WO1982000158A1 - System for amplification of eukaryotic genes - Google Patents
System for amplification of eukaryotic genes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1982000158A1 WO1982000158A1 PCT/US1981/000911 US8100911W WO8200158A1 WO 1982000158 A1 WO1982000158 A1 WO 1982000158A1 US 8100911 W US8100911 W US 8100911W WO 8200158 A1 WO8200158 A1 WO 8200158A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- genes
- cells
- cad
- pala
- gene
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to recombinan DNA technology and, more particularly, to improvements whereby the product of the expression of eukaryotic genes is produced in large amounts in mammalian cells .
- each nucleotide in one strand is adjacent a complimentary nucleotide in the other strand.
- genetic changes may be made deliberately by the introduction of a predetermined nucleotide sequence, either synthesized or isolated from one strain or species, into the genetic makeup of another strain or species.
- the strain or species into which the recombinant sequence is introduced produces, as part of its normal processes, the protein encoded by the newly introduced DNA.
- the modified strain or species proceeds with the normal replication process, it also duplicates the inserted sequence.
- Various techniques are known for isolating a desired nucleotide sequence or gene from one species, or constructing that sequence synthetically.
- Such techniques include the utilization of plasmids or phages which are broken open by restriction enzymes to allow the insertion of the isolated gene. Such plasmids or phages are then reintroduced to a suitable bacterial host species, such as E. coli, where they are capable of being replicated and wherein the protein for which they encode is expressed.
- Another object of the invention is to provide an improved mammalian cell suitable for use in a process wherein living cells are used for replication and expression of DNA segments of interest.
- a more general object of the invention is to provide an improved method for the production and recovery of eukaryotic gene products.
- the method of the invention results in the production of the desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells.
- Genes for the de sired polypeptide are isolated and are linked to CAD genes.
- the genes are transfected to mammalian cells and those of the mammalian cells having functional copies of both linked genes are selected. These selected cells are further selected for resistance to substantial levels of PALA.
- the desired polypeptide may then be recovered from the further selected PALA-resistant cells in amplified amounts .
- the present invention takes advantage of a peculiar phenomenon respecting the resistance of mammalian tissue culture cells to PALA, a transition state analog inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, one of the three enzymatic activities of the multifunctional protein CAD.
- PALA is otherwise known as N- (phosphonacetyl) -L- aspartate.
- CAD catalyzes the first three reactions of de novo UMP biosynthesis.
- the phenomenon referred to is that all PALA-resistant cells have amplified amounts of the CAD gene.
- the entire CAD gene is isolated from cells containing multicopy num bers of that gene. Preferably, such cells contain from 100-200 copies of the CAD gene. Either of three methods may be utilized for isolating the CAD gene. First, high molecular weight DNA obtained by random shearing or partial digestion with restriction endonucleases could be used.
- phage vectors Two,3, it is possible to clone 20,000 base pairs (20kbp) of PALA-resistant syrian hamster DNA. The pieces may be then ligated to recreate a functional CAD gene in accordance with the known arrangement of the genomic DNA in syrian hamster cells.
- a third way in which the CAD gene may be isolated is to clone a single piece of genomic DNA up to 40 kbp long using cosmid vectors.
- Cosmid vectors are a combination of the cohesive (cos) ends of ⁇ phage and the plasmid PBR 322. These cosmids can be packaged as phage due to the locations of the cohesive ends of the vector.
- Recombinant clones may be selected as ampicillin or tetracycline resistant bacteria because of the plasmid, which contains this marker (4,5). Functionality of the cloned gene may be ascertained by determining if transfection of CAD cells (6) produces CAD transformants .
- the eukaryotic DNA of interest is then linked to the CAD gene.
- the gene of interest may be, for example, a gene for a human hormone isolated from natural cell material, or may be a gene synthesized by a suitable nucleotide synthesis technique (7) .
- a suitable host cell may be co-transfected with the CAD gene and the gene of interest in a manner which results in cells containing linked arrangements of both genes .
- Wigler and Axel (8) have shown that co-transfection of mouse cells with the herpes TK gene and the bacterial virus ⁇ X174 results in transformants containing both DNA molecules in an apparently linked arrangement.
- the CAD gene may be ligated to the desired gene either at convenient natural restriction sites or at synthetic restriction sites created in vitro (1) .
- the linked DNA is then transfected in the linked form to the desired host by suitable known techniques.
- the mammalian cells into which the linked genes have been inserted are grown and suitable techniques are utilized to select those cell cultures which exhibit the characteristics of having functional copies of both the linked genes. Such a determination may be made utilizing conventional blotting technology.
- the resultant selected cells thereby are capable of replication of both of the linked genes and are also capable of expression of the product of those genes. A further selection is then made to select those of the previously selected mammalian cells which have a resistance to substantial levels of PALA.
- the gene of interest will have been co-amplified along with the CAD gene in at least some of the cells. Accordingly, the product of the co-amplified gene is produced at high levels.
- the desired polypeptide produced by the desired eukaryotic gene may then be recovered from the selected PALA-resistant cells.
- Example I A PALA-resistant cell line with approximately 100-200 CAD genes per cell (1) is processed by known methods ' to isolate the DNA.
- the DNA is then digested partially with endonuclease EcoR1 following standard procedures.
- This partially digested DNA is then fractionated into fragments approximately 25-40 kbp in length using sucrose gradient centrifugation.
- the 25-40 kbp fragments are the ligated to an appropriate EcoRl digested cosmid (e.g., MUA3 of Meyerowitz et al., 5).
- the cosmid is then packaged in vitro into the heads of bacteriophage lambda (4) .
- the cosmids are then used to "infect" a recA- host such a HB101.
- Trans- formants containing the cosmids with the CAD gene inserts are located using the colony filter or plaque filter hybridization techniques (9,10).
- Those cosmids with CAD sequences are selected and are analyzed further by restriction enzyme analysis using probes for the 5' and 3' proximal regions of a 19 kbp EcoRl CAD clone.
- Co-transfection of mammalian cells is then effected using the CAD genes as isolated above and the gene of interest by means of the co-transfection proceedur described by Wigler and Axel (9) .
- Conventional blotting technology is used to detect cells containing both genes and a further selection for PALA-resistant cells is made. Those PALA-resistant cells which indicate co-amplificatio of the gene of interest are then assessed by RNA (13) and DNA (14) blotting experiments.
- Radioimmune assays, e.g. (15) to determine whether the correct protein is produce are then conducted and an estimate of the increase in the amount of expression by the desired gene may be made on the basis of the selection for different levels of PALA resistance.
- Example II The procedures of Example I are followed except that, in order to infect the bacterial host with CAD genes for purification, a pseudophage vector is used such as de signed by Alton and Davis (16) .
- the latter vector has the advantage of selecting against recombinants which have un dergone deletion events in the process of replication in bacterial host.
- Example III The procedure of Example I is followed except that in isolating the CAD genes, microcells (17) are used as vehicles for introducing the large DNA molecules (i.e. multicopy CAD genes) to mammalian cells in culture.
- Example IV The procedures of Example I are followed except that in isolating the CAD genes , synthetic lipid vesicles (18) are used as vehicles for introducing the large DNA molecules (i.e. CAD genes) to mammalian cells in culture.
- synthetic lipid vesicles (18) are used as vehicles for introducing the large DNA molecules (i.e. CAD genes) to mammalian cells in culture.
- Example V A procedure identical with that of Example I is followed except that mechanical microinjection is used to insert the large DNA molecules.
- the advantages of the foregoing procedures are, basically, two-fold. First, it is possible to amplify any gene in any mammalian cell of interest using PALA-resistance as the selective marker. By using transfecting DNA obtained from cells in which it is present initially as many copies, it is unnecessary to utilize genetically marked cells, in effect, CAD minus cells.
- the second basic advantage provided by the foregoing technique is that introduction and amplification of the desired gene in a cell which normally produces and/or exports the product of that gene will typically insure that the product is processed correctly. Thus, further processing or modification of the gene product is unnecessary in order to form the active molecule.
- a further advantage results from the fact that the substances are produced in mammalian tissue which may provide significant advantages from the standpoint of obtaining approval for use of the substances from government agencies. It may be seen, therefore, that the invention provides an improved process for producing a desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells.
- the resultant recombinant DNA containing cells produced in accordance with the invention contain multiple copies of functional gene pairs, each comprising a CAD gene linked to the DNA segment of interest.
Abstract
Amplification of eukaryotic genes in mammalian cells by linking the genes to CAD genes so that each cell contains multicopy numbers of the linked genes. The product of the expression of the eukaryotic genes may then be recovered from the mammalian cells.
Description
SYSTEM FOR AMPLIFICATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENES This invention relates generally to recombinan DNA technology and, more particularly, to improvements whereby the product of the expression of eukaryotic genes is produced in large amounts in mammalian cells .
As is well known, the particular sequence of amino acids in a given protein is determined in accordanc with the code carried in the gene for that protein. In the process of expressing the protein which it encodes, through the KNA intermediary, groups of three nucleotides in the DNA, called codons, each place one of 20 possible amino acids at a corresponding position in the protein chain. There are four possible nucleotides and, in the normal double stranded DNA, each nucleotide in one strand is adjacent a complimentary nucleotide in the other strand.
With the advent of recombinant DNA techniques, genetic changes may be made deliberately by the introduction of a predetermined nucleotide sequence, either synthesized or isolated from one strain or species, into the genetic makeup of another strain or species. The strain or species into which the recombinant sequence is introduced produces, as part of its normal processes, the protein encoded by the newly introduced DNA. When the modified strain or species proceeds with the normal replication process, it also duplicates the inserted sequence. Various techniques are known for isolating a desired nucleotide sequence or gene from one species, or constructing that sequence synthetically. In addition, there are many known techniques for introducing the thus isolated gene into the genetic system of a desired host. Such techniques include the utilization of plasmids or phages which are broken open by restriction enzymes to
allow the insertion of the isolated gene. Such plasmids or phages are then reintroduced to a suitable bacterial host species, such as E. coli, where they are capable of being replicated and wherein the protein for which they encode is expressed.
Thus far, much of the work in the area of recombinant DNA has involved strains of E. coli or some other bacterial strain, into the genetic system of which has been introduced a desired eukaryotic gene. Examples include the genes for human growth hormone, insulin, and interferon. Although potentially very useful for producing otherwise scarce biologically important substances, the use of bacterial cells also has inherent drawbacks. For example, typically only trace quantities of the desired substances are produced by known bacterial strains. In some cases, further processing of the protein products of the bacteria is necessary in order to isolate the desired molecule which often occurs in low yields. Finally, the use of bacteria for the production of substances which are medically useful for humans raises questions regarding safety for clinical use. It is as yet unsettled as to how extensive the required tests will be in order to obtain approval from the appropriate governmental agencies for use of such substances.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved mammalian cell suitable for use in a process wherein living cells are used for replication and expression of DNA segments of interest.
A more general object of the invention is to provide an improved method for the production and recovery of eukaryotic gene products.
Very generally, the method of the invention results in the production of the desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells. Genes for the de sired polypeptide are isolated and are linked to CAD genes. The genes are transfected to mammalian cells and those of the mammalian cells having functional copies of both linked genes are selected. These selected cells are further selected for resistance to substantial levels of PALA. The desired polypeptide may then be recovered from the further selected PALA-resistant cells in amplified amounts .
The present invention takes advantage of a peculiar phenomenon respecting the resistance of mammalian tissue culture cells to PALA, a transition state analog inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, one of the three enzymatic activities of the multifunctional protein CAD. PALA is otherwise known as N- (phosphonacetyl) -L- aspartate. CAD catalyzes the first three reactions of de novo UMP biosynthesis. The phenomenon referred to is that all PALA-resistant cells have amplified amounts of the CAD gene.
Using sequential selection steps for resistance to increasing levels of PALA, cell lines containing 100- 200 times the number of CAD genes as the wild type cells may be obtained. (A PALA concentration at which the frequency of resistance of wild type cells is less than
10-8 is a suitable maximum or final concentration level).
The presence of the CAD gene in these very highly amplified or multicopy number amounts is the only mechanism of PALA-resistance thus far detected. Most PALA-resistant lines can be grown in the absence of PALA for long periods without losing their multicopy number of the CAD gene. (1) In accordance with the invention, the entire
CAD gene is isolated from cells containing multicopy num bers of that gene. Preferably, such cells contain from 100-200 copies of the CAD gene. Either of three methods may be utilized for isolating the CAD gene. First, high molecular weight DNA obtained by random shearing or partial digestion with restriction endonucleases could be used.
Second, by conventional molecular cloning into phage vectors (2,3), it is possible to clone 20,000 base pairs (20kbp) of PALA-resistant syrian hamster DNA. The pieces may be then ligated to recreate a functional CAD gene in accordance with the known arrangement of the genomic DNA in syrian hamster cells. A third way in which the CAD gene may be isolated is to clone a single piece of genomic DNA up to 40 kbp long using cosmid vectors. Cosmid vectors are a combination of the cohesive (cos) ends of λphage and the plasmid PBR 322. These cosmids can be packaged as phage due to the locations of the cohesive ends of the vector. Recombinant clones may be selected as ampicillin or tetracycline resistant bacteria because of the plasmid, which contains this marker (4,5). Functionality of the cloned gene may be ascertained by determining if transfection of CAD cells (6) produces CAD transformants .
The eukaryotic DNA of interest is then linked to the CAD gene. The gene of interest may be, for example, a gene for a human hormone isolated from natural cell material, or may be a gene synthesized by a suitable nucleotide synthesis technique (7) . One of two techniques may be utilized to achieve the linking. A suitable host cell may be co-transfected with the CAD gene and the gene of interest in a manner which results in cells containing linked arrangements of both genes . For example, Wigler and Axel (8) have shown that co-transfection of mouse
cells with the herpes TK gene and the bacterial virus ΦX174 results in transformants containing both DNA molecules in an apparently linked arrangement. Alternatively the CAD gene may be ligated to the desired gene either at convenient natural restriction sites or at synthetic restriction sites created in vitro (1) . The linked DNA is then transfected in the linked form to the desired host by suitable known techniques. Following the linking and transfection steps, the mammalian cells into which the linked genes have been inserted are grown and suitable techniques are utilized to select those cell cultures which exhibit the characteristics of having functional copies of both the linked genes. Such a determination may be made utilizing conventional blotting technology. The resultant selected cells thereby are capable of replication of both of the linked genes and are also capable of expression of the product of those genes. A further selection is then made to select those of the previously selected mammalian cells which have a resistance to substantial levels of PALA. The gene of interest will have been co-amplified along with the CAD gene in at least some of the cells. Accordingly, the product of the co-amplified gene is produced at high levels. The desired polypeptide produced by the desired eukaryotic gene may then be recovered from the selected PALA-resistant cells.
The following examples are set forth to illustrate in greater detail the manner by which the invention is carried out. These examples are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.
Example I A PALA-resistant cell line with approximately 100-200 CAD genes per cell (1) is processed by known methods
' to isolate the DNA. The DNA is then digested partially with endonuclease EcoR1 following standard procedures. This partially digested DNA is then fractionated into fragments approximately 25-40 kbp in length using sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 25-40 kbp fragments are the ligated to an appropriate EcoRl digested cosmid (e.g., MUA3 of Meyerowitz et al., 5). The cosmid is then packaged in vitro into the heads of bacteriophage lambda (4) . To minimize the occurrence of deletion, the cosmids are then used to "infect" a recA- host such a HB101. Trans- formants containing the cosmids with the CAD gene inserts are located using the colony filter or plaque filter hybridization techniques (9,10). Those cosmids with CAD sequences are selected and are analyzed further by restriction enzyme analysis using probes for the 5' and 3' proximal regions of a 19 kbp EcoRl CAD clone. This clone has been fully character ized (1) - Those clones with inserts extending to the 5 ' end and 3 ' ends of the 19 kbp EcoR1 CAD fragment are then tested for functionality using the calcium phosphate transfection technique for mammalian cells (11,12).
Co-transfection of mammalian cells is then effected using the CAD genes as isolated above and the gene of interest by means of the co-transfection procedur described by Wigler and Axel (9) . Conventional blotting technology is used to detect cells containing both genes and a further selection for PALA-resistant cells is made. Those PALA-resistant cells which indicate co-amplificatio of the gene of interest are then assessed by RNA (13) and DNA (14) blotting experiments. Radioimmune assays, e.g. (15) , to determine whether the correct protein is produce are then conducted and an estimate of the increase in the amount of expression by the desired gene may be made on the basis of the selection for different levels of PALA
resistance.
Example II The procedures of Example I are followed except that, in order to infect the bacterial host with CAD genes for purification, a pseudophage vector is used such as de signed by Alton and Davis (16) . The latter vector has the advantage of selecting against recombinants which have un dergone deletion events in the process of replication in bacterial host.
Example III The procedure of Example I is followed except that in isolating the CAD genes, microcells (17) are used as vehicles for introducing the large DNA molecules (i.e. multicopy CAD genes) to mammalian cells in culture.
Example IV The procedures of Example I are followed except that in isolating the CAD genes , synthetic lipid vesicles (18) are used as vehicles for introducing the large DNA molecules (i.e. CAD genes) to mammalian cells in culture.
Example V A procedure identical with that of Example I is followed except that mechanical microinjection is used to insert the large DNA molecules. The advantages of the foregoing procedures are, basically, two-fold. First, it is possible to amplify any gene in any mammalian cell of interest using PALA-resistance as the selective marker. By using transfecting DNA obtained from cells in which it is present initially as many copies, it is unnecessary to utilize genetically marked cells, in effect, CAD minus cells.
The second basic advantage provided by the foregoing technique is that introduction and amplification of the desired gene in a cell which normally produces and/or exports the product of that gene will typically insure
that the product is processed correctly. Thus, further processing or modification of the gene product is unnecessary in order to form the active molecule. A further advantage, of course, results from the fact that the substances are produced in mammalian tissue which may provide significant advantages from the standpoint of obtaining approval for use of the substances from government agencies. It may be seen, therefore, that the invention provides an improved process for producing a desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells. The resultant recombinant DNA containing cells produced in accordance with the invention contain multiple copies of functional gene pairs, each comprising a CAD gene linked to the DNA segment of interest.
Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method for producing a desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells, which method comprises isolating genes for the desired polypeptide, linking said isolated genes for the desired polypeptide to CAD genes isolated from multi-copy number cells and effecting transfection to mammalian cells, growing said mammalian cells, selecting those of said mammalian cells having functional copies of both linked genes, and recovering the desired polypeptide from the selected PALA resistance cells.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein those of said selected mammalian cells are further selected to obtain cells having resistance to substantial levels of PALA. 3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the genes are linked by co-transfecting genes into the mammalian cells.
4. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the genes are linked by ligating the genes prior to transfection to the mammalian cells.
5. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein said CAD gene is isolated by producing phages containing said CAD gene, transfecting host cells with said phages, and selecting for PALA-resistance. 6. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the CAD gene is isolated by producing cosmid vectors containing the gene, transfecting host cells with such vectors, and selecting for PALA-resistance.
7. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein said multi-copy number cells from which said
CAD gene is isolated have about 100-200 CAD genes.
AMENDED CLAIMS
(received by the Intemationai Bureau on 17 November 1981(17.11.81))
1. A method for producing a desired polypeptide in amplified amounts in mammalian cells, which method comprises isolating genes for the desired polypeptide, linking said isolated genes for the desired polypeptide to CAD genes isolated from multi-copy number cells and effecting transfection to mammalian cells, growing said mammalian cells, selecting those of said mammalian cells having functional copies of both linked genes, and recovering the desired polypeptide from the selected PALA resistance cells.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein those of said selected mammalian cells are further selected to obtain cells having resistance to substantial levels of PALA.
3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the genes are linked by co-transfecting genes into the mammalian cells .
4. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the genes are linked by ligating the genes prior to transfection to the mammalian cells .
5. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein said CAD gene is isolated by producing phages containing said CAD gene, transfecting host cells with said phages, and selecting for PALA-resistance.
6. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the CAD gene is isolated by producing cosmid vectors containing the gene, transfecting host cells with such vectors, and selecting for PALA-resistance.
7. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein said multi-copy number cells from which said
CAD gene is isolated have about 100-200 CAD genes.
8. A method according to any one of Claims 1
to 7 wherein said multi-copy number cells are selected for PALA-resistance using a PALA concentration at which the frequency of resistance of wild type cells is less than 10-8. (Amended)
9. For use in a process wherein living cells are used for replication and expression of foreign recombinant DNA segments of interest, and wherein the product of the expression of the DNA segments of interest is recovered, a mammalian cell having functional multiple copies of a CAD gene linked to the DNA segment of interest.
10. A mammalian cell according to Claim 9 containing about 100-200 CAD genes.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US16684380A | 1980-07-08 | 1980-07-08 | |
| US166843800708 | 1980-07-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1982000158A1 true WO1982000158A1 (en) | 1982-01-21 |
Family
ID=22604906
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1981/000911 WO1982000158A1 (en) | 1980-07-08 | 1981-07-07 | System for amplification of eukaryotic genes |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0055742A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS57501112A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1982000158A1 (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0103632A1 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1984-03-28 | Univ Columbia | Method for introducing cloned, amplifiable genes into eucaryotic cells and for producing proteinaceous products. |
| GB2153363A (en) * | 1983-12-07 | 1985-08-21 | Univ Manchester | Method of preparation of cloning vector |
| US4663281A (en) * | 1984-03-22 | 1987-05-05 | Mass Institute Of Technology | Enhanced production of proteinaceous materials in eucaryotic cells |
| EP0262942A1 (en) * | 1986-09-30 | 1988-04-06 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Cell transfection |
| EP0290144A1 (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-11-09 | City of Hope | Method of detecting incipient resistance to therapeutic agents in cancer patients |
| EP0319206A2 (en) * | 1987-11-30 | 1989-06-07 | Berlex Laboratories, Inc. | Gene amplification |
| WO1991014781A1 (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-10-03 | Henkel Research Corporation | METHOD FOR INCREASING THE OMEGA-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN $i(CANDIDA TROPICALIS) |
| US5130238A (en) * | 1988-06-24 | 1992-07-14 | Cangene Corporation | Enhanced nucleic acid amplification process |
| US5639640A (en) * | 1983-11-02 | 1997-06-17 | Genzyme Corporation | DNA encoding the beta subunit of human follide stimulating hormone and expression vectors and cells containing same |
| US5665578A (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1997-09-09 | Gillies; Stephen D. | Vector and method for achieving high level of expression in eukaryotic cells |
| AT411028B (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2003-09-25 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co Kg | TURBINE BLADE FOR STEAM OR GAS TURBINES AND COMPRESSORS |
-
1981
- 1981-07-07 JP JP50247681A patent/JPS57501112A/ja active Pending
- 1981-07-07 WO PCT/US1981/000911 patent/WO1982000158A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1981-07-07 EP EP19810901998 patent/EP0055742A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| Cell, 16, issued April 1979, MICHAEL WIGLER et al, "Transformation of Mammalian Cells with Genes from Procaryotes and Eucaryotes", pages 777-785. * |
| Proceedings of The National Academy of Science USA, 75(9), issued September 1978, JOHN COLLINS et al, "Cosmids: A Type of Flasmid Gene-Cloning Vector that is Packageable in Vitro in Bacteriophage alpha Heads", pages 4242-4246. * |
| Proceedings of The National Academy of Science USA, 77(6), issued June 1980, M. WIGLER et al, "Transformation of Mammalian Cells with an Amplifiable Dormantacting Gene", pages 3567-3570. * |
| Science, 208, issued 30 May 1980, KAREN et MERCOLA et al, "Insertion of a New Gene of Viral Origin into Bone Marrow Cells of Mice", pages 1033-1035. * |
| The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254(17), issued 10 September 1979, GEOFFREY M. WAHL et al, "Gene Amplification Causes Overproduction of the First Three Enzymes of Ump Synthesis in N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-Aspartate Resistant Hamster Cells", pages 8679-8689. * |
| The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254(3), issued 10 February 1979, RICHARD PADGETT et al, "N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-Aspartate-Resistant Hamster Cells Overaccumulate a Single mRNA Coding for the Multifunctional Protein that Catalyzes the First Steps of UMP Synthesis", pages 974-980. * |
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0103632A4 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1986-04-15 | Univ Columbia | Method for introducing cloned, amplifiable genes into eucaryotic cells and for producing proteinaceous products. |
| EP0103632A1 (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1984-03-28 | Univ Columbia | Method for introducing cloned, amplifiable genes into eucaryotic cells and for producing proteinaceous products. |
| US5639640A (en) * | 1983-11-02 | 1997-06-17 | Genzyme Corporation | DNA encoding the beta subunit of human follide stimulating hormone and expression vectors and cells containing same |
| US5856137A (en) * | 1983-11-02 | 1999-01-05 | Genzyme Corporation | Nucleic acids encoding and recombinant production of the β subunit of lutenizing hormone |
| US5639639A (en) * | 1983-11-02 | 1997-06-17 | Genzyme Corporation | Recombinant heterodimeric human fertility hormones, and methods, cells, vectors and DNA for the production thereof |
| GB2153363A (en) * | 1983-12-07 | 1985-08-21 | Univ Manchester | Method of preparation of cloning vector |
| US4663281A (en) * | 1984-03-22 | 1987-05-05 | Mass Institute Of Technology | Enhanced production of proteinaceous materials in eucaryotic cells |
| US5665578A (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1997-09-09 | Gillies; Stephen D. | Vector and method for achieving high level of expression in eukaryotic cells |
| EP0262942A1 (en) * | 1986-09-30 | 1988-04-06 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Cell transfection |
| EP0290144A1 (en) * | 1987-05-05 | 1988-11-09 | City of Hope | Method of detecting incipient resistance to therapeutic agents in cancer patients |
| EP0319206A2 (en) * | 1987-11-30 | 1989-06-07 | Berlex Laboratories, Inc. | Gene amplification |
| EP0319206A3 (en) * | 1987-11-30 | 1990-04-18 | Berlex Laboratories, Inc. | Gene amplification |
| US5130238A (en) * | 1988-06-24 | 1992-07-14 | Cangene Corporation | Enhanced nucleic acid amplification process |
| WO1991014781A1 (en) * | 1990-03-19 | 1991-10-03 | Henkel Research Corporation | METHOD FOR INCREASING THE OMEGA-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN $i(CANDIDA TROPICALIS) |
| AT411028B (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2003-09-25 | Boehler Edelstahl Gmbh & Co Kg | TURBINE BLADE FOR STEAM OR GAS TURBINES AND COMPRESSORS |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0055742A4 (en) | 1983-06-15 |
| EP0055742A1 (en) | 1982-07-14 |
| JPS57501112A (en) | 1982-07-01 |
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