USRE38908E1 - Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms - Google Patents
Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms Download PDFInfo
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- USRE38908E1 USRE38908E1 US10/839,120 US83912004A USRE38908E US RE38908 E1 USRE38908 E1 US RE38908E1 US 83912004 A US83912004 A US 83912004A US RE38908 E USRE38908 E US RE38908E
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
- G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
- G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
- G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
- G08B13/19678—User interface
- G08B13/19691—Signalling events for better perception by user, e.g. indicating alarms by making display brighter, adding text, creating a sound
- G08B13/19693—Signalling events for better perception by user, e.g. indicating alarms by making display brighter, adding text, creating a sound using multiple video sources viewed on a single or compound screen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
- G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
- G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
- G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
- G08B13/19602—Image analysis to detect motion of the intruder, e.g. by frame subtraction
- G08B13/1961—Movement detection not involving frame subtraction, e.g. motion detection on the basis of luminance changes in the image
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
- G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
- G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
- G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras
- G08B13/19654—Details concerning communication with a camera
- G08B13/19658—Telephone systems used to communicate with a camera, e.g. PSTN, GSM, POTS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/00127—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/00127—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture
- H04N1/00281—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a telecommunication apparatus, e.g. a switched network of teleprinters for the distribution of text-based information, a selective call terminal
- H04N1/00283—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a telecommunication apparatus, e.g. a switched network of teleprinters for the distribution of text-based information, a selective call terminal with a television apparatus
- H04N1/00299—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a telecommunication apparatus, e.g. a switched network of teleprinters for the distribution of text-based information, a selective call terminal with a television apparatus with a television transmission apparatus, e.g. a videophone, a teletext system or a digital television system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/00127—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture
- H04N1/00323—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a measuring, monitoring or signaling apparatus, e.g. for transmitting measured information to a central location
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/18—Closed-circuit television [CCTV] systems, i.e. systems in which the video signal is not broadcast
- H04N7/181—Closed-circuit television [CCTV] systems, i.e. systems in which the video signal is not broadcast for receiving images from a plurality of remote sources
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/00127—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture
- H04N1/00281—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a telecommunication apparatus, e.g. a switched network of teleprinters for the distribution of text-based information, a selective call terminal
- H04N1/00283—Connection or combination of a still picture apparatus with another apparatus, e.g. for storage, processing or transmission of still picture signals or of information associated with a still picture with a telecommunication apparatus, e.g. a switched network of teleprinters for the distribution of text-based information, a selective call terminal with a television apparatus
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to security systems that monitor for undesired conditions at a monitored area, and more particularly to an efficient and low cost method and apparatus for notifying at least one security post of an undesired condition at a monitored area with low incidence of false alarms.
- Security monitoring systems now commonly use a video camera for monitoring an area.
- the image of the monitored area stays constant with time for a relatively long time period.
- some security systems detect for a change in the image of the monitored area with time for detecting movement within the monitored area.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,287 to Lemelson U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,125 to Fagan et al.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,526 to Saitoh et al. discloses a security system that detects for a change in the image of the monitored area with time for detecting undesired movement within the monitored area.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,287 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,125 discloses a security system having a monitor that displays an image and that generates an alarm to draw the attention of a security guard to the monitor when an undesired condition has been detected.
- a security guard is not effective for monitoring a large number of areas by one security guard. For example, it may be desired to monitor a neighborhood of hundreds of houses. In that case, a monitor for each of the houses would be needed with these prior art security systems which would be costly.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,526 discloses a security monitor system which is designed to transmit video signals from a plurality of video information sources via a common transmission line using modulation techniques. Although this security system is amenable for monitoring a large number of areas, additional infrastructure including the modulators, transmitters, and receiving circuitry is needed which adds to the complexity and cost of the system.
- the present invention is a security monitor system which effectively monitors a large number of areas in a cost effective manner using already existing communications infrastructure. More specifically, the method and apparatus of the present invention warns at least one security post of an undesired condition at a monitored area by sending a fax via a phone line and/or by sending an E-mail with an attachment of a JPEG color image of the monitored area via a global telecommunications network such as the Internet.
- the present invention includes a camera for creating a first image of the monitored area at a first time point and for creating a second image of the monitored area at a second time point.
- a data storage device stores the first image and the second image
- an image processor coupled to the data storage device, compares the first image with the second image.
- a fax modem coupled to the image processor, sends a fax of the second image to the at least one security post if the second image is substantially different from the first image.
- the present invention may further include an Internet modem, coupled to the image processor, for sending a JPEG file of the second image as an electronic mail to a predetermined security post if the second image is substantially different from the first image.
- an Internet modem coupled to the image processor, for sending a JPEG file of the second image as an electronic mail to a predetermined security post if the second image is substantially different from the first image.
- the present invention may be used to particular advantage when a dual tone multi-frequency detector detects a remote request via a phone line for a requested fax of the second image and for accepting a fax number entered via the phone line to which the requested fax is to be sent.
- the image processor then sends a fax of the second image to that accepted fax number.
- the image processor within the security system of the present invention repeats comparing another first image to another second image every predetermined time period.
- the present invention may be used to particular advantage when the algorithm for comparing the second image to the first image includes determining and comparing the following four parameters of the first image and the second image: an average pixel value, a standard deviation pixel value, an x-coordinate pixel massive center, and a y-coordinate pixel massive center.
- the first image is substantially different from the second image if the average pixel value of an image block in the first image is substantially different from the average pixel value of the image block in the second image or if the standard deviation pixel value of the image block in the first image is substantially different from the standard deviation pixel value of the image block in the second image or if the x-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block in the first image is substantially different from the x-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block in the second image of if the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block in the first image is substantially different from the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block in the second image.
- the security monitoring system further includes a plurality of cameras with each camera monitoring a respective monitored area.
- the plurality of cameras are coupled to a computer having an image processor which multiplexes between the plurality of cameras to detect an undesired condition at the respective monitored area of any selected one of the plurality of cameras at a given time.
- the present invention upon detecting an undesired condition at the monitored area uses already available technology such as fax over the phone lines or electronic mail over the Internet for alerting at least one security post of the undesired condition.
- the present invention is a cost effective security system which may monitor a large number of areas. Any area may fax or E-mail an image to a security post such as the police station. The security guard views the faxed and/or electronically mailed image to ensure that a trip to the monitored area is warranted. Thus, false alarms are minimized with the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the components of a security monitoring system according to one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of the steps of operation of the security monitoring system of FIG. 1 , according to another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 including FIGS. 3a , 3 b, 3 c, 3 d, and 3 e, illustrates an algorithm for comparing a first image with a second image of the monitored area, according to another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 illustrates how a large number of areas may be monitored by a security post with the security monitoring system of the present invention
- FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of the components of a security monitoring system using a plurality of cameras, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 refer to elements having similar structure and function.
- a security monitoring system 100 of the present invention includes a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) video camera 102 for generating video images of the monitored area.
- the CCD video camera 102 is coupled to a data storage device 104 which stores images generated by the CCD video camera 102 .
- An image processor 106 is coupled to the data storage device 104 and determines whether any undesired condition exists at the monitored area.
- the image processor 106 informs at least one security post of that undesired condition via a modem 108 .
- the modem 108 has the capability of faxing an image from the video camera 102 to a plurality of fax lines over the public telephone network.
- the modem 108 also has the capability of sending an electronic mail of a JPEG color image from the video camera 102 via the Internet 112 .
- processor 106 provides, with an image to be faxed by a method and apparatus known in the facsimile art, the telephone number, the time and the date and other indicia, as required, for identifying the location of monitor system 100 which has detected a disturbance.
- processor 106 also provides, with the image to be emailed by a known method and apparatus of a known system, the time, the date and the email address to an image to be emailed and other indicia, as required, for identifying the location of the security system 100 which has detected a disturbance.
- the security monitoring system 100 of the present invention further includes a DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) detector 114 coupled to the image processor 106 .
- the DTMF detector 114 detects from a remote security post a remote request for a requested fax of an image from the CCD video camera 102 .
- the remote security post dials in this request over the public telephone system and also dials in a fax number to which the requested fax is to be sent.
- the DTMF detector accepts this fax number such that the image processor 106 may send the requested fax to this fax number.
- a flowchart of the steps of operation of the security monitoring system 100 of the present invention includes a step of generating by the CCD video camera 102 and storing by the data storage device 104 a first image of the monitored area at a first time point (step 202 in FIG. 2 ).
- the present invention also includes a step of generating by the CCD video camera 102 and storing by the data storage device 104 a second image of the monitored area at a second time point (step 204 in FIG. 2 ).
- the image processor 106 compares the first image with the second image (step 206 in FIG. 2 ). If the first image is substantially similar to the second image, then the image processor 106 controls the CCD video camera 102 to generate another first image and another second image by returning to step 202 .
- the image processor 106 then saves the second image for further processing (step 207 of FIG. 2 ).
- the image processor 106 controls the modem 108 to send a fax of the second image to at least one security post (step 208 of FIG. 2 ).
- the modem 108 is designed to be coupled to a plurality of fax lines as known to one of ordinary skill the art such that a fax may be sent to a plurality of fax machines simultaneously. Each of the plurality of fax lines is coupled to a respective security post.
- one of the fax lines may be coupled to a fax machine at a police station and another of the fax lines may be coupled to a fax machine at the residence of the business owner.
- the operator of the security monitor system may program the image processor 106 with at least one fax number to which the second image should be faxed when the first image is substantially different from the second image.
- any E-mail address has been programmed into the image processor 106 (step 210 of FIG. 2 )
- a JPEG color image of the second image is E-mailed to that E-mail address (step 212 of FIG. 2 ) via the modem 108 .
- Technology for generation of a JPEG color image from the second image stored in the data storage device 104 and a modem which sends such an E-mail via the Internet 112 are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the security monitoring system 100 then returns to. generating another first image and another second image by returning to step 202 in FIG. 2 . In this manner, the generation of the first image and the second image and the comparison of the first image with the second image is typically repeated every predetermined time period.
- an algorithm within the image processor 106 for comparing the first image with the second image is illustrated.
- an image 302 is divided into a grid of image blocks.
- the image 302 is divided into a grid of three rows by four columns of image blocks.
- the present invention may be used with any number of image blocks for an image.
- pixel values are assigned to each pixel within an image block.
- a pixel within an image block may be any number of colors. However, for simplicity of illustration, example pixel values for three colors are described herein for a dark shake, a gray shade, and a light shade. Referring to FIG. 3a , for example, if a pixel has a dark shade, then a pixel value of “2” is assigned. If a pixel has a gray shade, then a pixel value of “1” is assigned. If a pixel has light shade, then a pixel value of “0” is assigned.
- An example algorithm for comparing the first image with the second image determines the following four parameters for each image block within an image: an average pixel value, a standard deviation pixel value, an x-coordinate pixel massive center, and a y-coordinate pixel massive center.
- the average pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3b is 1, and the average pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3c is also 1, even though the image blocks of FIGS. 3b and 3c are visibly different.
- SD standard deviation pixel value
- the standard deviation pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3b is 0 but the standard deviation pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3c is greater than 0.
- the average pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3c is 1, and the average pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3d is also 1.
- the standard deviation pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3c is equal to the standard deviation pixel value of the image block of FIG. 3d , even though the image blocks of FIGS. 3c and 3d are visibly different.
- the x-coordinate pixel massive center and a y-coordinate pixel massive center for an image block are also determined.
- the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3b are the coordinates of the point 304 of FIG. 3 b.
- the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3b are toward the center of the image block since the image block of FIG. 3b is relatively uniform throughout.
- the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3c are then coordinates of the point 306 of FIG. 3 c. Comparing FIGS. 3b and 3c , the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3c is situated more toward the left of the image block since a darker pixel is present toward the left of the image block in FIG. 3 c.
- the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3d are the coordinates of the point 308 of FIG. 3 d. Comparing FIGS. 3b and 3d , the x-coordinate pixel massive center and the y-coordinate pixel massive center of the image block of FIG. 3d is situated more toward the top of the image block since a darker pixel is present toward the top of the image block in FIG. 3 d.
- the image blocks of FIGS. 3b , 3 c, and 3 d are correctly deemed to be substantially different.
- the algorithm within the image processor 106 of the present invention determines the four parameters of an average pixel value, a standard deviation pixel value, an xcoordinate pixel massive center, and a y-coordinate pixel massive center for each image block within an image. Then, these parameters are compared for each respective image block of the first image and of the second image.
- first respective image block within the first image and a second respective image block within the second image are deemed to be sufficiently different. If more than a predetermined number of respective image blocks are sufficiently different for the first image and the second image, then the algorithm of the present invention deems the first image to be sufficiently different from the second image.
- the present invention effectively monitors for an undesired condition at a monitored area.
- at least one security post such as the police station or an owner of the monitored area, is apprised of the undesired condition using already existing communication infrastructure.
- a security post is notified by being faxed or E-mailed the image of the monitored area when an undesired condition is detected.
- a relatively large number of areas may be cost effectively monitored by one security post.
- a first monitored area 402 , a second monitored area 404 , a third monitored area 406 , a fourth monitored area 408 , a fifth monitored area 410 , a sixth monitored area 412 , a seventh monitored area 414 , and an eighth monitored area 416 each has a respective security monitoring system 100 of the present invention.
- the image of that monitored area is faxed to a security post 418 such as a police station assigned to those areas.
- a security guard at the police station 418 examines the faxed image to determine whether travel to that monitored area is warranted.
- wasted time in travel to a monitored area from a false alarm is minimized with the present invention. Because any number of monitored areas may easily send a fax to the police station 418 , one security post such as the police station 418 may monitor a large number of areas.
- the image from a monitored area may be faxed to a plurality of security posts further ensuring prompt response to an undesired condition.
- a fax of the image of the monitored area may be faxed to both the police station 418 and to an owner of the business 420 .
- the present invention may also send a JPEG colored image file via E-mail.
- a replication of the image is likely to be a higher quality image with color and better resolution than just a faxed image.
- the undesired condition at a monitored area may be better resolved with the E-mailed JPEG file.
- a security system 500 includes a plurality of CCD video cameras including a first camera 502 , a second camera 504 , and up to an n th camera 506 .
- Each of the plurality of cameras monitors a respective monitored area.
- the plurality of cameras may monitor a respective room or a respective field of view within a large department store.
- the output from the first camera 502 is coupled to a first AND gate 512
- the output from the second camera 504 is coupled to a second AND gate 514
- the output from the third camera 506 is coupled to a third AND gate 516 .
- the outputs from the first, second, and third AND gates 512 , 514 , and 516 go through a first OR gate 517 .
- a respective input to each of the first, second, and third AND gates 512 , 514 , and 516 is coupled to a respective output of a first decoder 518 which is coupled to a first I/O (Input/Output) controller 519 of a first computer 520 .
- the first computer 520 selects the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the image from that one camera via the first I/O controller 519 .
- a control signal from the first I/O controller 519 is decoded by the first decoder 518 to gate the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 .
- the output of the first OR gate 517 is coupled to the first computer 520 .
- the first computer 520 selects via the first I/O controller 519 , the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the image from that one camera.
- the first computer 520 includes an image processor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 for analyzing the images from that one selected camera.
- the first computer 520 may select any one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the images from that one selected camera at any given time.
- the output from the first camera 502 is coupled to a fourth AND gate 522
- the output from the second camera 504 is coupled to a fifth AND gate 524
- the output from the third camera 506 is coupled to a sixth AND gate 526 .
- the outputs from the first, second, and third AND gates 522 , 524 , and 526 go through a second OR gate 527 .
- a respective input to each of the fourth, fifth, and third AND gates 522 , 524 , and 526 is coupled to a respective output of a second decoder 528 which is coupled to a second I/O (Input/Output) controller 529 of a second computer 530 .
- the second computer 530 selects the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the image from that one camera via the second I/O controller 529 .
- a control signal from the second I/O controller 529 is decoded by the second decoder 528 to gate the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 .
- the output of the second OR gate 527 is coupled to the second computer 530 .
- the second computer 530 selects via the second I/O controller 529 , the output from one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the image from that one camera.
- the second computer 530 includes an image processor similar to that shown in FIG. 1 for analyzing the images from that one selected camera.
- the second computer 530 may select any one of the plurality of cameras 502 , 504 , and 506 for analyzing the images from that one selected camera at any given time.
- the first computer 520 and the second computer 530 are coupled to a phone jack 532 which is coupled to a central office 534 of a public telephone network. Either the first computer 520 and the second computer 530 may send a fax to a plurality of fax machines including a first fax machine 536 and a second fax machine 538 . Alternatively, either the first computer 520 and the second computer 530 may send a JPEG color image as an E-mail via the Internet 540 to a computer 542 at a security post.
- a redundant detection of an undesired condition at an monitored area further ensures minimization of false alarms.
- the other computer is ensured of detecting the undesired condition at the monitored area.
- the present invention has been described within the example image blocks of FIG. 3 .
- the present invention may be practiced for any number of image blocks within an image, any number of pixel values, and any number of pixels within an image block, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from the description herein.
- the algorithm described herein for comparing the first image with the second image is by way of example only and any other types of algorithms for comparing images may be used with the present invention.
Abstract
Description
AV=ΣPi/n
where Pi is the pixel value of each pixel within that image block and n is the total number of pixels within that image block.
SD=sqrt (Σ(Pi−AV)2/n)
where “sqrt” denotes the square root function, Pi is the pixel value of each pixel within that image block, AV is the average pixel value for that image block, and n is the total number of pixels within that image block. Referring to
X=ΣxiPi/ΣPi
where xi is the respective x-coordinate of each pixel and Pi is the respective pixel value of each pixel within an image block. Similarly, the y-coordinate pixel massive center (Y) is calculated as follows:
Y=ΣyiPi/ΣPi
where yi is the respective y-coordinate of each pixel and Pi is the respective pixel value of each pixel within an image block.
Claims (32)
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US10/839,120 USRE38908E1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2004-05-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
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US09/263,360 US6493022B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 1999-03-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
US10/839,120 USRE38908E1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2004-05-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
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US09/263,360 Reissue US6493022B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 1999-03-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
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US09/263,360 Ceased US6493022B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 1999-03-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
US10/839,120 Expired - Lifetime USRE38908E1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2004-05-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
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US09/263,360 Ceased US6493022B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 1999-03-05 | Security system for notification of an undesired condition at a monitored area with minimized false alarms |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20040073709A1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2004-04-15 | E-Mate Enterprises, Llc. | Personal digital assistant facilitated communication system |
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