USRE42006E1 - Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor - Google Patents
Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE42006E1 USRE42006E1 US10/760,173 US76017304A USRE42006E US RE42006 E1 USRE42006 E1 US RE42006E1 US 76017304 A US76017304 A US 76017304A US RE42006 E USRE42006 E US RE42006E
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- control system
- duty cycle
- module
- diagnostic
- value
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 title description 44
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 23
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- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D23/00—Control of temperature
- G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
- G05D23/1906—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using an analogue comparing device
- G05D23/1909—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using an analogue comparing device whose output amplitude can only take two discrete values
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
- A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
- A47F3/04—Show cases or show cabinets air-conditioned, refrigerated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
- F04C18/0207—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form
- F04C18/0215—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form where only one member is moving
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C27/00—Sealing arrangements in rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C27/005—Axial sealings for working fluid
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/02—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids specially adapted for several pumps connected in series or in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/06—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids specially adapted for stopping, starting, idling or no-load operation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/08—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by varying the rotational speed
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/18—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by varying the volume of the working chamber
- F04C28/22—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by varying the volume of the working chamber by changing the eccentricity between cooperating members
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/24—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by using valves controlling pressure or flow rate, e.g. discharge valves or unloading valves
- F04C28/26—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by using valves controlling pressure or flow rate, e.g. discharge valves or unloading valves using bypass channels
- F04C28/265—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids characterised by using valves controlling pressure or flow rate, e.g. discharge valves or unloading valves using bypass channels being obtained by displacing a lateral sealing face
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/28—Safety arrangements; Monitoring
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
- F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/20—Disposition of valves, e.g. of on-off valves or flow control valves
- F25B41/22—Disposition of valves, e.g. of on-off valves or flow control valves between evaporator and compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/005—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of safety devices
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
- F25B49/022—Compressor control arrangements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B5/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity
- F25B5/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity arranged in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/01—Load
- F04C2270/015—Controlled or regulated
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/86—Detection
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C23/00—Combinations of two or more pumps, each being of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type, specially adapted for elastic fluids; Pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids; Multi-stage pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C23/008—Hermetic pumps
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/22—Refrigeration systems for supermarkets
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/02—Compressor control
- F25B2600/026—Compressor control by controlling unloaders
- F25B2600/0261—Compressor control by controlling unloaders external to the compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/19—Pressures
- F25B2700/193—Pressures of the compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/19—Pressures
- F25B2700/193—Pressures of the compressor
- F25B2700/1933—Suction pressures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2106—Temperatures of fresh outdoor air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
- F25B2700/21174—Temperatures of an evaporator of the refrigerant at the inlet of the evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
- F25B2700/21175—Temperatures of an evaporator of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
- F25B41/31—Expansion valves
- F25B41/34—Expansion valves with the valve member being actuated by electric means, e.g. by piezoelectric actuators
- F25B41/35—Expansion valves with the valve member being actuated by electric means, e.g. by piezoelectric actuators by rotary motors, e.g. by stepping motors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
- Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
- Feedback Control In General (AREA)
- Rotary Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
A diagnostic system includes a controller adapted for coupling to a compressor or electronic stepper regulator valve. The controller produces a variable duty cycle control signal to adjust the capacity of the compressor or valve position of the electronic stepper regulator valve as a function of demand for cooling. The diagnostic system further includes a diagnostic module coupled to the controller for monitoring and comparing the duty cycle with at least one predetermined fault value indicative of a system fault condition and an alert module responsive to the diagnostic module for issuing an alert signal when the duty cycle bears a predetermined relationship to the fault value.
Description
This is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/886,592, filed Jun. 21, 2001, entitled “Adaptive Control For A Refrigeration System Using Pulse Width Modulated Duty Cycle Scroll Compressor;” which is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 09/524,364, filed Mar. 14, 2000 U.S. Pat. No. 6,408,635; which is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 08/939,779, filed Sep. 29, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,047,557; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/486,118, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,120, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to refrigeration systems, compressor control systems and refrigerant regulating valve control systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a refrigeration system employing a pulse width modulated compressor or evaporator stepper regulator controlled by a variable duty cycle signal derived from a load sensor. Preferably an adaptive controller generates the variable duty cycle signal. The compressor has two mechanical elements separated by a seal, and these mechanical elements are cyclically movable relative to one another to develop fluid pressure. The compressor includes a mechanism to selectively break the seal in response to the control signal, (hereby modulating the capacity of the system.
The refrigeration system can be deployed as a distributed system in refrigeration cases and the like. The preferred arrangement allows the compressor and condenser subsystems to be disposed in or mounted on the refrigeration case, thereby greatly reducing the length of refrigerant conduit and refrigerant required.
Conventionally, refrigeration systems for supermarket refrigeration cases have employed air-cooled or water-cooled condensers fed by a rack of compressors. The compressors are coupled in parallel so that they may be switched on and off in stages to adjust the system cooling capacity to the demands of the load. Commonly, the condensers are located outside, on the roof, or in a machine room adjacent the shopping area where the refrigeration cases are located.
Within each refrigeration case is an evaporator fed by lines from the condensers through which the expanded refrigerant circulates to cool the case. Conventionally, a closed-loop control system regulates refrigerant flow through the evaporator to maintain the desired case temperature. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) closed loop control systems are popular for this purpose, with temperature sensors and/or pressure sensors providing the sensed condition inputs.
It is common practice within supermarkets to use separate systems to supply different individual cooling temperature ranges: low temperature (for frozen foods, ice cream, nominally −25 F.); medium (for meat, dairy products, nominally +20 F.); high (for floral, produce, nominally +35 to +40 F.). The separate low, medium and high temperature systems are each optimized to their respective temperature ranges. Normally, each will employ its own rack of compressors and its own set of refrigerant conduits to and from the compressors and condensers.
The conventional arrangement, described above, is very costly to construct and maintain. Much of the cost is associated with the long refrigerant conduit runs. Not only are long conduit runs expensive in terms of hardware and installation costs, but the quantity of refrigerant required to fill the conduits is also a significant factor. The longer the conduit run, the more refrigerant required. Adding to the cost are environmental factors. Eventually fittings leak, allowing the refrigerant to escape to atmosphere. Invariably, long conduit runs involve more pipefitting joints that may potentially leak. When a leak does occur, the longer the conduit run, the more refrigerant lost.
There is considerable interest today in environmentally friendly refrigeration systems. Shortening the conduit run is seen as one way to achieve a more environmentally friendly system. To achieve this, new condenser/compressor configurations and new control systems will need to be engineered.
Re-engineering condenser/compressor configurations for more environmentally friendly systems is not a simple task, because system efficiency should not be sacrificed. Generally, the conventional roof-mounted condenser system, supplied by condensers, benefits from economies of scale and is quite efficient. These systems serve as the benchmark against which more environmentally friendly systems of the future will need to be measured.
To appreciate why re-engineering an environmentally yet efficient system has proven so difficult, consider these thermodynamic issues. The typical refrigeration case operates in a very unpredictable environment. From a design standpoint, the thermal mass being cooled is rarely constant. Within the supermarket environment, the temperature and humidity may vary widely at different times of day and over different seasons throughout the year. The product load (items in the refrigeration case) can also change unpredictably. Customers removing product and store clerks replenishing product rarely synchronize. Outside the supermarket environment, the outdoor air temperature and humidity may also vary quite widely between day and night and/or between summer and winter. The capacity of the system must be designed for the harshest conditions (when the condenser environment is the hottest). Thus systems may experience excess capacity in less harsh conditions, such as in the cool evenings or during the winter.
Periodic defrosting also introduces thermal fluctuations into the system. Unlike thermal fluctuations due to environmental conditions, the thermal fluctuations induced by the defrost cycle are caused by the control system itself and not by the surrounding environment.
In a similar fashion, the control system for handling multiple refrigeration cases can induce thermal fluctuations that are quite difficult to predict. If all cases within a multi-case system are suddenly turned on at once—to meet their respective cooling demands—the cooling capacity must rapidly be ramped up to maximum. Likewise, if all cases are suddenly switched off, the cooling capacity should be ramped down accordingly. However, given that individual refrigeration cases may operate independently of one another, the instantaneous demand for cooling capacity will tend to vary widely and unpredictably.
These are all problems that have made the engineering of environmentally friendly systems more difficult. Adding to these difficulties are user engineering/ergonomic problems. The present day PID controller can be difficult to adapt to distributed refrigeration systems. Experienced controls engineers know that a well-tuned PID controller can involve a degree of artistry in selecting the proper control constants used in the PID algorithm. In a large refrigeration system of the conventional architecture (non-distributed) the size of the system justifies having a controls engineer visit the site (perhaps repeatedly) to fine tune the control constant parameters.
This may not be practical for distributed systems in which the components are individually of a much smaller scale and far more numerous. By way of comparison, a conventional system might employ one controller for an entire multi-case, store-wide system. A distributed system for the same store might involve a controller for each case or adjacent group of cases within the store. Distributed systems need to be designed to minimize end user involvement. It would therefore be desirable if the controller were able to auto configure. Currently control systems lack this capability.
The present invention provides a distributed refrigeration system in which the condenser is disposed on the refrigeration case and serviced by a special pulse width modulated compressor that may be also disposed within the case. If desired, the condenser and compressor can be coupled to service a group of adjacent refrigeration cases, each case having its own evaporator. The pulse width modulated compressor employs two mechanical elements, such as scroll members, that move rotationally relative to one another to develop fluid pressure for pumping the refrigerant. The compressor includes a mechanism that will selectively break the seal between the two mechanical elements, thereby altering the fluid pressure developed by the compressor while allowing the mechanical elements to maintain substantially constant relative movement with one another. The compressor can be pulse width modulated by making and breaking the fluid seal without the need to start and stop the electric motor driving the mechanical elements.
The pulse width modulated compressor is driven by a control system that supplies a variable duty cycle control signal based on measured system load. The controller may also regulate the frequency (or cycle time) of the control signal to minimize pressure fluctuations in the refrigerant system. The on time is thus equal to the duty cycle multiplied by the cycle time, where the cycle time is the inverse of the frequency.
The refrigeration system of the invention has a number of advantages. Because the instantaneous capacity of the system is easily regulated by variable duty cycle control, an oversized compressor can be used to achieve faster temperature pull down at startup and after defrost, without causing short cycling as conventional compressor systems would. Another benefit of variable duty cycle control is that the system can respond quickly to sudden changes in condenser temperature or case temperature set point. The controller adjusts capacity in response to disturbances without producing unstable oscillations and without significant overshoot. Also, the ability to match instantaneous capacity to the demand allows the system to operate at higher evaporator temperatures. (Deep drops in temperature experienced by conventional systems at overcapacity are avoided.)
Operating at higher evaporator temperatures reduces the defrost energy required because the system develops frost more slowly at higher temperatures. Also, the time between defrosts can be lengthened by a percentage proportional to the accumulated runtime as dictated by the actual variable duty cycle control signal. For example, a sixty percent duty cycle would increase a standard three-hour time between defrosts to five hours (3/0.60=5).
The pulse width modulated operation of the system yields improved oil return. The refrigerant flow pulsates between high capacity and low capacity (e.g. 100% and 0%), creating more turbulence which breaks down the oil boundary layer in the heat exchangers.
Another benefit of the variable duty cycle control system is its ability to operate with a variety of expansion devices, including the simple orifice, the thermal expansion valve (TXV) and the electronic expansion valve. A signal derived from the expansion device controller can be fed to the compressor controller of the invention. This signal allows the variable duty cycle control signal and/or its frequency to be adjusted to match the instantaneous operating conditions of the expansion device. A similar approach may be used to operate variable speed fans in air cooled condenser systems. In such case the controller of the invention may provide a signal to control fan speed based on the current operating duty cycle of the compressor.
Yet another benefit of the invention is its ability to detect when the system is low on refrigerant charge, an important environmental concern. Low refrigerant charge can indicate the presence of leaks in the system. Low charge may be detected by observing the change in error between actual temperature and set point temperature as the system duty cycle is modulated. The control system may be configured to detect when the modulation in duty cycle does not have the desired effect on temperature maintenance. This can be due to a loss of refrigerant charge, a stuck thermal expansion valve or other malfunctions.
For a more complete understanding of the invention, its objects and advantages, refer to the following specification and to the accompanying drawings.
To match cooling capacity to the load, the compressors 30 may be switched on and off individually or in groups, as required. In a typical supermarket arrangement there may be several independent systems, each configured as shown in FIG. 1 , to handle different operating temperature ranges. Note that the liquid line 46 and the suction line 48 may each need to be quite lengthy (e.g., up to 150 feet) to span the distance from refrigeration case to roof.
The refrigeration system of the invention employs a compressor controller 52 that supplies a pulse width modulated control signal on line 54 to a solenoid valve 56 on compressor 30. The compressor controller adjusts the pulse width of the control signal using an algorithm described 1 below. A suitable load sensor such as temperature sensor 58 supplies the input signal used by the controller to determine pulse width.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 , there is shown an exemplary compressor 30. Compressor 30 may be used within a hermetic scroll compressor such as generally of the type described in assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,316.
The exemplary compressor 30 includes an outer shell 61 and an orbiting scroll member 64 supported on upper bearing housing 63 and drivingly connected to crankshaft 62 via crank pin 65 and drive bushing 60. A second non-orbiting scroll member 67 is positioned in meshing engagement with scroll member 64 and axially movably secured to upper bearing housing 63. A partition plate 69 is provided adjacent the upper end of shell 61 and serves to define a discharge chamber 70 at the upper end thereof.
In operation, as orbiting scroll member 64 orbits with respect to scroll member 67, suction gas is drawn into shell 61 via suction inlet 71 and thence into compressor 30 through inlet 72 provided in non-orbiting scroll member 67. The intermeshing wraps provided on scroll members 64 and 67 define moving fluid pockets which progressively decrease in size and move radially inwardly as a result of the orbiting motion of scroll member 64 thus compressing the suction gas entering via inlet 72. The compressed gas is then discharged into discharge chamber 70 via discharge port 73 provided in scroll member 67 and passage 74.
In order to unload compressor 30, solenoid valve 56 will be actuated in response to a signal from control module 87 to interrupt fluid communication to increase the pressure within chamber 77 to that of the discharge gas. The biasing force resulting from this discharge pressure will overcome the sealing biasing force thereby causing scroll member 67 to move axially upwardly away from orbiting scroll member 64. This axial movement will result in the creation of a leakage path between the respective wrap tips and end plates of scroll members 64 and 67 thereby substantially eliminating continued compression of the suction gas.
A flexible fluid line 91 extends from the outer end of passage 90 to a fitting 92 extending through shell 61 with a second line 93 connecting fitting 92 to solenoid valve 56. Solenoid valve 56 has fluid lines 82 and 84 connected to suction line 83 and discharge line 85 and is controlled by control module 87 in response to conditions sensed by sensor 88 to effect movement of non-orbiting scroll member 67 between the positions shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
When compression of the suction gas is to be resumed, solenoid valve 56 will be actuated so as to move scroll member 67 into sealing engagement with scroll member 64.
The refrigeration case embodiment of FIG. 2 may be packaged as a self-contained unit. While that may be a desirable configuration for many applications, the invention is not restricted to stand alone, self-contained refrigeration case configurations. Rather, the invention lends itself to a variety of different distributed refrigeration systems. FIG. 5 shows an example of such a distributed system.
Referring to FIG. 5 , a single compressor 30 and condenser 32 can service several distributed refrigeration cases or several distributed cooling units in a heating and cooling (HVAC) system. In FIG. 5 the refrigeration cases or cooling system housings are shown as dashed boxes, designated 34a, 34b, and 34c. Conveniently, the compressor 30 and condenser 32 may be disposed within or attached to one of the refrigeration cases or housings, such as refrigeration case or housing 34a.
Each refrigeration case or housing has its own evaporator and associated expansion valve as illustrated at 42(a, b, c) and 44(a, b, c). In addition, each refrigeration case or housing may have its own temperature sensor 58(a, b, c) supplying input information to the compressor controller 52. Finally, a pressure sensor 60 monitors the pressure of the suction line 48 and supplies this information to compressor controller 52. The compressor controller supplies a variable duty cycle signal to the solenoid valve 56 as previously described.
The multiple case or multiple cooling unit embodiment of FIG. 5 shows how a single compressor can be pulse width modulated by compressor controller 52 to supply the instantaneous demand for cooling. The temperature sensors 58(a, b, c) collectively provide an indication of the load on the system, as does pressure sensor 60. The controller adjusts the pulse width of the control signal to modulate the compressor between its high capacity and low capacity states (100%, 0%) to meet the instantaneous demand for refrigerant.
As an alternate control technique, one or more of the suction lines exiting the evaporator can be equipped with an electrically controlled valve, such as an evaporator pressure regulator valve 45c. Valve 45c is coupled to controller 52, as illustrated. It may be supplied with a suitable control signal, depending on the type of the valve. A stepper motor valve may be used for this purpose, in which case controller 30 would supply a suitable signal to increment or decrement the setting of the stepper motor to thereby adjust the orifice size of the valve. Alternatively, a pulse width modulated valve could be used, in which case it may be controlled with the same variable duty cycle signal as supplied to the compressor 30.
A block diagram of the presently preferred compressor controller is illustrated in FIG. 6. A description of the various signals and data values shown in this and successive figures is summarized in Table I below.
TABLE I | ||||
Default | ||||
No. | Variable | Value | Description | |
1 | Signal Conditioning: | |||
Sensor Alarm | False | Indicates Sensor Reading is not | ||
within expected range | ||||
Sensor Mode | Min | User configuration to indicate if | ||
Min/Max/Avg is performed for | ||||
all temperature Sensors | ||||
Sampling Time (Ts) | 0.5 sec | Rate at which Signal condition- | ||
ing block is executed | ||||
Control Type | T/F Type | if controlled by only Temp. or | ||
both Temp. & |
||||
2 | Control Block: | |||
Sensor Alarm | False | Same as before | ||
System Alarm | False | Generated by Adaptive Block | ||
indicative some | ||||
SSL | ||||
0 | Steady state loading % | |||
Defrost Status | False | Whether system is in | ||
Pull_Down_Time | ||||
0 | Time taken to pull down after | |||
defrost | ||||
Gain (K) | 7 | Gain used in PI algorithm | ||
Integral Time (TI) | 100 | used in PI | ||
Control Time (Tc) | 10 Sec | used in PI | ||
Control Set Pt. (St) | 0 F. | used in | ||
Operating State | ||||
1 | What state the machine is | |||
operating at | ||||
3 | Defrost Control | |||
Defrost Status | False | If defrost status of the case | ||
Defrost Type | External | If the defrost is from external | ||
timer or Internal clock of | ||||
| ||||
Defrost Interval | ||||
8 hrs | Time between | |||
Defrost Duration | ||||
1 hr | Defrost | |||
Defrost Termination | ||||
50 F. | Termination temperature for | |||
Temp. | defrost | |||
At the heart of the controller is control block module 102. This module is responsible for supplying the variable duty cycle control signal on lead 104. Module 102 also supplies the compressor ON/OFF signal on lead 106 and an operating state command signal on lead 108. The compressor ON/OFF signal drives the contactors that supply operating current to the compressor motor. The operating state signal indicates what state the state machine (FIG. 10 ) is in currently.
The control block module receives inputs from several sources, including temperature and pressure readings from the temperature and pressure sensors previously described. These temperature readings are passed through signal conditioning module 110, the details of which are shown in the pseudocode Appendix. The control block module also receives a defrost status signal from defrost control module 112. Defrost control module 112 contains logic to determine when defrost is performed. The present embodiment allows defrost to be controlled either by an external logic signal (supplied through lead 114) or by an internal logic signal generated by the defrost control module itself. The choice of whether to use external or internal defrost control logic is user selectable through user input 116. The internal defrost control uses user-supplied parameters supplied through user input 118.
The preferred compressor controller in one form is auto-configurable. The controller includes an optional adaptive tuning module 120 that automatically adjusts the control algorithm parameters (the proportional constant K) based on operating conditions of the system. The adaptive tuning module senses the percent loading (on lead 104) and the operating state (on lead 108) as well as the measured temperature after signal conditioning (on lead 122). Module 120 supplies the adaptive tuning parameters to control block 102, as illustrated. The current embodiment supplies proportional constant K on lead 124 and SSL parameter on lead 126, indicative of steady-state loading percent. A system alarm signal on lead 126 alerts the control block module when the system is not responding as expected to changes in the adaptively tuned parameters. The alarm thus signals when there may be a system malfunction or loss of refrigerant charge. The alarm can trigger more sophisticated diagnostic routines, if desired. The compressor controller provides a number of user interface points through which user-supplied settings are input. The defrost type (internal/external) input 116 and the internal defrost parameters on input 118 have already been discussed. A user input 128 allows the user to specify the temperature set point to the adaptive tuning module 120. The same information is supplied on user input 130 to the control block module 102. The user can also interact directly with the control block module in a number of ways. User input 132 allows the user to switch the compressor on or off during defrost mode. User input 134 allows the user to specify the initial controller parameters, including the initial proportional constant K. The proportional constant K may thereafter be modified by the adaptive tuning module 120. User input 136 allows the user to specify the pressure differential (dP) that the system uses as a set point.
In addition to these user inputs, several user inputs are provided for interacting with the signal conditioning module 110. User input 138 selects the sensor mode of operation for the signal conditioning module. This will be described in more detail below. User input 140 allows the user to specify the sampling time used by the signal conditioning module. User input 142 allows the user to specify whether the controller shall be operated using temperature sensors only (T) or temperature and pressure sensors (T/P).
Referring now to FIG. 8 , the signal conditioning module is shown in detail. The inputs (temperature and/or pressure sensors) are shown diagrammatically at 144. These inputs are processed through analog to digital convertor 146 and then supplied to the control type selector 148. Temperature readings from the temperature and/or pressure sensors are taken sequentially and supplied serially through the analog to digital convertor. The control type selector codes or stores the data so that pressure and temperature values are properly interpreted.
Digital filtering is then applied to the signal at 150 to remove spurious fluctuations and noise. Next, the data are checked in module 152 to ensure that all readings are within expected sensor range limits. This may be done by converting the digital count data to the corresponding temperature or pressure values and checking these values against the pre-stored sensor range limits. If the readings are not within sensor range an alarm signal is generated for output on output 154.
Next a data manipulation operation is performed at 156 to supply the temperature and/or pressure data in the form selected by the sensor mode user input 138. The current embodiment will selectively average the data or determine the minimum or maximum of the data (Min/Max/Avg). The Min/Max/Avg mode can be used to calculate the swing in pressure differential, or a conditioned temperature value. The average mode can be used to supply a conditioned temperature value. These are shown as outputs 158 and 160, respectively.
The control block module is designed to update the operating state of the system on a periodic basis (every Tc seconds, nominally once every second). The Find Operating State module 164 performs this update function. The state diagram of FIG. 10 provides the details on how this is performed. Essentially, the operating state advances, from state to state, based on whether there is a sensor alarm (SA) present, whether there is a defrost status signal (DS) present and what the calculated error value is. The Find Operating State module 164 supplies the operating state parameter and the Pull Down Time parameter to the decision logic module 166.
Referring to FIG. 10 , the Find Operating State module 164 advances from state to state as follows. Beginning in the initial state 168 the module advances to the normal operating state 170 after initialization. It remains in that state until certain conditions are met. FIG. 10 shows by label arrows what conditions are required to cycle from the normal operating state 170 to the defrost state 172; to the pull down state 174; to the sensor alarm pull down state 176; to the sensor alarm operating state 178 and to the sensor alarm defrost state 180.
The decision logic module 166 (FIG. 9 ) determines the duty cycle of the variable duty cycle signal. This is output on lead 182, designated % Loading. The decision logic module also generates the compressor ON/OFF signal on lead 184. The actual decision logic will be described below in connection with FIG. 11. The decision logic module is a form of proportional integral (PI) control that is based on an adaptively calculated cycle time Tcyc. This cycle time is calculated by the calculation module 186 based on a calculated error value generated by module 188. Referring back to FIG. 6 , the conditioned pressure differential signal on lead 122 (Cond dP) is supplied to the Calculate Error module 188 (FIG. 9 ) along with the pressure differential set point value as supplied through user input 136 (FIG. 6). The difference between actual and set point pressure differentials is calculated by module 188 and fed to the calculation module 186. The adaptive cycle time Tcyc is a function of the pressure differential error and the operating state as determined by the find operating state module 164 according to the following calculation:
Tcyc(new)=Tcyc(old)+Kc*Error (1)
where:
Tcyc(new)=Tcyc(old)+Kc*Error (1)
where:
-
- Kc: proportional constant; and
- Error: (actual-set point) suction pressure swing. The presently preferred PI control algorithm implemented by the
decision logic module 166 is illustrated in FIG. 11. The routine begins atstep 200 by reading the user supplied parameters K, Ti, Tc and St. SeeFIG. 6 for a description of these user supplied values. The constant Kp is calculated as being equal to the initially supplied value K; and the constant Ki is calculated as the product of the initially supplied constant K and the ratio Tc/Ti.
Next, at step 202 a decision is made whether the absolute value of the error between set point temperature and conditioned temperature (on lead 190, FIG. 9 ) is greater than 5° F. If so, the constant Kp is set equal to zero in step 204. If not, the routine simply proceeds to step 206 where a new loading percent value is calculated as described by the equation in step 206 of FIG. 11. If the load percent is greater than 100 (step 208), then the load percent is set equal to 100% at step 210. If the load percent is not greater than 100% but is less than 0% (step 212) the load percent is set equal to 0% at step 214. If the load percent is between the 0% and 100% limits, the load percent is set equal to the new load percent at step 216.
The variable duty cycle control signal generated by the controller can take several forms. FIGS. 12 and 13 give two examples. FIG. 12 shows the variable duty cycle signal in which the duty cycle varies, but the frequency remains constant. In FIG. 12 , note that the cycle time, indicated by hash marks 220, are equally spaced. By comparison, FIG. 13 illustrates the variable duty cycle signal wherein the frequency is also varied. In FIG. 13 , note that the hash marks 220 are not equally spaced. Rather, the waveform exhibits regions of constant frequency, regions of increasing frequency and regions of decreasing frequency. The variable frequency illustrated in FIG. 13 is the result of the adaptive modulation of the cycle time Tcyc.
The controller of the invention operates at a rate that is at least four times faster (typically on (be order of at least eight times faster) than the thermal time constant of the load. In the presently preferred embodiment the cycle time of the variable duty cycle signal is about eight times shorter than the time constant of the load. By way of non-limiting example, the cycle time of the variable duty cycle signal might be on the order of 10 to 15 seconds, whereas the time constant of the system being cooled might be on the order of 1 to 3 minutes. The thermal time constant of a system being cooled is generally dictated by physical or thermodynamic properties of the system. Although various models can be used to describe the physical or thermodynamic response of a heating or cooling system, the following analysis will demonstrate the principle.
Modeling the Thermal Time Constant of the System Being Cooled
One can model the temperature change across the evaporator coil of a refrigeration system or heat pump as a first order system, wherein the temperature change may be modeled according to the following equation:
ΔT=ΔTss[1−exp(−t/γ)]+ΔT0exp(=τ/γ).
where:
ΔT=ΔTss[1−exp(−t/γ)]+ΔT0exp(=τ/γ).
where:
-
- ΔT=air temperature change across coil
- ΔTss=steady state air temperature change across coil
- ΔT0=air temperature change across the coil at time zero
- t=time
- γ=time constant of coil.
The transient capacity of the unit can be obtained by multiplying the above equation by the air mass flow rate (m) and specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) and integrating with respect to time.
Generally, it is the removal of the refrigerant from the evaporator that controls the time required to reach steady state operating condition, and thus the steady state temperature change across the condenser coil. If desired, the system can be modeled using two time constants, one based on the mass of the coil and another based on the time required to get the excess refrigerant from the evaporator into the rest of the system. In addition, it may also be desirable to take into account, as a further time delay, the time lag due to the large physical distance between evaporator and condenser coils in some systems.
The thermal response of the evaporator coil may be modeled by the following equation:
∃=½[(1−e1/γ1)+(1−e1/γ2)]
where:
∃=½[(1−e1/γ1)+(1−e1/γ2)]
where:
-
- ∃=temperature change across coil/steady state temperature change across coil
- t=time
- γ1=time constant based on mass of coil
- γ2=time constant based on time required to remove excess refrigerant from evaporator
In practice, the controller of the invention cycles at a rate significantly faster than conventional controllers. This is because the conventional controller cycles on and off in direct response to the comparison of actual and set-point temperatures (or pressures). In other words, the conventional controller cycles on when there is demand for cooling, and cycles off when the error between actual and set-point temperature is below a predetermined limit. Thus the on-off cycle of the conventional controller is very highly dependent on the time constant of the system being cooled.
In contrast, the controller of the invention cycles on and off at a rate dictated by calculated values that are not directly tied to the instantaneous relation between actual and set-point temperatures or pressures. Rather, the cycle time is dictated by both the cycle rate and the duty cycle of the variable duty cycle signal supplied by the controller. Notably, the point at which the controller cycles from on to off in each cycle is not necessarily the point at which the demand for cooling has been met, but rather the point dictated by the duty cycle needed to meet the demand.
The controller Geneva described above can be configured to perform a classic control algorithm, such as a conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm. In the conventional configuration the user would typically need to set the control parameters through suitable programming. The controller may also be of an adaptive type, described here, to eliminate the need for the user to determine and program the proper control parameters.
Thus, one important advantage of the adaptive controller is its ability to perform adaptive tuning. In general, tuning involves selecting the appropriate control parameters so that the closed loop system is stable over a wide range of operating conditions, responds quickly to reduce the effect of disturbance on the control loop and docs not cause excessive wear of mechanical components through continuous cycling. These are often mutually exclusive criteria, and a compromise must generally be made. In FIG. 18 (and also FIG. 6 ) there are two basic control loops: the refrigeration control loop and the adaptive tuning loop. The refrigeration control loop is administered by control block module 102; the adaptive loop is administered by adaptive tuning module 120. Details of the adaptive tuning module 120 are shown in FIGS. 15 , 16a-16c and 17. The presently preferred adaptive tuning module uses a fuzzy logic control algorithm that will be described in connection with FIGS. 18-20 .
Referring to FIG. 15 , the adaptive tuning module performs basically three functions. First, it decides whether to perform adaptive tuning. This is handled by module 240. Second, it gathers the needed parameters for performing adaptive tuning. This is handled by module 242. Third, it calculates the adaptive gain used by the control loop. This is handled by module 244.
Finally, the calculation block takes the data supplied by module 242 and calculates the adaptive gain using the process illustrated in FIG. 16c.
The adaptive tuning module 120 will cycle through various operating states, depending on the state of a timer. FIG. 17 is a state diagram showing how the presently preferred embodiment will function. Note that the sequence transitions from the initialization mode to either the integration mode or the no tuning mode, depending on whether the tuning flag has been set. Once in the integration mode, the system performs integration until the timer lapses (nominally 30 minutes), whereupon the calculation mode is entered. Once the calculations are completed the timer is reset and the system returns to the initialization mode.
The block diagram of the adaptive scheme is shown in FIG. 18. There are two basic loops—The first one is the PID control loop 260 that runs every “dt” second and the second is the adaptive loop 262 that runs every “ta” second. When the control system starts, the PID control loop 260 uses a default value of gain (K) to calculate the control output. The adaptive loop 262, checks the error e(t) 264 every “ta” seconds 266 (preferably less than 0.2 * dt seconds). At module 268 if the absolute value of error, e(t), is less than desired offset (OS), a counter Er_new is incremented. The Offset (OS) is the acceptable steady-state error (e.g. for temperature control it may be +/1° F.). This checking process continues for “tsum” seconds 270 (preferably 200 to 500 times dt seconds). After “tsum” seconds 270, the value Er_new is converted into percentage (Er_new% 272). The parameter Er_new% 272 indicates the percentage of sampled e(t) that was within accepted offset (OS) for “tsum” time. In other words, it is a measure of how well the control variable was controlled for past “tsum” seconds. A value of 100% means “light” control and 0% means “poor” control. Whenever Er_new% is 100%, the gain remains substantially unchanged as it indicates lighter control. However, if Er_new happens to be between 0 and 100%, adaptive fuzzy-logic algorithm module 274 calculates a new gain (K_new 276) that is used for next “tsum” seconds by the control algorithm module 278.
In the preferred embodiment, there is one output and two inputs to the fuzzy-logic algorithm module 274. The output is the new gain (K_new) calculated using the input, Er_new%, and a variable, Dir, defined as follows:
Dir=Sign[(Er_new%−ER_old%)*(K_new−K_old)] (2)
where:
Dir=Sign[(Er_new%−ER_old%)*(K_new−K_old)] (2)
where:
-
- Sign stands for the sign (+ve, −ve or zero) of the term inside the bracket;
- Er_new% is the percentage of e(t) that is within the offset for past “tsum” seconds;
- Er_old% is the value of Er_new% in “(tsum−1)” iteration;
- K_new is the gain used in “tsum” time; and
- K_old is the gain in (tsum−1) time.
For example, suppose the controller starts at 0 seconds with a default value of K=10 and, ta=1 seconds, tsum=1000 seconds and OS=1. Suppose 600 e(t) data out of a possible 1000 data was within the offset. Therefore, after 1000 sec. Er_new%=60 (i.e., 600/1000*100), K_new=10. Er_old% and K_old is set to zero when the adaptive fuzzy-logic algorithm module 274 is used the first time. Plugging these numbers in Eq.(2) gives the sign of the variable “Dir” as positive. Accordingly, the inputs to the adaptive fuzzy-logic module 274 for the first iteration are respectively, Er_new%=60 and Dir=+ve.
The next step is to perform fuzzification of these inputs into fuzzy inputs by using membership functions.
Fuzzification
A membership function is a mapping between the universe of discourse (x-axis) and the grade space (y-axis). The universe of discourse is the range of possible values for the inputs or outputs. For ER_new% it is preferably from 0 to 100. The value in the grade space typically ranges from 0 to 1 and is called a fuzzy input, truth value, or a degree of membership. FIG. 19 shows graph 300 which contains the membership functions for the input, Er_new%. Er_new% is divided into three linguistic variables—LARGE (304), MEDIUM (306) AND SMALL (308). For Er_new%=60, the fuzzy inputs (or degree of membership function) are −0.25 of LARGE and 0.75 of MEDIUM. The input variable “Dir” is well defined (+ve, −ve or zero) and thus does not require a membership function in this application. The next step is to create the “Truth Table” or Rule Evaluation.
Rule Evaluation
Rule evaluation takes the fuzzy inputs from the fuzzification step and the rules from the knowledge base and calculates fuzzy outputs. FIG. 20 shows the rules as truth table. For the first column and first row, the rule is: “IF ER_new% is LARGE AND Dir is NEGATIVE THEN New Gain is NO CHANGE (NC)” (i.e. if the percentage of e(t) data that is within the offset (OS) for last “tsum” seconds is LARGE and the direction (DIR) is NEGATIVE/ZERO then do not change the existing K value (NO CHANGE)).
In the example, because ER_new% has fuzzy inputs LARGE (0.25) AND MEDIUM (0.75) with POSITIVE Dir, the rules that will be used are:
IF ER_new% is LARGE (0.25) AND Dir is POSITIVE THEN New Gain is NO CHANGE (NC=1)
IF ER_new% is MEDIUM (0.75) AND Dir is POSITIVE THEN New Gain is POSITIVE SMALL CHANGE (PSC=1.2)
Defuzzification
Finally, the defuzzification process converts the fuzzy outputs from the rule evaluation step into the final output by using Graph 310 of FIG. 21. Graph 310, uses the following labels =“NBC” for negative big change; “NSC” for negative small change; “NC” for no change; “PSC” for positive small change; and PBC for positive big change. The Center of Gravity or centroid method is used in the preferred embodiment for defuzzification. The output membership function for change in gain is shown in FIG. 21.
The centroid (the Fuzzy-Logic Output) is calculated as:
where:
where:
-
- (x) is the fuzzy output value for universe of discourse value x. In our example, the output (K_new) becomes
- (x) is the fuzzy output value for universe of discourse value x. In our example, the output (K_new) becomes
Once the three steps of fuzzification, rule evaluation, and defuzzification are finished and the output has been calculated, the process is repeated again for new set of Er_new%.
In the above example, after the first 1000 sec, the adaptive algorithm calculates a new gain of K_new=11.50. This new gain is used for the next 1000 sec (i.e. from t=1000 to 2000 sec in real time) by the PID control loop. At t=1001 sec, counter Er_new is set to zero to perform counting for the next 1000 seconds. At the end of another 1000 seconds (ie. at t=2000 seconds), Er_new% is calculated again.
Suppose this time, Er_new% happens to be 25. This means, by changing K from 10 to 11.5, the control became worse. Therefore, it would be better to change gain in the other direction, i.e., decrease the gain rather than increase. Thus, at t=2000 sec, Er_new%=25, Er_old%=60 (previous value of Er_new%), K_new=11.5 and K_old=10 (previous value of K). Applying Eq.(2), a negative “Dir” is obtained. With Er_new% of 25 and Dir=Negative, the fuzzy-logic calculation is performed again to calculate a new gain for the next 1000 seconds. The new value of gain is K_new=7.76 and is used from t=2000 to 3000 seconds by the PID Loop.
Suppose for the third iteration, i.e., from (t=2000 to 3000 seconds, Er_new% comes out to be 95% (which represents tighter control). Performing the same fuzzy-logic operation gives the same value of K_new, and the gain remains unchanged until Er_new% again degrades.
Exemplary Applications
Both pulse width modulated (PWM) Compressors and electronic stepper regulator (ESR) Valves can be used to control evaporator temperature/pressure or evaporator cooling fluid (air or water) temperature. The former controls by modulating the refrigerant flow and the latter restricts the suction side to control the flow. Referring back to FIG. 18 , the block diagram of the control system for such an actuator working in a refrigeration system 279 is shown. In FIG. 18 one and preferably up to four temperatures of evaporator cooling fluid or one evaporator suction pressure (generally shown at 282) is sampled every dt seconds. A sampling time of dt=10 seconds was found to be optimum for both the applications. After processing by the analog to digital module 284, the sampled signal is then reduced to one number by taking the average or the minimum or the maximum of the four temperatures depending on the system configuration or the user preference at module 286. Typically, in a single actuator (PWM/ESR) systems where the complete evaporator coil goes into defrost at one time, averaging of control signal is preferred. In a multiple evaporator-single actuator system where defrost of evaporator coils does not occur at the same time, minimum is the preferred mode. The value obtained after avg/min/max is called conditioned signal. At comparison module 288 this is compared with the desired set point to calculate the error, e(t).
The control algorithm used in the loop is a Proportion-Integral (PI) control technique (PID). The PI algorithm calculates the valve position (0-100%) in case of ESR or calculates the percentage loading (0 to 100%) in case of PWM compressor. A typical integral reset time, Ti, for both the actuators is 60 seconds. The gain is tuned adaptively by the adaptive loop. The adaptive algorithm is turned off in the preferred embodiment whenever the system is in defrost; is going through pull-down; there a big set point change; sensor failure has been detected; or any other system failure is detected.
Consequently, the adaptive algorithm is typically used when the system is working under normal mode. The time “ta” preferably used is about 1 seconds and “tsum” is about 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
Diagnostics Related to PWM Compressor/ESR Valves:
Referring to FIG. 22 , a discharge cooling fluid temperature sensor 312 (Ta), an evaporator coil inlet temperature sensor 314 (Ti) and an evaporator coil exit temperature sensor 316 (To) can provide diagnostic features for the evaporator control using PWM/ESR. The Inlet temperature sensor 314 can be anywhere in evaporator coil 318. However, the preferred location is about one third of the total evaporator length from the evaporator coil distributor 320.
Using these three temperature sensors, system learning can be performed that can be used for diagnostics. For example, diagnostics can be performed for ESR/PWM when it is used in a single evaporator along with an expansion valve. In this example, the following variables are tracked every “tsum” second in the adaptive loop. The variables can be integrated just after ER_new integration is done in the adaptive loop.
-
- N-Close: Number of times Valve position /PWM loading was 0%.
- N-Open: Number of times Valve position/PWM loading was 100%.
- MAVP: The moving average of the Valve position /PWM loading for “tsum” seconds.
- SSLP: The steady-state Valve position /PWM loading is set equal to MAVP if for the “tsum” duration ER_new% is greater than 50%.
- dT: Moving average of the difference between Ta and Ti (Ta−Ti).
- SH: Moving average of the difference between To and Ti (To−Ti) in the said duration. This is approximately the evaporator superheat.
- N_FL: Number of times To was less than Ti during the said duration, i.e., “tsum” seconds. This number will indicate bow much the expansion valve is flooding the evaporator.
In addition, Pull-down time after defrost, tpd, is also learnt. Based on these variables, the following diagnostics are performed: temperature sensor failure; degraded expansion valve; degraded ESR valve/PWM Compressor; oversized ESR/PWM; undersized ESR/PWM; and no air flow.
Temperature Sensor Failure
Failures of temperature sensors are detected by checking whether the temperature reading falls within the expected range. If PWM/ESR is controlled using Ta as the control variable, then when it fails, the control is done as follows. The above said actuator is controlled based on Ti, or the Ta values are estimated using the learned dT (i.e., add dT to Ti value to estimate Ta). During pull down, the valve/PWM can be set to full-open/load for the learned pull-down time (tpd). If Ti also fails at the same time or is not available, the actuator is opened 100% during pull down time and then set to steady-state loading percent (SSLP) after pull-down-time. An alarm is sent to the supervisor upon such a condition.
Degraded Expansion Valve
If an expansion valve sticks or is off-tuned or is undersized/oversized, the following combinations of the tracked variable can be used to diagnose such problems. N_FL>50% and ER_new%>10% indicate the expansion valve is stuck open or is off-tuned or may be even oversized and thus is flooding the evaporator coil. An alarm is sent upon such a condition. Moreover, SH>20 and N_FL=0% indicate an off-tuned expansion valve or an undersized valve or the valve is stuck closed.
Degraded ESR Valve/PWM Compressor
A degraded ESR is one that misses steps or is stuck. A degraded PWM Compressor is one whose solenoid is stuck closed or stuck open. These problems are detected in a configuration where defrost is performed by setting the ESR/PWM to 0%. The problem is detected as follows.
If ER_new%>50% before defrost and during defrost Ti<32□ F. and SH>5□ F., then the valve is determined to be missing steps. Accordingly, the valve is closed by another 100% and if Ti and SH remain the same then this is highly indicative that the valve is stuck.
If ER_new%=0 and N_Close is 100% and Ti<32 F. and SH>5 F. then PWM/ESR is determined to be stuck open. If ER_new%=0 and N_Open is 100% and Ti>32 F. and SH>5 F. then PWM/ESR is determined to be stuck closed.
Over-sized ESR/PWM
If N_Close>90% and 30%<ER_new%<100%, then an alarm is sent for oversized valve/PWM Compressor.
Under-sized ESR/PWM
If N_Open>90% and ER_new%=0 and SH>5, then an alarm is sent for undersized valve/PWM Compressor.
No Air Flow
If N_Open=100%, ER_new%=0, SH<5 F. and Ti<25 F and N_FL>50%, then either the air is blocked or the fans are not working properly.
Additionally, these diagnostic strategies can also be applied to an electronic expansion valve controller.
The embodiments which have been set forth above were for the purpose of illustration and were not intended to limit the invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the embodiments discussed in this specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
- Repeat the following every Ts Seconds:
- Read User Inputs:
- Sampling Time (Ts)
- Control Type (P or T)
- Sensor Mode (Avg/Min/Max)
- Perform Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)
- on all (four) Temp. Sensor Channels
- output data as Counts
- Digitally Filter Counts
- Ynew=0.75 * Yold+0.25 * Counts
- output data as Filtered Counts
- Convert Filtered Counts to Deg F.
- Test if at least one Sensor is within normal operating limits e.g. within −40 and +90 F.
- If none are within limit—Set Sensor Alarm to TRUE
- Else Perform Avg/Min/Max operation based on Sensor Mode
- If Control Type is NOT a T/P Control Type
- Then End Signal Conditioning Routine (until next Ts cycle)
- Else (Control Type is T/P) Do the Following:
- Perform ADC on Pressure Sensor Channel
- output data as Counts
- Digitally Filter Counts
- Ynew=0.75 * Yold+0.25 * Counts
- output data as Filtered Counts
- Convert Filtered Counts to Psig
- Test if pressure Sensor is within normal operating limits e.g. within 0 and +200
- If not within limit:
- Set dP=dP Set Pt.
- Else:
- Calculate dP=Pmax-Pmin
- If not within limit:
- Set Sensor Alarm to Conditioned T/dP
- End Signal Conditioning Routine (until next Ts cycle)
Claims (39)
1. A diagnostic system for an electronic stepper regulator valve, comprising:
a controller adapted for coupling to an electronic stepper regulator valve, said controller producing a variable duty cycle control signal for adjusting a valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve, in which said duty cycle is a function of demand for cooling;
a diagnostic module coupled to said controller for monitoring and comparing said duty cycle with at least one predetermined fault value indicative of a fault condition; and
an alert module responsive to said diagnostic module for issuing an alert signal when said duty cycle bears a predetermined relationship to said fault value.
2. The diagnostic A control system of claim 1 , wherein said diagnostic module monitors and compares at least one of the following conditions comprising:
a controller operable to produce a variable duty cycle control signal for controlling a cooling system device in which said duty cycle is a function of demand for cooling; and
a diagnostic module associated with said controller and operable to compare said duty cycle with a predetermined value indicative of a system condition and issue a signal when said duty cycle bears a predetermined relationship to a fault value;
wherein said diagnostic module monitors at least one of the following conditions:
saida valve position of saidan electronic stepper regulator;
an error value percentage indicative of the percentage of sampled error within an accepted offset range for a defined period of time;
a moving average of said valve position for a defined period of time;
a steady state loading percentage set equal to said moving average of said valve position for a defined period of time when said error value percentage is less than fifty percent;
a discharge cooling fluid temperature;
an evaporator coil inlet temperature;
an evaporator coil exit temperature;
a moving average of a difference between said discharge cooling fluid temperature and said evaporator coil inlet temperature;
a moving average of a difference between said evaporator coil exit temperature and said evaporator coil inlet temperature to approximate a superheat value; and
a length of time said evaporator coil exit temperature is less than said evaporator coil inlet temperature during a predefined period of time.
3. The diagnostic control system of claim 1 15, wherein said diagnostic module monitors a percentage of sampled error over a defined period of time.
4. The diagnostic control system of claim 3 , wherein said predetermined fault value is an accepted offset range.
5. The diagnostic control system of claim 4 , wherein said diagnostic module determines an error value percentage indicative of said percentage of sampled error within said accepted offset range for said defined period of time.
6. The diagnostic system of claim 5 , wherein said diagnostic module determines an error value percentage indicative of said percentage of sampled error within said accepted offset range for said defined period of time.
7. The diagnostic control system of claim 6 27, wherein said alert module issues an alert signal when said a valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve is approximately zero percent for approximately ninety percent of said defined period of time and said error value percentage is less than one hundred percent, said alert signal indicating said electronic stepper regulator valve is over-sized.
8. The diagnostic control system of claim 6 27, wherein said diagnostic module further monitors and compares a superheat value indicative of evaporator superheat.
9. The diagnostic control system of claim 8 , wherein said alert module issues an alert signal when said valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve is approximately one hundred percent for approximately ninety percent of said defined period of time, said error value percentage is approximately zero percent, and said superheat value is approximately greater than 5° F., said alert signal indicating said electronic stepper regulator valve is undersized.
10. The diagnostic control system of claim 8 , wherein said diagnostic module further monitors and compares an evaporator coil inlet temperature value indicative of evaporator coil inlet temperature.
11. The diagnostic control system of claim 10 , wherein said alert module issues an alert signal when said error value percentage is approximately zero percent, said valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve is approximately zero percent for approximately one hundred percent of said defined period of time, said evaporator coil inlet temperature value is less than approximately 32° F., and said superheat value is approximately greater than 5° F., said alert signal indicating said electronic stepper regulator valve is stuck open.
12. The diagnostic control system of claim 10 , wherein said error value percentage is approximately zero percent, said valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve is approximately one hundred percent for approximately one hundred percent of said defined period of time, said evaporator coil inlet temperature value is approximately greater than 32° F., and said superheat value is approximately greater than 5° F., said alert signal indicating said electronic stepper regulator valve is stuck closed.
13. The diagnostic control system of claim 10 , wherein said diagnostic module further monitors and compares an evaporator coil exit temperature value indicative of evaporator coil exit temperature.
14. The diagnostic control system of claim 13 , wherein said alert module issues an alert signal when said valve position of said electronic stepper regulator valve is approximately one hundred percent for approximately one hundred percent of said defined period of time, said error value percentage is approximately zero, said superheat value is approximately less than 5° F., said evaporator coil inlet temperature value is approximately less than 25° F., and said evaporator coil exit temperature value is less than said evaporator coil inlet temperature value for greater than fifty percent of said defined period of time, said alert signal indicating that air flow to an evaporator is blocked or evaporator fans are not operating properly.
15. The control system of claim 2 , wherein said cooling system device is selected from a group comprising: an expansion device, a fan, a compressor, and a refrigerant control device.
16. The control system of claim 15 , wherein said expansion device is at least one of an orifice, thermal expansion valve, and electronic expansion valve.
17. The control system of claim 15 , wherein said refrigerant control device is an evaporator stepper regulator.
18. The control system of claim 15 , wherein said fan is a variable speed fan.
19. The control system of claim 15 , wherein said fan is a condenser fan.
20. The control system of claim 19 , wherein said condenser fan is a variable speed fan.
21. The control system of claim 2 , wherein said module includes said diagnostic module and an alert module.
22. The control system of claim 21 , wherein said alert module issues said signal.
23. The control system of claim 2 , wherein said signal is an alert signal.
24. A control system comprising:
a controller operable to produce a variable duty cycle control signal for controlling an electronic stepper regulator valve in which said duty cycle is a function of demand for cooling; and
a module associated with said controller and operable to compare said duty cycle with a predetermined value indicative of a system condition and issue a signal when said duty cycle bears a predetermined relationship to said fault value.
25. The control system of claim 5 , wherein said module includes a diagnostic module and an alert module, said diagnostic module comparing said duty cycle with said predetermined value, and said alert module issuing said signal, said predetermined value being said fault value and said signal being an alert signal.
26. The control system of claim 24 , wherein said module includes a diagnostic module and an alert module.
27. The control system of claim 26 , wherein said diagnostic module compares said duty cycle with said predetermined value.
28. The control system of claim 26 , wherein said alert module issues said signal.
29. The control system of claim 24 , wherein said signal is an alert signal.
30. The control system of claim 24 , further comprising an expansion device controlled by said variable duty cycle.
31. The control system of claim 24 , further comprising a fan controlled by said variable duty cycle.
32. The control system of claim 24 , wherein said controller is operable to control a fan based on said duty cycle.
33. The control system of claim 32 , further comprising an expansion device controlled by said variable duty cycle.
34. The control system of claim 32 , wherein said fan is a variable speed fan.
35. The control system of claim 34 , wherein said fan is a condenser fan.
36. The control system of claim 24 , wherein said controller is operable to control a compressor based on said duty cycle.
37. The control system of claim 36 , further comprising an expansion device controlled by said variable duty cycle.
38. The control system of claim 36 , further comprising a variable speed fan controlled by said controller.
39. The control system of claim 38 , wherein said controller controls said fan based on a current operating duty cycle of said compressor.
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US08/939,779 US6047557A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1997-09-29 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US09/524,364 US6408635B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2000-03-14 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US09/886,592 US6467280B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-06-21 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
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US10/760,173 USRE42006E1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2004-01-16 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
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US10/306,031 Expired - Fee Related US6662583B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-11-27 | Adaptive control for a cooling system |
US10/306,078 Expired - Fee Related US6662578B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-11-27 | Refrigeration system and method for controlling defrost |
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US10/730,492 Expired - Fee Related US7389649B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2003-12-08 | Cooling system with variable duty cycle capacity control |
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US11/514,055 Expired - Fee Related US7419365B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-08-31 | Compressor with capacity control |
US11/529,645 Expired - Fee Related US7654098B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-09-28 | Cooling system with variable capacity control |
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US09/524,364 Expired - Lifetime US6408635B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2000-03-14 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US09/760,994 Expired - Fee Related US6449972B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-01-16 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
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US09/886,592 Expired - Lifetime US6467280B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-06-21 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US10/079,761 Expired - Lifetime US6438974B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-02-19 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US10/147,782 Expired - Lifetime US6499305B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-05-16 | Adaptive control for a refrigeration system using pulse width modulated duty cycle scroll compressor |
US10/306,031 Expired - Fee Related US6662583B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-11-27 | Adaptive control for a cooling system |
US10/306,078 Expired - Fee Related US6662578B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2002-11-27 | Refrigeration system and method for controlling defrost |
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US10/730,492 Expired - Fee Related US7389649B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2003-12-08 | Cooling system with variable duty cycle capacity control |
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US11/529,645 Expired - Fee Related US7654098B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-09-28 | Cooling system with variable capacity control |
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