WO1988007202A1 - Improved assay technique and apparatus therefor - Google Patents

Improved assay technique and apparatus therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1988007202A1
WO1988007202A1 PCT/GB1988/000176 GB8800176W WO8807202A1 WO 1988007202 A1 WO1988007202 A1 WO 1988007202A1 GB 8800176 W GB8800176 W GB 8800176W WO 8807202 A1 WO8807202 A1 WO 8807202A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical structure
sample
binding partner
specific binding
ligand
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1988/000176
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Craig George Sawyers
Rosemary Ann Lucy Drake
Original Assignee
Ares-Serono Research & Development Limited Partner
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ares-Serono Research & Development Limited Partner filed Critical Ares-Serono Research & Development Limited Partner
Publication of WO1988007202A1 publication Critical patent/WO1988007202A1/en
Priority to NO884985A priority Critical patent/NO884985L/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
    • G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
    • G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
    • G01N21/774—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure
    • G01N21/7743—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure the reagent-coated grating coupling light in or out of the waveguide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/551—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being inorganic
    • G01N33/553—Metal or metal coated

Definitions

  • This invention concerns assay techniques by which qualitative and/or quantitative detection of chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in a sample can be determined and also concerns apparatus by which such techniques can be performed.
  • Assay techniques referred to are based on the affinity between the analyte which is to be assayed and a receptive material for example a ligand or a specific binding partner, which is coated onto a particular type of surface.
  • a receptive material for example a ligand or a specific binding partner, which is coated onto a particular type of surface.
  • Reference is made to International Patent Publications WO84/02578 and O86/01901 for descriptions of assay techniques comprising (a) coating at least a predetermined part of a surface having a preformed relief profile on a substrate with a thin film of a material capable of binding the species to be assayed, the surface part being optically active with respect to radiation at least over a predetermined band of wavelengths, and (b) contacting the coated surface with the sample and observing the optical properties of the surface part in order to determine a qualitative and/or quantitative change in optical properties as a result of the binding of the species onto the thin film of material on the surface.
  • the preformed relief profile is typically in the form of an optical grating which may be a simple single grating of two or more crossed gratings the ridges of which may have square, sinusoidal or triangular cross-sectional shape, and as employed herein, references to a grating are intended to encompass all such gratings.
  • publication WO84/02578 the change in optical properties of the grating as a result of the binding of an analyte to be assayed (such as a specific antigen in a blood serum) is brought about essentially as a result of (1) the mass or bulk of the bound analyte and (2) its dielectric properties.
  • the binding events are monitored by changes in the fluorescent properties of a dye-tagged binding partner attached to the sensoc surface.
  • the grating surface is essentially opaque, at least at the. wavelength of the radiation used for illumination, and the grating can therefore be considered to be a reflective diffraction grating.
  • Changes in the properties of the grating which occur as a result of the deposition thereon of analytes or other material as a result of the assay technique appear as changes in the reflective characteristics of the grating (for WO84/02578) and fluorescent emission characteristics (WO86/01901) in the manner described in the a orementioned speci ications.
  • the invention provides a method of assaying for a ligand in a sample which comprises incubating the sample in contact with one surface of an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the said surface having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect; irradiating the other surface of the optical structure with radiation of an appropriate wavelength; and analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner .
  • the optical structure is a diffraction grating of a clear plastics or glass material and the grating is coated with a thin metal or metal-like layer which is partially reflective and partially transmissive, at least at the wavelength of radiation which is to be used to illuminate and observe the grating for investigative purposes.
  • the ligand to be assayed for will be an antibody or an antigen and the specific binding partner will then be the complementary antigen or antibody.
  • the invention further provides an apparatus for detecting one or more ligands in a sample which apparatus comprises a reservoir for holding the sample to be tested, at least part of an internal surface of said reservoir comprising an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, that surface of the said structure which in use will contact the sample having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect.
  • One embodiment of the apparatus of the invention further comprises means for irradiating from outside the reservoir that surface of the optical structure which in use will be remote from the sample; and means for analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the said optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner.
  • the reservoir comprises a shallow well having a flat bottom having a diffraction grating formed on its upper face within the well and a partially reflecting, partially transmitting thin metal or metal ⁇ like film applied to the grating surface.
  • the metal film is preferably coated by a further film of an inert material which, whilst enabling the diffraction grating to exhibit surface plasmon resonance when activated by appropriate wavelength light, nevertheless prevents chemical interaction between the metal and the rea ⁇ tants within the reservoir.
  • a further advantage is that reactions can be monitored as they occur and therefore the end point of the assay can be predicted, thereby reducing the length of time taken to perform the assay.
  • An additional advantage is that no separation of the sample from the sensor is needed before measurement.
  • the invention is thus suitable for use with whole blood samples and other biological samples containing light scattering compounds or particulate material .
  • the invention also enables a competition assay to be performed in the wet or dry where a reagent antigen is fluorophor-labelled, or a sandwich assay to be performed in which a second antibody is fluorophor-labelled.
  • the use of fluorophor-labelled material is possible provided the detection means is capable of discriminating between different wavelengths of light received thereby and in particular determining whether or not light of a wavelength corresponding to that produced by the fluorophor label is present in the light re-radiated from the grating.
  • a monochromatic or quasi- monochromatic light source is used as the primary source for illuminating the grating and typically a laser is used for this purpose, although it will be understood that this by no means restricts the choice of light source to a laser, and the angle of incidence of the light is altered.
  • a polychromatic e.g. white light source may be used, the angle of incidence held constant and the wavelength characteristics of the reflected light analysed in order to detect surface plasmon resonance effects.
  • Figure 2 illustrates diagra matically apparatus by which an assay may be performed in accordance with the invention and which itself embodies the preferred constructional features of the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows the results obtained from an injection moulded diffraction grating which was coated with 50 nm of silver by vacuum evaporation and interrogated from the underside of the grating with a helium-neon laser
  • a shallow well 10 "" is formed in a clear plastics material having a flat base 12 on the upper internal face of which is formed a diffraction grating 14 by any appropriate proc €ss such as impression moulding or machining or otherwise.
  • the upper surface of the grating 14 is coated with a semi-reflective metal or metal-like film for example silver or aluminium or copper or gold, and if an intermediate inert layer is required between the metallic film and the reagents to be placed in the well, the surface is itself coated with a layer of an appropriate buffer material such as an oxide of silicon.
  • the grating is coated with a thin film of material comprising specific antigens, antibodies or other binding partners which may be tagged with a fluoroescent compound and the well is now ready to receive a liquid containing the specific antibody or antigen or complementary binding partners to be tested.
  • the article containing the well is inserted into apparatus shown diagrammatically at 16 which contains a laser light source 18, light from which is projected, using suitable optical means (not shown), to impinge on the underside of the well at an appropriate angle of incidence to set up surface plasmon resonance in the diffraction grating.
  • a wavelength sensitive light detector 20 is also located within the housing 16 and the output from the detector 20 is supplied to electrical processing and display apparatus such as 22 which may or may not be included within the housing.
  • Adjustments are made to the detector 20 and processing and display circuits 22 to produce a first reading when the well is illuminated in position and contains a non-ligand containing liquid.
  • a sample which may or may not contain a ligand is then added to the well in any convenient manner and the output of the detector 20 as displayed by the apparatus 22 is monitore to determine any change.
  • the detector can be set to determine whether or not any light of the wavelength of the fluorescent label in the assay can be detected.
  • the light source 18 may of course be used to illuminate a plurality of wells simultaneously and either a corresponding plurality of detectors may be employed or a detector set to scan each well in succession may be employed so that an assa of a large number of different samples can be carried out relatively quickly.
  • a number of defined regions on the surface of a single well can each have a different binding partner thereon and these can be employed either to measure number of different analytes simultaneously, or to provide a measure of the non-specific binding, by comparison with "control" regions, which may carry for example a binding partner which is not itself specific for any ligand which ma be present in the sample to be tested.

Abstract

A method of assaying for a ligand in a sample which comprises incubating the sample in contact with one surface of an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the said surface having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect; irradiating the other surface of the optical structure with radiation of an appropriate wavelength; and analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner. An apparatus for detecting one or more ligands in a sample suitable for use in the method of the invention is also provided.

Description

Improved Assay Technique and Apparatus therefor
Field of the invention
This invention concerns assay techniques by which qualitative and/or quantitative detection of chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in a sample can be determined and also concerns apparatus by which such techniques can be performed.
Background to the invention
Assay techniques referred to are based on the affinity between the analyte which is to be assayed and a receptive material for example a ligand or a specific binding partner, which is coated onto a particular type of surface. Reference is made to International Patent Publications WO84/02578 and O86/01901 for descriptions of assay techniques comprising (a) coating at least a predetermined part of a surface having a preformed relief profile on a substrate with a thin film of a material capable of binding the species to be assayed, the surface part being optically active with respect to radiation at least over a predetermined band of wavelengths, and (b) contacting the coated surface with the sample and observing the optical properties of the surface part in order to determine a qualitative and/or quantitative change in optical properties as a result of the binding of the species onto the thin film of material on the surface. As described in those publications, the preformed relief profile is typically in the form of an optical grating which may be a simple single grating of two or more crossed gratings the ridges of which may have square, sinusoidal or triangular cross-sectional shape, and as employed herein, references to a grating are intended to encompass all such gratings. In publication WO84/02578, the change in optical properties of the grating as a result of the binding of an analyte to be assayed (such as a specific antigen in a blood serum) is brought about essentially as a result of (1) the mass or bulk of the bound analyte and (2) its dielectric properties.
In publication O86/01901 the binding events are monitored by changes in the fluorescent properties of a dye-tagged binding partner attached to the sensoc surface. In each of the described techniques the grating surface is essentially opaque, at least at the. wavelength of the radiation used for illumination, and the grating can therefore be considered to be a reflective diffraction grating. Changes in the properties of the grating which occur as a result of the deposition thereon of analytes or other material as a result of the assay technique appear as changes in the reflective characteristics of the grating (for WO84/02578) and fluorescent emission characteristics (WO86/01901) in the manner described in the a orementioned speci ications. However, the successful operation of such assay techniques relies on the ability to illuminate the grating surface and therefore any material other than that bound to the surface through a specific binding reaction will interrupt the passage of light and therefore it has been difficult to conceive how such a test could be carried out "in the wet". "In the wet" means with a liquid in contact with the grating surface and, using conventional technology, an assay of this type is particularly difficult if the liquid absorbs or scatters light at the wavelength of excitation or observation.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an alternative method and apparatus by which an assay technique can be performed "in the wet" and even in the presence of absorption or scattering by particles in suspension in the liquid. Summary of the invention
Thus, in its broadest aspect, the invention provides a method of assaying for a ligand in a sample which comprises incubating the sample in contact with one surface of an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the said surface having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect; irradiating the other surface of the optical structure with radiation of an appropriate wavelength; and analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner .
Preferably the optical structure is a diffraction grating of a clear plastics or glass material and the grating is coated with a thin metal or metal-like layer which is partially reflective and partially transmissive, at least at the wavelength of radiation which is to be used to illuminate and observe the grating for investigative purposes. Preferably the ligand to be assayed for will be an antibody or an antigen and the specific binding partner will then be the complementary antigen or antibody.
The invention further provides an apparatus for detecting one or more ligands in a sample which apparatus comprises a reservoir for holding the sample to be tested, at least part of an internal surface of said reservoir comprising an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, that surface of the said structure which in use will contact the sample having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect.
One embodiment of the apparatus of the invention further comprises means for irradiating from outside the reservoir that surface of the optical structure which in use will be remote from the sample; and means for analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the said optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner.
Typically the reservoir comprises a shallow well having a flat bottom having a diffraction grating formed on its upper face within the well and a partially reflecting, partially transmitting thin metal or metal¬ like film applied to the grating surface.
Where it is important to protect the metal from the liquid or other materials to be put in the reservoir, the metal film is preferably coated by a further film of an inert material which, whilst enabling the diffraction grating to exhibit surface plasmon resonance when activated by appropriate wavelength light, nevertheless prevents chemical interaction between the metal and the reaσtants within the reservoir. The advantage of the invention is that the assay technique can be employed when using samples "in the wet" and in the presence of scattering particles in the liquid sample.
A further advantage is that reactions can be monitored as they occur and therefore the end point of the assay can be predicted, thereby reducing the length of time taken to perform the assay.
An additional advantage is that no separation of the sample from the sensor is needed before measurement. The invention is thus suitable for use with whole blood samples and other biological samples containing light scattering compounds or particulate material .
The invention also enables a competition assay to be performed in the wet or dry where a reagent antigen is fluorophor-labelled, or a sandwich assay to be performed in which a second antibody is fluorophor-labelled.
The use of fluorophor-labelled material is possible provided the detection means is capable of discriminating between different wavelengths of light received thereby and in particular determining whether or not light of a wavelength corresponding to that produced by the fluorophor label is present in the light re-radiated from the grating.
In a typical apparatus, a monochromatic or quasi- monochromatic light source is used as the primary source for illuminating the grating and typically a laser is used for this purpose, although it will be understood that this by no means restricts the choice of light source to a laser, and the angle of incidence of the light is altered. Alternatively, a polychromatic e.g. white light source may be used, the angle of incidence held constant and the wavelength characteristics of the reflected light analysed in order to detect surface plasmon resonance effects. The invention will now briefly be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows the effect of surface plasmon resonance via back illumination of a diffraction grating; and
Figure 2 illustrates diagra matically apparatus by which an assay may be performed in accordance with the invention and which itself embodies the preferred constructional features of the invention.
Figure 1 shows the results obtained from an injection moulded diffraction grating which was coated with 50 nm of silver by vacuum evaporation and interrogated from the underside of the grating with a helium-neon laser
(λ=633 nm). The reflected light intensity was monitored with changing angle of incidence (9) . Over a specific range of angles the dip in reflectivity characteristic of surface plasmon resonance was observed. Interrogating an area of the metallised test device without the grating gave no change in intensity of reflected light over the angle range covered.
In Figure 2 a shallow well 10""is formed in a clear plastics material having a flat base 12 on the upper internal face of which is formed a diffraction grating 14 by any appropriate proc€ss such as impression moulding or machining or otherwise.
The upper surface of the grating 14 is coated with a semi-reflective metal or metal-like film for example silver or aluminium or copper or gold, and if an intermediate inert layer is required between the metallic film and the reagents to be placed in the well, the surface is itself coated with a layer of an appropriate buffer material such as an oxide of silicon.
The grating is coated with a thin film of material comprising specific antigens, antibodies or other binding partners which may be tagged with a fluoroescent compound and the well is now ready to receive a liquid containing the specific antibody or antigen or complementary binding partners to be tested. The article containing the well is inserted into apparatus shown diagrammatically at 16 which contains a laser light source 18, light from which is projected, using suitable optical means (not shown), to impinge on the underside of the well at an appropriate angle of incidence to set up surface plasmon resonance in the diffraction grating. A wavelength sensitive light detector 20 is also located within the housing 16 and the output from the detector 20 is supplied to electrical processing and display apparatus such as 22 which may or may not be included within the housing.
Adjustments are made to the detector 20 and processing and display circuits 22 to produce a first reading when the well is illuminated in position and contains a non-ligand containing liquid.
A sample which may or may not contain a ligand is then added to the well in any convenient manner and the output of the detector 20 as displayed by the apparatus 22 is monitore to determine any change.
If a fluorescent assay technique is employed, the detector can be set to determine whether or not any light of the wavelength of the fluorescent label in the assay can be detected. "
It will be seen that if the liquid sample denoted by reference numeral 24 in the drawing contains light scattering particles, these would interfere with the transmission of light through the liquid, and thus to and from the diffraction grating, and would render impractical any observation of the diffraction grating through the liquid. However, using the illumination method illustrated the surface plasmon resonance effect as determined by the detector 20 will not be affected by the presence of light scattering particles in the liquid, and the assay technique can be performed "in the wet".
Although the illustrated example shows only one well, the light source 18 may of course be used to illuminate a plurality of wells simultaneously and either a corresponding plurality of detectors may be employed or a detector set to scan each well in succession may be employed so that an assa of a large number of different samples can be carried out relatively quickly. Alternatively, a number of defined regions on the surface of a single well can each have a different binding partner thereon and these can be employed either to measure number of different analytes simultaneously, or to provide a measure of the non-specific binding, by comparison with "control" regions, which may carry for example a binding partner which is not itself specific for any ligand which ma be present in the sample to be tested.

Claims

Claims
1. A method of assaying for a ligand in a sample which comprises incubating the sample in contact with one surface of an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the said surface having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect; irradiating the other surface of the optical structure with radiation of an appropriate wavelength; and analysing the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the optical structure is a diffraction grating.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the specific binding partner is an antigen or an antibody.
4. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the optical structure is coated with a thin metal or metal-like layer which is partially reflective and partially transmissive at the wavelength of radiation used.
5. An apparatus for detecting one or more ligands in a sample which apparatus comprises a reservoir for holding the sample to be tested, at least part of an internal surface of said reservoir comprising an optical structure capable of exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, that surface of the said structure which in use will contact the sample having adsorbed thereon or bound thereto, either directly or indirectly, a specific binding partner for the ligand it is desired to detect.
6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5 further comprising means for irradiating from outside the reservoir that surface of the optical structure which in use will be remote from the sample and means for analysing"the reflected radiation in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the said optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner *"
7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5 for detecting a plurality of ligands in a sample which comprises a reservoir having a plurality of discrete regions, each discrete region comprising an optical structure as defined in claim 5, that surface of each optical structure which in use will contact the sample having a different specific binding partner adsorbed thereon or bound thereto.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5 which comprises a plurality of reservoirs as defined in claim 5.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8 further comprising means for irradiating from outside the reservoir that surface of the optical structure which in use will be remote from the sample and a plurality of means for analysing the reflected radiation or a single means for analysing the reflected radiation capable of scanning each discrete region or reservoir in succession in order to determine whether, and if desired the extent to which and/or rate at which, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of the said optical structure are altered by formation of a complex between the ligand and the specific binding partner.
10. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 9 wherein the optical structure is a diffraction grating.
11. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 10 wherein the specific binding partner is an antigen or an antibody.
12. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 11 wherein the optical structure is coated with a thin metal or metal-like layer which is partially reflective and • partially transmissive at the wavelength of radiation used.
13. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 12 wherein the irradiation means is a monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic light source.
14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the light source is a laser.
PCT/GB1988/000176 1987-03-10 1988-03-09 Improved assay technique and apparatus therefor WO1988007202A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO884985A NO884985L (en) 1987-03-10 1988-11-09 IMPROVED EVALUATION TECHNIQUE AND APPARATUS FOR SELECTING THIS.

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GB878705650A GB8705650D0 (en) 1987-03-10 1987-03-10 Assay technique
GB8705650 1987-03-10

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GB2431234A (en) * 2005-10-14 2007-04-18 E2V Biosensors Ltd Molecular detector arrangement
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AU1391288A (en) 1988-10-10

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