for limited bandwidth in TV and communications, and for eliminating all interference among a plurality of viewpoints for any said left- or right-hand point, respectively, when said scene is erected by said projector to fill the peripheral vision of said observer.