WO1983003102A1 - A method of encapsulating bio material in bead polymers - Google Patents

A method of encapsulating bio material in bead polymers Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1983003102A1
WO1983003102A1 PCT/SE1983/000074 SE8300074W WO8303102A1 WO 1983003102 A1 WO1983003102 A1 WO 1983003102A1 SE 8300074 W SE8300074 W SE 8300074W WO 8303102 A1 WO8303102 A1 WO 8303102A1
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Prior art keywords
polymer
cells
bio material
monomers
beads
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PCT/SE1983/000074
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French (fr)
Inventor
Klaus Mosbach
Kjell Nilsson
Original Assignee
Klaus Mosbach
Kjell Nilsson
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Klaus Mosbach, Kjell Nilsson filed Critical Klaus Mosbach
Priority to DE8383900856T priority Critical patent/DE3375581D1/en
Priority to AT83900856T priority patent/ATE32348T1/en
Publication of WO1983003102A1 publication Critical patent/WO1983003102A1/en
Priority to DK5094/83A priority patent/DK509483D0/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
    • A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
    • C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
    • C12N11/04—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier entrapped within the carrier, e.g. gel or hollow fibres
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
    • Y10S424/07—Microporous membranes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of immobilizing bio material such as animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins by encapsulation in bead polymers.
  • bio material such as animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins.
  • the most usual polymers used for encapsulating bio material are alginate, polyacrylami ⁇ e, carrageenan, agar or agarose. Of these alginate. and carrageenan are the only ones which can be manufactured simply in spherical form with encapsulated material. This is done by ionotropic gelling, i.e. the alginate is dropped down into calcium solution and the carrageenan in a potassium solution.
  • Spherical polyacrylamide particles with encapsulated enzymes can be produced by a bead polymerization process, where the monomer solution together with enzyme and catalysts are dispersed in a hydrophobic phase (see Swedish patent 7204481-1).
  • the hydrophobic phase comprises an organic solvent (exemplified by toluene plus chloroform) and an emulsifier. Since both these solvents and emulsifiers have a denaturing effect, this method is suitable only for relatively insensitive material. There has therefore been a large need for a more gentle dispersion medium for the production of spherical polymer particles.
  • the present invention discloses that sensitive bio material can be encapsulated with full viability and with retained growth ability if the organic solvent is exchanged for either of the following dispersion media: saturated or unsaturated animal or vegetable fats or oils, tri-n-butylphosphate, liquid silicone, paraffin oil or phthalic acid dibutyl ester. Certain of these dispersion media have been used before in the preparation of spherical polymer particles.
  • dispersion media saturated or unsaturated animal or vegetable fats or oils, tri-n-butylphosphate, liquid silicone, paraffin oil or phthalic acid dibutyl ester.
  • the polymer which is combined with the dispersion medium is selected on the basis of the bio material sensitivity.
  • Insensitive materials such as certain proteins can be linked covalently to the polymer with formaldehyde, after they have been encapsulated, this applying particularly to the polymers gelatine and chitosan.
  • Relatively insensitive bio material such as yeast cells can be encapsulated in polyacrylamide with retained viability.
  • More sensitive systems such as plant cells, algae or animal cells are suitably encapsulated in polymers such as agar, agarose, carrageenan, gelatine, collagen or fibrin.
  • the surface-dependent cells must be attached to a surface in order to survive and grow.
  • the fibres formed by collagen or fibrin are used as the necessary surface, this resulting in the surface- dependent animal cells being able to survive and grow in an encapsulated condition.
  • Surface-dependent cells cannot grow encapsulated in agarose, but by mixing agarose with fibrin or collagen this polymer can also be used for encapsulating surface-dependent cells.
  • Animal suspension cells do not have this requirement and may be encapsulated in agarose, collagen or fibrin with retained ability to grow. Since the potential field of use of animal cells is very large (the production of vaccines, proteins or hormones, transforming of precursors etc) it is important to develop systems where they can be used on a large scale.
  • Encapsulated animal cells have great advantages, from the aspect of production technique, compared with free cells. For example, they can easily be used in column processes, and there are also advantages in other types of reaction, since they are much easier to adapt to continuous production.
  • the size of the bead formed with encapsulated bio material can be varied within wide limits, depending on the force with which the polymer solution is dispersed.
  • Example 1 Agar, agarose Agar or agarose is dissolved in water (5.6% w/v) by heating. The polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature of 50°C and mixed with plant cells (2 g) subsequent to which dispersion in soybean oil (40 ml) takes place. When suitably large beads have been obtained the mixture is cooled to 5°C and the beads washed over to water.
  • Example 2 Carrageenan
  • the carrageenan is dissolved in 0.9 % NaCl (3.1 % w/v) by heating.
  • the beads are manufactured according to example 1.
  • Chitosan is dissolved in 0.1 M HAc/0.1 M NaAc.
  • the polymer solution (8 ml) is mixed with yeast cells (2 ml) or enzymes (peroxidase 10 mg/ml, 2 ml) after which it is dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml), and formaldehyde (37 % w/v, 2.2 ml) is now added, after which stirring is carried out for 30 minutes.
  • the cross-linked beads are washed over to water.
  • Example 4 Polyacrylamide Acrylamide (17.6 g) and bisacrylamide (1.2 g) are dissolved in tris-buffer (100 ml, 0,05 M,pH7).
  • the monomer solution (8 ml) is mixed with yeast cells or enzymes (peroxidase, 10 mg/ml, 2 ml) and ammonium persulphate (0,4 g/ml, 20 ⁇ l) and dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml).
  • TEMED 100 ⁇ l is added when a suitable bead size has been reached.
  • the polymerized beads are washed over to water.
  • Example 5 Gelatine
  • Gelatine (15 % w/v) is dissolved by heating in water.
  • the polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature 37°C and mixed with yeast cells (2 ml), subsequent to which it is dispersed in soybean oil
  • Gelatine (15 % w/v) is dissolved in a phosphate buffer (0.1 M pH 8).
  • the polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature 37°C and mixed with cells (plant cells 2 g), subsequent to which it is dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml) containing a water-soluble cross-linking agent (toluene diisocyanate, 2.5 % w/v), the beads being washed over to water after 30 minutes.
  • a water-soluble cross-linking agent toluene diisocyanate, 2.5 % w/v
  • the fibrinogen solution (1 ml, 2 % w/v) is mixed with the fibrinogen buffer (1 ml) and fetal calf serum (0.3 ml). Animal cells (0.7 ml) and thrombin (1.5 U) are then added. The mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml), and after 15 minutes the beads are washed over to a cultivating medium and the encapsulated cells are cultivated at 37oC.
  • Example 8 Agarose is dissolved in PBS (5 %, w/v) by heating. The polymer solution (5 ml) is brought to 37oC and mixed with animal cells (5 ml), after which the mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml). After cooling, the beads are washed over to a cultivating medium and the encapsulated cells cultivated at 37°C Example 9.
  • Collagen is dissolved in diluted hydrochloric acid.
  • the polymer solution (cooled to 5oC, 2 ml) is mixed with 10 times concentrated medium and sodium hydroxide to obtain a neutral pH, and also with animal cells (2 ml).
  • the mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml).
  • the mixture is gelled by heating to 37oC, the beads washed over to a medium and the encapsulated cceellllss aa:re cultivated at 37oC.
  • Table 1

Abstract

Spherical polymer particles may be produced by dispersing water-soluble monomers or polymers in a hydrophobic solvent, such as toluene or chloroform. These solvents, however, have a dewatering effect on sensitive biomaterials if these are simultaneously enclosed in the polymer particles. The present invention shows that it is possible to enclose sensitive biomaterials, such as plant cells and animal cells, in spherical polymer particles with retained viability and growth capacity if a suitable combination of polymer and dispersing medium is used. The polymer is selected among agar, agarose, carrageenan, chitosan, gelatin, collagen and fibrinogen and the monomer is preferably an acrylic monomer. The dispersing medium is selected among paraffin oil, vegetable oils, silicone liquid and tri-n-butyl phosphate.

Description

A METHOD OF ENCAPSULATING BIO MATERIAL IN BEAD POLYMERS
The present invention relates to a method of immobilizing bio material such as animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins by encapsulation in bead polymers. During recent years there has been a considerable interest in immobilizing bio material. The most usual polymers used for encapsulating bio material are alginate, polyacrylamiάe, carrageenan, agar or agarose. Of these alginate. and carrageenan are the only ones which can be manufactured simply in spherical form with encapsulated material. This is done by ionotropic gelling, i.e. the alginate is dropped down into calcium solution and the carrageenan in a potassium solution. However, relatively large beads (2 - 3 mm diameter) are usually obtained in this way, and beads that are stable only in the presence of ions (calcium and potassium ions, respectively). In the use of agar, agarose, collagen, polyacrylamide, gelatine or fibrinogen, the biomaterial is usually mixed with polymer or polymer solution which is then caused to gel. In order to obtain a suitable size, this gel is fragmented and possibly further cross-linked to attain higher stability. In the preparations produced in this way there is leakage of the encapsulated material in the fragmentation, and due to their heterogeneity they are found to have poor flow in column processes.
Spherical polyacrylamide particles with encapsulated enzymes can be produced by a bead polymerization process, where the monomer solution together with enzyme and catalysts are dispersed in a hydrophobic phase (see Swedish patent 7204481-1). The hydrophobic phase comprises an organic solvent (exemplified by toluene plus chloroform) and an emulsifier. Since both these solvents and emulsifiers have a denaturing effect, this method is suitable only for relatively insensitive material. There has therefore been a large need for a more gentle dispersion medium for the production of spherical polymer particles. The present invention discloses that sensitive bio material can be encapsulated with full viability and with retained growth ability if the organic solvent is exchanged for either of the following dispersion media: saturated or unsaturated animal or vegetable fats or oils, tri-n-butylphosphate, liquid silicone, paraffin oil or phthalic acid dibutyl ester. Certain of these dispersion media have been used before in the preparation of spherical polymer particles. In the US patent 4 169 804 there is described a method of producing magnetic microspheres by dispersing an albumin solution in vegetable oil with subsequent heating thereof to 140ºC or cross-linking the albumin polymer with aldehydes. This technique cannot be used for encapsulating sensitive bio material, since either the high temperature or the cross-linking aldehyde then result in inactivation. A method is described in "Biotechnology Letters" vol. 3, pages 65 - 70, 1981, of producing spherical polyurethane particles by dispersing the monomers in paraffin oil. By including bacteria in the monomer mixture there is obtained a catalytically active preparation (although whether the bacteria retain their propagating ability is doubtful, furthermore there is great risk that they are linked covalently to the carrier). On the other hand, by combining these gentle dispersion media with a suitable immobilization-method carrier there may be obtained, as with the preparations described here, 100 % viability and retained growth ability. The denaturing action of different dispersion media on agar-encapsulated plant cells is compared in table 1. It will be seen from the table that these dispersion media give a retained viability compared with the usual standard method for the production of spherical polymer particles (Swedish patent 7204481-1). In table 2, this relationship is also shown to apply to yeast cells encapsulated in polyacrylamide.
The polymer which is combined with the dispersion medium is selected on the basis of the bio material sensitivity. Insensitive materials such as certain proteins can be linked covalently to the polymer with formaldehyde, after they have been encapsulated, this applying particularly to the polymers gelatine and chitosan. Relatively insensitive bio material such as yeast cells can be encapsulated in polyacrylamide with retained viability. More sensitive systems such as plant cells, algae or animal cells are suitably encapsulated in polymers such as agar, agarose, carrageenan, gelatine, collagen or fibrin.
There are two principally different types of animal cells, suspension cells and surface-dependent cells. The surface-dependent cells must be attached to a surface in order to survive and grow. In this invention the fibres formed by collagen or fibrin are used as the necessary surface, this resulting in the surface- dependent animal cells being able to survive and grow in an encapsulated condition. Surface-dependent cells cannot grow encapsulated in agarose, but by mixing agarose with fibrin or collagen this polymer can also be used for encapsulating surface-dependent cells. Animal suspension cells do not have this requirement and may be encapsulated in agarose, collagen or fibrin with retained ability to grow. Since the potential field of use of animal cells is very large (the production of vaccines, proteins or hormones, transforming of precursors etc) it is important to develop systems where they can be used on a large scale.
Encapsulated animal cells have great advantages, from the aspect of production technique, compared with free cells. For example, they can easily be used in column processes, and there are also advantages in other types of reaction, since they are much easier to adapt to continuous production. The size of the bead formed with encapsulated bio material can be varied within wide limits, depending on the force with which the polymer solution is dispersed. Example 1. Agar, agarose Agar or agarose is dissolved in water (5.6% w/v) by heating. The polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature of 50°C and mixed with plant cells (2 g) subsequent to which dispersion in soybean oil (40 ml) takes place. When suitably large beads have been obtained the mixture is cooled to 5°C and the beads washed over to water. Example 2. Carrageenan
The carrageenan is dissolved in 0.9 % NaCl (3.1 % w/v) by heating. The beads are manufactured according to example 1. Example 3. Chitosan
Chitosan is dissolved in 0.1 M HAc/0.1 M NaAc. The polymer solution (8 ml) is mixed with yeast cells (2 ml) or enzymes (peroxidase 10 mg/ml, 2 ml) after which it is dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml), and formaldehyde (37 % w/v, 2.2 ml) is now added, after which stirring is carried out for 30 minutes. The cross-linked beads are washed over to water. Example 4. Polyacrylamide Acrylamide (17.6 g) and bisacrylamide (1.2 g) are dissolved in tris-buffer (100 ml, 0,05 M,pH7). The monomer solution (8 ml) is mixed with yeast cells or enzymes (peroxidase, 10 mg/ml, 2 ml) and ammonium persulphate (0,4 g/ml, 20 μl) and dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml). TEMED (100 μl) is added when a suitable bead size has been reached. The polymerized beads are washed over to water. Example 5. Gelatine
Gelatine (15 % w/v) is dissolved by heating in water. The polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature 37°C and mixed with yeast cells (2 ml), subsequent to which it is dispersed in soybean oil
(40 ml). After cooling to 15°C, the beads are washed over to water.
Example 6. Gelatine capsules
Gelatine (15 % w/v) is dissolved in a phosphate buffer (0.1 M pH 8). The polymer solution (8 ml) is brought to a temperature 37°C and mixed with cells (plant cells 2 g), subsequent to which it is dispersed in soybean oil (40 ml) containing a water-soluble cross-linking agent (toluene diisocyanate, 2.5 % w/v), the beads being washed over to water after 30 minutes. In heating to 37ºC, gelatine which has not been cross-linked goes into solution and leaves the shell intact. Plant cells immobilized in this way are unaffected by the cross- linking agent and are viable to 95 % with respect to respiration.
Example 7. Fibrinogen
The fibrinogen solution (1 ml, 2 % w/v) is mixed with the fibrinogen buffer (1 ml) and fetal calf serum (0.3 ml). Animal cells (0.7 ml) and thrombin (1.5 U) are then added. The mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml), and after 15 minutes the beads are washed over to a cultivating medium and the encapsulated cells are cultivated at 37ºC. Example 8. Agarose is dissolved in PBS (5 %, w/v) by heating. The polymer solution (5 ml) is brought to 37ºC and mixed with animal cells (5 ml), after which the mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml). After cooling, the beads are washed over to a cultivating medium and the encapsulated cells cultivated at 37°C Example 9.
Collagen is dissolved in diluted hydrochloric acid. The polymer solution (cooled to 5ºC, 2 ml) is mixed with 10 times concentrated medium and sodium hydroxide to obtain a neutral pH, and also with animal cells (2 ml). The mixture is dispersed in paraffin oil (40 ml). The mixture is gelled by heating to 37ºC, the beads washed over to a medium and the encapsulated cceellllss aa:re cultivated at 37ºC. Table 1
The action of the hydrophobic phase on the respiration of plant cells encapsulated in agar Hydrophobic phase Relative respiration (%)
Soybean oil 100 Tri-n-butyl phosphate 100
Paraffin oil 91
Liquid silicone 100
Phthalic acid dibutylester 82
Toluene: chloroform, (73:27 v/v),
Arlacel 83 (2 % w/v) 0
Table 2
The action of the hydrophobic phase on polyacrylamide-encapsulated yeast cells.
Hydrophobic phase Relative respiration (%)
Soybean oil 100
Toluene: chloroform, (73:27 v/v) Arlacel 83 (2 % w/v) 7

Claims

1. A method of immobilizing bio material such as animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins by encapsulation in polymer beads, characterized in that the bio material is added to an aqueous solution of a polymer or monomers, and the polymer or monomers are caused to gel, subsequent to which the aqueous solution is dispersed in a gentle dispersion medium not soluble in water.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that as a gentle dispersion medium, not soluble in water, there is used saturated or unsaturated vegetable or animal oils or fats, tri-n-butylphosphate, liquid silicon, paraffin oil or phthalic acid dibutylester.
3. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that carbohydrate-based or protein-based polymers are used as polymer.
4. Method as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the polymer is selected amongst agar, agarose, carrageenan, chitosan, gelatine, collagen and fibrinogen.
5. Method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the polymer is caused to gel by cooling, cross-linking, neutralization followed by heating, or the effect of enzymes.
6. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that acryl monomers are used as monomers, and are caused to gel by the addition of a catalyst system.
7. Method as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins are used as bio materials.
8. Method as claimed in one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the dispersion process is broken off when the beads have obtained a granular size of 0.05 - 3 mm, preferably 0.1 - 1.0 mm.
9. Immobilized bio material such as animal cells, plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses or proteins, characterized in that the bio material, in a viable state and with retained ability of growth, is encapsulated in polymer beads, which are produced by dispersion in a gentle medium, not soluble in water.
PCT/SE1983/000074 1982-03-08 1983-03-08 A method of encapsulating bio material in bead polymers WO1983003102A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8383900856T DE3375581D1 (en) 1982-03-08 1983-03-08 A method of immobilizing bio material in bead polymers
AT83900856T ATE32348T1 (en) 1982-03-08 1983-03-08 PROCESS FOR IMMOBILIZING BIOMATERIAL IN SPHERE POLYMERS.
DK5094/83A DK509483D0 (en) 1982-03-08 1983-11-07 PROCEDURE FOR INCORPORATING BIOMATERIALS IN PEARL FORM POLYMERS

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE8201401A SE441009B (en) 1982-03-08 1982-03-08 WAY TO IMMOBILIZE LIVING BIOMATERIAL IN PEARLY POLYMERS
SE8201401-0820308 1982-03-08

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US (1) US4647536A (en)
EP (1) EP0102985B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS59500350A (en)
AT (1) ATE32348T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3375581D1 (en)
DK (1) DK509483D0 (en)
SE (1) SE441009B (en)
WO (1) WO1983003102A1 (en)

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JPS59500350A (en) 1984-03-08
EP0102985A1 (en) 1984-03-21
US4647536A (en) 1987-03-03
SE8201401L (en) 1983-09-09
ATE32348T1 (en) 1988-02-15

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