US8220926B2 - Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking - Google Patents
Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8220926B2 US8220926B2 US12/750,967 US75096710A US8220926B2 US 8220926 B2 US8220926 B2 US 8220926B2 US 75096710 A US75096710 A US 75096710A US 8220926 B2 US8220926 B2 US 8220926B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- eye
- illuminators
- light
- mapping
- screen surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 210000004087 cornea Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 26
- 210000001508 eye Anatomy 0.000 description 47
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000013442 quality metrics Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 10
- 210000001747 pupil Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000003786 sclera Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003066 decision tree Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000720 eyelash Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002207 retinal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004424 eye movement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004709 eyebrow Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000819 phase cycle Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001525 retina Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004256 retinal image Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001711 saccadic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
- G06F3/013—Eye tracking input arrangements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
- A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
- A61B3/113—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions for determining or recording eye movement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/46—Indirect determination of position data
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/66—Tracking systems using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
- G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
- G06V40/18—Eye characteristics, e.g. of the iris
- G06V40/19—Sensors therefor
Definitions
- the invention disclosed herein generally relates to visual display devices having illuminators for facilitating gaze tracking of a viewer of the display. More particularly, a visual display may be adapted to assist in gaze tracking using the pupil-center-corneal-reflection (PCCR) approach.
- PCCR pupil-center-corneal-reflection
- the gaze vector of an eye is determined on the basis of on an image of the eye when illuminated in such manner that reflections (glints) appear on the cornea.
- Glint positions and the pupil center position are extracted from the image using generic computer-vision methods. Methods for computing the gaze vector based on these positions are known in the art, e.g., through the teachings of E. D. Guestrin and M. Eizenmann in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1124-1133 (June 2006), included herein by reference.
- PCCR eye-tracking technology An important application of PCCR eye-tracking technology is the task of finding the gaze point of a person watching a visual display. Since visual displays are artefacts constructed generally with the aim of providing optimal viewing conditions in terms of luminance, viewing distance and angle, image contrast etc., it might be expected that the measurement accuracy is very high in this situation, particularly when the eye tracking is performed indoors with a controlled ambient illumination.
- the reflection created by an oblique illuminator may fall on the sclera, outside the cornea, and since the sclera has spherical shape with respect to the eye's center of rotation, this reflection is not useful for determining the orientation of the eye.
- interlacing the visual display image with a geometrically distinct reference pattern for creating corneal reflections has been tried. Unless a display dedicated for producing both visible images and an invisible reference pattern is used, the reference pattern is generated by visible light. The interlacing may be performed intermittently during short time intervals, which are synchronised with the intervals for measuring the corneal reflection of the reference pattern. A common difficulty in implementing this approach is that the time intervals, however short, may need to occur rather frequently to achieve sufficient signal power of the reference pattern. Then, because of the time-integrating functioning of the retina, a perceptible superimposed image of the reference pattern may be produced and distract the subject.
- a visual display having reference illuminators adapted to generate corneo-scleral reflections (glints) on an eye watching a screen surface, adapted to display graphical information, of the visual display.
- the reference illuminators are adapted to emit light outside the visible spectrum, i.e., wavelengths in the range between 380 nm and 750 nm approximately.
- the reference illuminators themselves do not visually distract the eye, they are arranged hidden beneath the screen surface adapted to display graphical information.
- Reference illuminators according to the invention can be used in gaze tracking without introducing unauthentic stimuli, for in normal operating conditions neither the illuminators nor their emitted light are visible to the human eye.
- the eye image which is used for computing the gaze point, is acquired by an apparatus sensitive to, at least, light outside the visual spectrum.
- the reference illuminators are adapted to emit infrared (IR) or near-infrared light.
- IR infrared
- the IR spectrum is adjacent to the visual spectrum, permitting use of existing imaging devices with only minor modifications and limited chromatic aberration.
- IR light is known not be harmless to the eye, unlike ultraviolet light which is also adjacent to the visible spectrum.
- the illuminators can be located in arbitrary positions with respect to the observed screen surface. Many of those skilled in the art of PCCR gaze tracking prefer positioning glint-generating illuminators near the center of the observed object, in order that glints falling on the sclera in certain viewing angles are avoided. Thus, unlike prior art displays having reference illuminators arranged on the border, the invention allows for optimal positioning of the reference illuminators.
- the reference illuminators beneath the screen surface must not be concealed by opaque material, such as a rear reflector layer for enhancing luminance.
- opaque material such as a rear reflector layer for enhancing luminance.
- they must not obstruct the path of visible light rays propagating from beneath (i.e., towards an expected position of a viewer) which produce the graphical information visible on the screen surface.
- the desirable position of the reference illuminators is beneath the source of the visible light rays for producing the graphical information, but in front of any opaque objects in the structure of the visual display.
- the invention can be embodied as visual displays of various kinds, including a liquid crystal display (LCD) and an organic light-emitting diode (LED) display.
- Embodiments of the invention are directed to both edge-lit LCDs and LCD with direct backlighting.
- the liquid crystal panel is synchronised with the backlight and the reference illuminators. When a reference illuminator is active, the liquid crystal panel is ‘blanked’ (is maximally transmissive, and would produce white color if was lit) and the backlight is inactive. It is thereby avoided than an occasionally dark portion of the panel blocks one or more reference illuminators.
- An LCD susceptible of being equipped according to the method generally comprises the following or equivalent parts: a screen surface, adapted to display graphical information; a plurality of layers, which are translucent or at least operable to be translucent, arranged between the screen surface and essentially parallel with the screen surface; and at least one opaque layer, such as a rear reflector or a rear cover.
- a hole is provided in the opaque layer or layers.
- the illuminator is then mounted, by suitable fastening means, so that its beam will project perpendicularly to the screen surface—or alternatively, in the direction of an expected eye location—and concentrically with respect to the hole.
- the size and shape of the hole corresponds to the cross section of the beam where it crosses the hole.
- a system for determining a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display comprises a camera and a processor, which may be physically separate devices or an integrated unit.
- the display, camera and processor may even be embodied as a single entity.
- the camera is adapted to acquire an image of the eye including corneo-scleral reflections of the reference illuminators provided at the visual display.
- the processor is adapted to determine a gaze point using an the inverse of a mapping between a coordinate system in the object plane, which may be the screen surface or its proximity, and a coordinate system in an image plane, in which the eye is imaged.
- the mapping is a composition of an ellipsoidal reflection mapping (the reflection in the cornea) and a perspective projection (the imaging performed by the camera optics).
- mapping is a priori in regards to its structure
- numerical parameters specifying the mapping need to be estimated by comparing the known geometry of the reference illuminator arrangement and the camera image of its reflection in the cornea and/or sclera.
- the camera parameters which can be measured in a calibration process, determine the quantitative properties of the perspective projection.
- the reflection mapping is partially known after calibration, during which the corneal shape of the actual eye has been fitted to an ellipsoid. (As is clear to those skilled in the art, a sphere is the special case of three axes of an ellipsoid being equal; fitting the cornea to a spherical surface may satisfy accuracy requirements in connection with some applications.)
- the reflection mapping is defined up to the actual orientation and position of the cornea.
- the parameters encoding position and orientation are estimated by comparing the known configuration of the reference illuminators with their image in the camera. More precisely, if several reflections are available, the estimation can be based on an analysis of how length ratios and angles change under the mapping.
- the camera is provided near a lower edge of the visual display, e.g., on the frame surrounding the screen surface. Then advantageously, the eye is imaged slightly from below, whereby generally the line of sight is not hindered by protruding brow bones, thick eye-lashes and the like.
- the system for determining a gaze point may be adapted to select what illuminator to use based on the actual glint position.
- a centrally located glint is generally preferable over one located further out, towards the sclera.
- several light sources at one time are used. Then, in principle, more information is available for use in estimation of the orientation of the cornea. As a potential drawback, however, additional reflections may create noise that deteriorates the measurement accuracy.
- a gaze point of an eye watching a visual display comprises the following actions:
- the eye is illuminated by invisible light from a plurality of reference illuminators provided in an object plane;
- an image of the eye including corneo-scleral reflections of the reference illuminators, is acquired
- a mapping between a coordinate system in the object plane and a coordinate system in the image plane is defined
- the eye's gaze point in the object coordinate system is determined.
- the mapping is composed of an ellipsoidal reflection mapping and a perspective projection, as outlined above.
- the ellipsoid, in which the reflection occurs according to the model, may in particular be prolate, with the optic axis of the eye as its symmetry axis; the reflection mapping can then be characterized as a prolate spherical reflection mapping.
- the eye is illuminated using reference illuminators arranged beneath a screen surface of the visual display, the screen surface being adapted to display visible graphical information.
- FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are diagrams of the layers in two exemplary LCDs
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an edge-lit LCD comprising reference illuminators according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a LCD with direct backlight, comprising reference illuminators according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an edge-lit LCD comprising edge-mounted reference illuminators in accordance with an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an organic LED display comprising reference illuminators according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a system for gaze tracking according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an LCD having undergone equipping by reference illuminators according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the cornea
- FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic perspective drawing showing an array of reference illuminators, their corneo-scleral reflection and a camera device adapted to image the eye with the reflection;
- FIG. 10 is a plot of the optical transmittance of light at different wavelengths of various layers of an LCD
- FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method for selecting a combination of a camera and a reference illuminator
- FIG. 12 shows a combined camera and illuminator arrangement
- FIG. 13 is an illustration of a decision tree associated with the method for selecting a combination of a camera and a reference illuminator when applied to the combined camera and illuminator arrangement of FIG. 12 .
- a backlight flow is passed through a liquid crystal panel capable of locally attenuating or blocking light that passes through it, wherein the pixels are the smallest sub-regions of the panel that are controllable autonomously.
- a liquid crystal panel capable of locally attenuating or blocking light that passes through it, wherein the pixels are the smallest sub-regions of the panel that are controllable autonomously.
- Such an LCD may be capable of producing color images if the backlight essentially is white (i.e., composed by a plurality of wavelengths) and colored absorption filters, corresponding to color components, are arranged in front of individual sub-pixels.
- FIG. 1 a An exemplary configuration of an LCD layer structure 100 under one pixel is shown in FIG. 1 a .
- the top of the structure 100 faces a screen surface (not shown) of the LCD, and the bottom faces a rear cover (not shown) if such is provided; hence, light generally flows upwards in the drawing, towards a viewer (not shown).
- a backlight 110 layer emits the backlight flow for providing the necessary luminance of the screen surface.
- the light from the backlight layer 110 is passed to a diffuser 114 through a backlight cavity 112 .
- the next group of layers 120 - 138 constitute the liquid crystal panel, which is operable to pixel-wise block light, so that images are formed.
- the incident light is polarized by a rear polarizer layer 120 .
- the optical activity of the liquid crystal layer 126 can be varied by applying an electric field over the layer.
- a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer 122 is used to govern the amount of charge between different regions of an addressing structure 124 and a common electrode 128 .
- the light is spectrally filtered by red 130 , green 132 and blue 134 spectral filters coated on a glass plate 136 , and is subsequently repolarized by the front polarizer 138 .
- FIG. 2 is a cross section (not to scale) of an edge-lit LCD 200 provided with reference illuminators 216 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the backlight is generated by section 210 , which is bounded on the sides by a housing 204 , on its rear side by a rear reflector 202 and is open in the forward direction (upwards in the drawing) towards an image-forming LCD panel 220 .
- a light guide 212 is optically coupled to an edge-mounted light source 214 , which may be a fluorescent tube (extending orthogonally to the plane of the drawing) or an arrangement of LEDs.
- the light guide 212 receives light 256 at different angles of incidence, by virtue of the curved reflective surface 254 that optically connects the light source 214 to the light guide 212 .
- the refractive index of the light guide 212 is chosen in order that a suitable portion 252 of the light ray leaves the guide 212 at each internal reflection.
- the surface of the light guide 212 is matte, to ensure that local luminance variations are not too abrupt.
- Light leaving the light guide 212 laterally or rearwards is recovered by being reflected back from the inside of the housing 204 or the rear reflector 202 , both of which are adapted to reflect visible light.
- all light 256 emitted by the light source 214 leaves the backlight section in a forwardly direction, towards the LCD panel 220 , a rear diffuser 222 of which evens luminance variations out.
- Reference illuminators 216 are arranged beneath the light guide 212 . Rays 256 of invisible light from the reference illuminators 216 pass through the light guide 212 under small angles of incidence, and therefore undergo little change as regards their direction and intensity.
- each reference illuminator 216 has a cone-shaped radiation pattern, wherein the cone subtends a solid angle of approximately ⁇ steradians (corresponding to the cone having an apex angle of about 1.14 radians or 33 degrees of arc).
- the light cone may be even narrower, such as 0.8 ⁇ , 0.6 ⁇ or 0.4 ⁇ steradians.
- This embodiment of the invention can be varied in accordance with various LCD backlight configurations.
- a translucent sheet that causes a portion of light travelling tangentially to leave the sheet in the forwardly direction.
- the sheet may contain particles with a differing refractive index or may comprise a Fresnel pattern. If such translucent sheet, details of which are well known in the art and will be briefly discussed in connection with FIG. 4 , is combined with a rear reflector to reflect leaking light back, then reference illuminators according to the invention are arranged in a position between the reflector and the sheet.
- the rear reflector 202 may be replaced by an absorbing element, such as a dark matte surface.
- the inside of the housing 204 may be accomplished as a non-reflective surface, at least in the wavelength range of the reference illuminators 216 . Although this measure will slightly decrease the energy efficiency of the LCD, it may lessen measurement noise produced by secondary rays emanating from reflections of the reference illuminators 216 . From the construction disclosed above, the skilled person may extract the following principles, which are likely to facilitate adaptation of the invention to other display types:
- the reference illuminators may not be arranged beneath an opaque layer
- the reference illuminators may not be arranged so superficially that they are visible to a viewer of the screen in normal conditions;
- the energy efficiency of the reference illuminators can be increased by being located more superficially, so that a lesser portion of the emitted light is absorbed.
- the LCD 200 may be operated in an interlaced manner.
- the reference illuminators may only be active in a reference mode, wherein the edge-mounted light source 214 is turned off and the liquid-crystal panel 120 - 138 is blanked (displays white color), at least in neighbourhoods of the reference illuminators.
- the LCD 200 is adapted to be in the display mode, wherein the light source 214 is turned on and the liquid-crystal panel 120 - 138 displays graphical information.
- the alternation frequency, as well as the durations of the respective modes, may be determined by the skilled person by routine experimentation. The desirable result is a non-flickering image with sufficient luminance.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view (not to scale) of a directly lit LCD 300 , which generally consists of a backlight section 310 and an LCD panel 320 .
- the backlight is generated by a plurality of light sources 314 (typically 100-1000 LEDs adapted to emit in the visible spectrum) arranged in a plane essentially parallel to the screen surface. To achieve an even luminance, the light sources 314 are arranged evenly over the screen surface, preferably in the shape of an array.
- Reference illuminators 316 (typically 1-10 infrared or near-infrared LEDs) are arranged among the light sources 314 .
- reference illuminators 316 are of a similar type as the light sources 314 , so that electrical connections and the like need not be specially adapted.
- the means for controlling the reference illuminators 316 may however be different.
- each reference illuminator is independently controllable.
- the diffuser 322 may to a certain extent blur the reference illuminators 316 , just like the light sources 314 are purposefully blurred to create an even screen luminance, so that the corneo-scleral glints become less clear.
- FIG. 1 b wherein, compared with FIG. 1 a , the colored absorption filters 130 , 132 and 134 have been deleted and the generic backlight layer 110 has been exchanged for an array 140 of colored LEDs having, say, red, green and blue color.
- the liquid-crystal panel 120 - 138 is now operated in a ‘scrolling’ mode, that is, it alternates cyclically between three phases:
- the figure merely shows a portion of the visual display unit.
- the total number of red, green and blue LEDs is larger than the number of reference illuminators by at least one order of magnitude.
- the reference illuminators are preferably near-infrared or infrared LEDs.
- the reference illuminators may be active in phase a) (red) of the cycle, which gives the least wavelength difference, or may be active in the entire cycle. More preferably, however, a four-phase cycle may be devised, as follows:
- the reference illuminators may be LEDs of mainly red color having an emission spectrum that extends also into the (near)infrared spectrum; they may then be active in the ‘red’ phase so that the extra phase d′) is dispensed with.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view (not to scale) of an LCD 400 comprising reference illuminators 406 in accordance with the invention.
- the present embodiment exhibits some similar features.
- Backlight is supplied by a light source 414 in a lateral cavity and is conducted by a light guide 416 through a backlight cavity 418 as vertical rays 452 , evenly distributed over the extent of the display, which eventually reach a rear diffuser 422 , from which the rays are further fed to a liquid-crystal panel above.
- the present light guide 416 is wedge-shaped to ensure an even luminance.
- Its top side may comprise a pattern of small prisms extending orthogonally to the plane of the drawing, as detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,668.
- a wedge-shaped light guide 416 in association with an LCD of the type shown in FIG. 2 .
- each reference illuminator 406 is edge-mounted.
- the light emitted by each reference illuminator 406 is focused into a beam by lens 408 and is internally reflected into the transverse (forwardly) direction in a prism 410 .
- the triangular cross section of the prism 410 has angles of 45 and 90 degrees, the smaller sides facing the reference illuminator and the liquid-crystal panel, respectively.
- a prism 410 has a refractive index of at least 1.414. It may be advantageous, e.g., for mechanical reasons, to arrange the prisms 410 embedded in a sheet of resin or a similar material suitable as a light guide; then, it is the ratio of the prism's refractive index and that of the resin which should not be below 1.414.
- the layer comprising the light source 414 and light guide 416 may be located beneath the layer of the reference illuminators 406 and the prisms 410 .
- the prisms act as reflectors for lateral light rays, the most part of light impinging from below on the hypotenuse will be transmitted through the prism, however with a small change of direction which may affect the luminance of the screen locally. It is noted that the arrangement of edge-mounted reference illuminators 406 and prisms 410 discussed in this paragraph can also be applied to LCDs having direct backlight and to organic LED displays.
- FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an organic LED display 500 , which comprises a cathode 504 , an emissive layer 506 , a conductive layer 508 , an anode 510 and a transparent layer 512 for protecting the layers beneath and for supplying mechanical stiffness.
- an organic LED display 500 which comprises a cathode 504 , an emissive layer 506 , a conductive layer 508 , an anode 510 and a transparent layer 512 for protecting the layers beneath and for supplying mechanical stiffness.
- light emission in an organic LED display is caused by electron-hole recombination.
- a potential difference between the cathode 504 and the anode 508 By applying a potential difference between the cathode 504 and the anode 508 , such recombination is stimulated locally but not very far outside the region of the potential difference.
- graphical information can be displayed as a luminous image on the organic LED display screen.
- a plurality of reference illuminators 520 are arranged, similarly to, e.g., the display 200 shown in FIG. 2 .
- the surface 514 may be reflective if a brighter display image is desirable, or absorbent if an even luminance is preferred; the latter option will entail less reflections of the reference illuminators 520 , which may be harmful to accuracy, as already discussed.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of an LCD 700 having been equipped with reference illuminators according to the inventive method.
- the LCD 700 generally consists of a housing 702 carried by a support 704 adapted to rest on an essentially horizontal surface.
- the LCD 700 is adapted to produce a luminous graphical image on a screen surface 706 , beneath which translucent layers 708 - 718 are arranged, such as a diffuser, color filters, a thin film transistor, a liquid crystal layer and a backlight layer.
- an opaque layer is arranged beneath the translucent layers 708 - 718 .
- the layer 720 may be reflective.
- the layer 720 is an absorber plate, whereby a more even luminance is achieved.
- reference illuminators 740 are provided on the rear side of the LCD 700 .
- the reference illuminators 740 are supported in a position essentially orthogonal to the screen surface 706 by fastening means 744 attaching them to the rear portion of the housing 702 .
- the shape of a light cone 750 emanating from each reference illuminator 740 is determined, in part, by a lens 742 provided in front of the illuminator 740 .
- the limits of the light cone indicated in FIG. 7 are approximate and may be understood, e.g., as the angle at which the intensity has dropped to half of the maximal value.
- Holes 730 , 732 are provided in the rear portion of the housing 702 and in the reflector 720 , respectively.
- the shape and size of the holes 730 , 732 correspond to the shape and size of the light cones 750 . It is emphasized that the drawing is not to scale, but for clarity the thickness of layers 708 - 720 has been exaggerated as has the distance between layer 720 and the rear portion of the housing 702 ; notably, to accommodate the light 750 cones, the width of the holes 730 , 732 is disproportionate.
- FIG. 6 shows an integrated system 600 for gaze tracking in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- a visual display 602 comprises a screen surface 604 adapted to produce a luminous representation of graphical information.
- Reference illuminators 606 adapted to emit invisible light (preferably infrared or near-infrared light) are arranged beneath the screen surface 604 in such manner that they are invisible in normal conditions.
- the system further comprises a camera 608 for imaging an eye of a person watching the screen surface 604 .
- the camera is arranged at the lower portion of the visual display 602 , so that the line of sight from the camera to each eye is likely to pass below the brow bone and to the side of the nose.
- Locations of both the pupil center and glints produced by the reference illuminators 606 , the camera 608 is sensitive to both visible light and the light emitted by the reference illuminators 606 .
- the reference illuminators 606 and the camera 608 are operated in a coordinated manner by a processor (not shown), which is also adapted to compute and output a gaze point of the person based on the data collected by the system 600 .
- the operation may follow the method described in section IV below.
- the gaze point computation may be based on a spherical or ellipsoidal cornea model, details of which are given below.
- the choice of active reference illuminator(s) may be reassessed repeatedly. For instance, the active illuminator may be selected with the aim of obtaining a glint that is centered with respect to the pupil.
- the system 600 may comprise one or more additional sources of invisible (e.g., infrared) light arranged off the optical axis of the camera 608 . More particularly, such additional light sources may be arranged on the border of the visual display 602 , suitably to the left and/or right of the screen surface 604 . As opposed to the reference illuminators 606 , the additional light sources provide an evenly distributed intensity rather than concentrated light spots. This facilitates imaging of the eye by increasing the overall illumination of the eye.
- additional sources of invisible (e.g., infrared) light arranged off the optical axis of the camera 608 . More particularly, such additional light sources may be arranged on the border of the visual display 602 , suitably to the left and/or right of the screen surface 604 . As opposed to the reference illuminators 606 , the additional light sources provide an evenly distributed intensity rather than concentrated light spots. This facilitates imaging of the eye by increasing the overall illumination of the eye.
- a bright-pupil light source is provided in proximity of the camera 608 and coaxially therewith.
- Such bright-pupil light source may have annular shape and may be arranged around the camera 608 . This enables tracking of the eye in both its bright-pupil and dark-pupil condition, which increases the likelihood of being able to choose an illuminator that provides optimal image quality.
- FIG. 9 diagrammatically depicts the experimental situation.
- Reference illuminators 912 each of which is independently activable, are provided in an object plane 910 .
- the illuminators 912 are imaged as corneal reflections 926 in the cornea 922 or sclera 924 of a person's eye 920 .
- a camera 930 which is preferably a digital imaging device, images the corneal reflections 926 as image points 934 .
- the imaging of the camera 930 is determined by a (rear) nodal point 932 and an image plane.
- light rays are indicated from reference illuminators 912 a , 912 b and 912 d only.
- An ellipsoid having this shape is shown in FIG. 8 , wherein the line AA′ represents the x axis and the y direction is vertical on the drawing.
- E is defined by
- the tangential radius of curvature, as measured on the arc TPT in the plane of the drawing, is defined as
- r T ⁇ ( y ) r S ⁇ ( y ) 3 r D 2 .
- Points C S and C T are the respective centers of sagittal and tangential curvature at P. Because E is a surface of revolution, A:(0,0) is an umbilical point, at which both radii of curvature are equal to the minimal radius r D .
- the calculations may be carried out along the lines of the already cited article by Guestrin and Eizenmann, however with certain modifications to account for the aspherical cornea model.
- the locus of a reference illuminator 912 is denoted by L
- the nodal point 932 of the camera is denoted by O
- the image 934 of the corneal reflection is denoted by U.
- the process of calibrating certain parameters can be simplified in so far as the test subject is not required to fix his or her eyes on training points.
- Such improvement of the calibration process is dependent on the correctness of the assumption that the optic axis of the eye coincides with the symmetry axis AA′. Further improvements may be achieved by using a compound light pattern or a time-varying light pattern for generating corneo-scleral glints.
- step a) of the method an image quality metric is defined.
- the image quality metric may be based on the quality factors indicated in TABLE 3 below.
- NbrPupils The number of pupils detected by the camera. Two detected pupils are preferred to one or none.
- GazeDetNoise If the test subject fixates a number of visible points in a calibration process, then parameters can be set to such values that the expected divergence from the true point locations is zero.
- the gaze-detection noise after this process can be expressed as a statistical measure (such as variance, standard deviation, maximal value etc.) of the divergence. A lower gaze-detection noise is preferred.
- PupilContrast The difference in luminance of a region of the pupil and a region of the iris. Preferably, the regions are located centrally in the pupil and the iris, respectively, and the luminance values are averaged over the regions.
- IrisGradient Off-axis regions in a camera's field of view may have a lower (effective) resolution than central regions.
- the magnitude of the gradient at the pupil- iris boundary is taken as a measure of the resolution.
- a greater magnitude of the gradient is preferred.
- Obstacles The pupil-iris boundary may be obscured by the presence of obstacles, such as eye-lashes, non-transparent parts of eye glasses, reflections from eye-glass lenses, glints, eyebrows, nose and the like. It is noted that the most centric glint may lie on the pupil-iris boundary and be detrimental to the pupil finding; in such circumstances, it may be better to use the illuminator that gives the next most centric glint. The absence of obstacles is preferred.
- a signal-to-noise ratio can be defined by taking PupilContrast (see above) as a measure of the signal intensity and the standard deviation at the center of the pupil, which is a normally a monochrome region, as a measure of the noise. A higher signal-to-noise ratio is preferred.
- NbrPupils, GazeDetNoise and PupilContrast are the most important, whereas IrisGradient, Obstacles and SNR may be used as additional factors.
- the image quality factors may be combined into a total quality metric as per: Image Quality ⁇ a 1 Nbr Pupils+ a 2 GazeDetNoise+ a 3 PupilContrast+ a 4 Iris Gradient+ a 5 Obsacles+ a 6 SNR
- coefficients ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , . . . , ⁇ 6 are constants of appropriate signs. For instance, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 should be of opposite signs, considering the preferred values of the quantities. Since the image quality metric is only used for establishing the relative quality of two images, there is no real need for an absolute calibration of the sub-metric. However, the relative weighting between sub-metrics, as reflected by the absolute values of the coefficients, should be chosen with some care to fit the requirements of the application.
- the possible combinations of a camera and an illuminator fall into two groups: combinations of two coaxial components and combinations of two non-coaxial components.
- the combinations of coaxial components are adapted to image the eye(s) in the bright-pupil mode (a retinal retro-reflection complements the iris image), whereas the combinations of non-coaxial components are adapted to image in the dark-pupil mode (a corneo-scleral reflection complements the iris image).
- Step a) is followed by step b), in which either the bright-pupil or the dark-pupil imaging mode is selected. To this end, at least one image of the eye in the dark-pupil mode and at least one in the bright-pupil mode are acquired.
- the comparison is more accurate if the at least two images are acquired closely in time, which also makes the selection process swifter.
- the images are acquired simultaneously if possible (that is, if only one bright-pupil image is taken) in this embodiment.
- the images are acquired simultaneously.
- the image quality metric is evaluated for these images, and the imaging mode is selected in accordance with the highest value of the metric. If more than one image has been acquired in each mode, then the imaging mode of the image having the globally maximal quality metric is selected.
- step b the method proceeds to step c), wherein an active camera is selected.
- the image quality metric is evaluated for images acquired using combinations according to the selected imaging mode. Possibly, some images which were used in step b) may be used again.
- the winning quality metric value determines which camera is selected.
- the images for which the image quality factor is assessed may be acquired while the device is in an evaluation mode.
- an active reference illuminator to be used in combination with the selected active camera.
- An advantageous way of finding the most suitable reference illuminator is as follows: using an initially selected reference illuminator the corneo-scleral reflection is retrieved; the deviation from the pupil center of the reflection is established; it is determined whether there is an alternative reference illuminator which has such position in relation to the initially selected illuminator (is located in a direction opposite the deviation) that a more centric corneo-scleral reflection can be achieved; if such alternative reference illuminator is available, it is selected and the centricity of the corneo-scleral glint is reassessed; if no improvement to the centricity is achieved using the alternative reference illuminator, reversion to the initially selected reference illuminator takes place.
- This procedure may be refined by taking into account the magnitude of the reflection's deviation from the pupil center; for instance, a relatively small deviation may not motivate use of an alternative
- step d On completion of step d), a combination of an active reference illuminator and an active camera has been selected.
- the centricity of the corneo-scleral reflection (step d)) is reassessed regularly, and this may provoke a decision to switch to another reference illuminator.
- a delay D of suitable duration (which the skilled person should be able to determine by routine experimentation) is provided between repetitions of step d). The delay causes an intermittent repetition of step d). Choosing a longer delay D eases the computational load, but deteriorates the accuracy of the eye tracker.
- step e the image quality metric is evaluated for the selected combination, in step e), at regular intervals (such as after every completion of step d) or after every 2 nd , 5 th , 10 th or 20 th completion). If the image quality is greater than or equal to a predetermined level, then the intermittent repetition of step d) is resumed.
- step d If however the image quality metric is below the predetermined level although updating of the reference illuminator selection (step d)) has been effected, then the camera selection is revised by repeating steps c) and d). Immediately after such repetition, in step e′), the image quality metric is evaluated again. If the image quality metric is still below the predetermined level, then the selection of imaging mode is revised by repeating steps b), c) and d); otherwise, the method resumes the intermittent repetition of step d).
- the arrangement 1200 comprises first and second cameras 1210 , 1212 and first, second, third and fourth reference illuminators 1220 , 1222 , 1224 and 1226 .
- the combination of camera 1210 and illuminator 1220 is coaxial, as is the combination of camera 1212 and illuminator 1222 .
- the other six combinations are non-coaxial.
- Nodes b 1 , c 1 , c 2 , d 1 , d 2 , d 3 and d 4 symbolise decision points; an arrow symbolises a decision to select an imaging mode (on the top level), a camera (on the middle level) or an illuminator (on the lowest level); and the leaves symbolise a complete combination of an active camera and an illuminator, as indicated.
- the first decision point b 1 is whether to use the bright-pupil (BP) or dark-pupil (DP) imaging mode. If the bright-pupil mode is chosen, the method moves to decision point c 1 , at which the most suitable of the first camera 1210 and the second camera 1212 is selected.
- BP bright-pupil
- DP dark-pupil
- the selection is updated by climbing one level up in the tree.
- the selection of a reference illuminator is trivial in the case of bright-pupil imaging, but at decision point d 3 for instance, there is a choice between the second, third and fourth illuminators 1222 , 1224 , 1226 .
- the second illuminator 1222 is likely to give the most centric corneal reflection for tracking a central gaze direction, whereas the third and fourth illuminators 1224 , 1226 are probably suitable for lateral gaze directions.
- the switching may be performed by a simple control mechanism. If evaluation of the image quality metric reveals that updating of the active illuminator selection cannot provide sufficient image quality, the middle decision level is resumed (backwards along the arrows of the decision tree) and possibly the top level as well, should the image quality not have improved sufficiently.
- the method of equipping a visual display with reference illuminators for gaze tracking may be performed with respect to other visual displays than those mentioned herein, such as a plasma-discharge panel, once the principles of the method have been studied and correctly understood.
- the placement of the reference illuminators in relation to translucent and opaque elements of the display is a notable example of such principles.
- a single processor or other unit may fulfil the functions of several items received in the claims.
- a computer program may be stored or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 |
Transmittance of LCD layers, as a function |
of wavelength (λ) |
Transmittance | Transmittance of TFT | |
λ (nm) | of TFT layer | layer and diffuser |
780 | 0.12 | 0.053 |
830 | 0.14 | 0.064 |
850 | 0.15 | 0.069 |
910 | 0.19 | 0.088 |
940 | 0.20 | 0.091 |
970 | 0.22 | 0.100 |
-
- a) red LEDs are active, liquid-crystal panel displays the red image component;
- b) green LEDs are active, liquid-crystal panel displays the green image component; and
- c) blue LEDs are active, liquid-crystal panel displays the blue image component.
The phases need not be performed in this order. With sufficient synchronisation and suitably tuned parameters (notably the duration of each phase), the retinal image formed in the eye of a person watching such display will be perceived as a single, non-flickering color image.
TABLE 2 |
Reference numerals of FIG. 3 when showing |
a modified |
314a | |
|
316a | |
|
314b | |
|
| reference illuminator | |
314c | |
|
316c | |
|
314d | |
|
320 | cyclically alternating liquid- | |
crystal panel not containing | ||
colored absorption filters | ||
-
- a′) as phase a) above;
- b′) as phase b) above;
- c′) as phase c) above; and
- d′) reference illuminator(s) active, liquid-crystal panel maximally transmissive (‘blanked’).
X′=[Proj·ReflT(E)](X),
where
- Proj is a perspective projection (which in homogeneous coordinates is a linear mapping) known through camera calibration;
- E is an ellipsoid representing the corneal surface, known through personal calibration of the test subject while focusing sample points;
- T is a rigid transformation which reflects the actual position and orientation of the ellipsoid;
- X is a coordinate vector for an illuminator known through the predetermined illuminator arrangement; and
- X′ is a coordinate vector for the camera image of the same illuminator.
The reflection map ReflT(E) (which is determined by the assumptions of rectilinear propagation of light and of equality between angles of incidence and reflection; in computer-graphics terminology it is an ‘environment map’) depends parametrically on T(E) which, in turn, is a function of the actual position and orientation T of the cornea. When T(E) is found, such that
Proj−1(X′)=ReflT(E)(X)
holds true (this equation is equivalent to the previous one), the position and orientation of the eye are known, and the gaze vector can be determined in a straightforward manner. The parameters specifying the mappings Proj and ReflT(E) can be estimated by considering pairs of known object and image points (X,X′), preferably the reference illuminators and their images under reflection in the cornea. Once the mappings are known, it is possible to find counterparts of object points in the image and vice versa; particularly, the location of the pupil center can be mapped to the image to provide an approximate gaze point.
where p<1 (the ellipsoid is prolate), X is the dorso-ventral coordinate and y is the vertical coordinate. An ellipsoid having this shape is shown in
The arc SPS in
r s(y)=√{square root over (r D
where y is the height coordinate of point P. The tangential radius of curvature, as measured on the arc TPT in the plane of the drawing, is defined as
Points CS and CT are the respective centers of sagittal and tangential curvature at P. Because E is a surface of revolution, A:(0,0) is an umbilical point, at which both radii of curvature are equal to the minimal radius rD. The described model is valid in the corneal portion of the eye, whereas the sclera has an approximately spherical shape. Typical values of the minimal radius and the eccentricity are rD=7.8 mm and p=0.7, but vary between individual corneae. To achieve optimal accuracy, these constants may be determined for each test subject in a calibration step prior to the gaze tracking. The calibration step may also include determining the distance from the pupil center to the corresponding center CD of corneal curvature and the angular deviation between the visual and optic axes of the eye. It is noted that the spherical model is obtained as a special case by setting p=1 in the formulas above; as an immediate consequence hereof, the sagittal and tangential radii are equal.
{right arrow over (OU)}={right arrow over (v S)}+{right arrow over (v T)},
{right arrow over (LO)}={right arrow over (w S)}+{right arrow over (w T)},
the following groups of co-planar vectors are obtained: {right arrow over (CSP)},{right arrow over (vS)},{right arrow over (ws)} and {right arrow over (CTP)},{right arrow over (vT)},{right arrow over (wT)}. The calculations can then be continued in a manner similar to that disclosed in the article.
TABLE 3 |
Image quality factors |
NbrPupils | The number of pupils detected by the | ||
camera. Two detected pupils are | |||
preferred to one or none. | |||
GazeDetNoise | If the test subject fixates a number of | ||
visible points in a calibration process, | |||
then parameters can be set to such | |||
values that the expected divergence from | |||
the true point locations is zero. The | |||
gaze-detection noise after this process | |||
can be expressed as a statistical | |||
measure (such as variance, standard | |||
deviation, maximal value etc.) of the | |||
divergence. A lower gaze-detection noise | |||
is preferred. | |||
PupilContrast | The difference in luminance of a region | ||
of the pupil and a region of the iris. | |||
Preferably, the regions are located | |||
centrally in the pupil and the iris, | |||
respectively, and the luminance values | |||
are averaged over the regions. A greater | |||
pupil contrast is preferred. | |||
IrisGradient | Off-axis regions in a camera's field of | ||
view may have a lower (effective) | |||
resolution than central regions. The | |||
magnitude of the gradient at the pupil- | |||
iris boundary is taken as a measure of | |||
the resolution. A greater magnitude of | |||
the gradient is preferred. | |||
Obstacles | The pupil-iris boundary may be obscured | ||
by the presence of obstacles, such as | |||
eye-lashes, non-transparent parts of eye | |||
glasses, reflections from eye-glass | |||
lenses, glints, eyebrows, nose and the | |||
like. It is noted that the most centric | |||
glint may lie on the pupil-iris boundary | |||
and be detrimental to the pupil finding; | |||
in such circumstances, it may be better | |||
to use the illuminator that gives the | |||
next most centric glint. The absence of | |||
obstacles is preferred. | |||
SNR | A signal-to-noise ratio can be defined | ||
by taking PupilContrast (see above) as a | |||
measure of the signal intensity and the | |||
standard deviation at the center of the | |||
pupil, which is a normally a monochrome | |||
region, as a measure of the noise. A | |||
higher signal-to-noise ratio is | |||
preferred. | |||
Image Quality−a 1 NbrPupils+a 2GazeDetNoise+a 3PupilContrast+a 4Iris Gradient+a 5Obsacles+a 6SNR
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/750,967 US8220926B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2010-03-31 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US13/465,245 US8562136B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2012-05-07 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/030,111 US9244170B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2013-09-18 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/585,586 US9194952B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2014-12-30 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/005,198 US9632180B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2016-01-25 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/483,298 US10191542B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2017-04-10 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US16/229,165 US20190302882A1 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2018-12-21 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16555809P | 2009-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | |
EP09157106 | 2009-04-01 | ||
EP09157106.7 | 2009-04-01 | ||
EP09157106.7A EP2236074B1 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US12/750,967 US8220926B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2010-03-31 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/465,245 Division US8562136B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2012-05-07 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/030,111 Division US9244170B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2013-09-18 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20110069277A1 US20110069277A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
US8220926B2 true US8220926B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
Family
ID=40910753
Family Applications (6)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/750,967 Active US8220926B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2010-03-31 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US13/465,245 Active US8562136B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2012-05-07 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/030,111 Active 2030-05-22 US9244170B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2013-09-18 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/585,586 Active US9194952B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2014-12-30 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/005,198 Active US9632180B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2016-01-25 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/483,298 Active US10191542B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2017-04-10 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
Family Applications After (5)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/465,245 Active US8562136B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2012-05-07 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/030,111 Active 2030-05-22 US9244170B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2013-09-18 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US14/585,586 Active US9194952B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2014-12-30 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/005,198 Active US9632180B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2016-01-25 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US15/483,298 Active US10191542B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2017-04-10 | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (6) | US8220926B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2236074B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2880475T3 (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120327101A1 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2012-12-27 | Tobii Technology Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US8885877B2 (en) | 2011-05-20 | 2014-11-11 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for identifying gaze tracking scene reference locations |
US8890946B2 (en) | 2010-03-01 | 2014-11-18 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for spatially controlled scene illumination |
US8911087B2 (en) | 2011-05-20 | 2014-12-16 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for measuring reactions of head, eyes, eyelids and pupils |
US8929589B2 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2015-01-06 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for high-resolution gaze tracking |
US20160095511A1 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-07 | Fujitsu Limited | Eye gaze detecting device and eye gaze detection method |
US20160166140A1 (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-06-16 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Device for and method of corneal imaging |
US9405120B2 (en) | 2014-11-19 | 2016-08-02 | Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh | Head-up display and vehicle using the same |
US9612656B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 | 2017-04-04 | Facebook, Inc. | Systems and methods of eye tracking control on mobile device |
US9678567B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2017-06-13 | Avaya Inc. | Indication of eye tracking information during real-time communications |
US10017114B2 (en) | 2014-02-19 | 2018-07-10 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Vehicle vision system with display |
US10039445B1 (en) | 2004-04-01 | 2018-08-07 | Google Llc | Biosensors, communicators, and controllers monitoring eye movement and methods for using them |
US10324297B2 (en) | 2015-11-30 | 2019-06-18 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Heads up display system for vehicle |
US10401621B2 (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2019-09-03 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Display unit for vehicle head-up display system |
US20210373340A1 (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2021-12-02 | Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation | Incorporating components inside optical stacks of headmounted devices |
US11627262B2 (en) | 2019-11-04 | 2023-04-11 | Fotonation Limited | Handheld computing device |
Families Citing this family (92)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8750578B2 (en) | 2008-01-29 | 2014-06-10 | DigitalOptics Corporation Europe Limited | Detecting facial expressions in digital images |
ATE527934T1 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2011-10-15 | Tobii Technology Ab | ADAPTIVE CAMERA AND ILLUMINATOR EYE TRACKER |
US20190302882A1 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2019-10-03 | Tobii Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US9237844B2 (en) * | 2010-03-22 | 2016-01-19 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | System and method for tracking the point of gaze of an observer |
WO2012055444A1 (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | IT-Universitetet i København | Method of determining reflections of light |
US8836777B2 (en) * | 2011-02-25 | 2014-09-16 | DigitalOptics Corporation Europe Limited | Automatic detection of vertical gaze using an embedded imaging device |
US9239142B2 (en) * | 2011-06-14 | 2016-01-19 | Osram Sylvania Inc. | Edge-lit light fixture incorporating a downlight and having a uniform external appearance |
DE102011055967B4 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2016-03-10 | Seereal Technologies S.A. | Measuring method and device for carrying out the measuring method |
US8955973B2 (en) * | 2012-01-06 | 2015-02-17 | Google Inc. | Method and system for input detection using structured light projection |
CN104159498A (en) * | 2012-01-10 | 2014-11-19 | 迪吉塔尔视觉有限责任公司 | A refractometer with a remote wavefront generator |
EP2658250A1 (en) * | 2012-04-26 | 2013-10-30 | Sony Mobile Communications AB | Screen camera |
KR20130121303A (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-11-06 | 한국전자통신연구원 | System and method for gaze tracking at a distance |
WO2014021169A1 (en) * | 2012-07-31 | 2014-02-06 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | Point of gaze detection device, point of gaze detection method, individual parameter computation device, individual parameter computation method, program, and computer-readable recording medium |
US9575960B1 (en) * | 2012-09-17 | 2017-02-21 | Amazon Technologies, Inc. | Auditory enhancement using word analysis |
US9265458B2 (en) | 2012-12-04 | 2016-02-23 | Sync-Think, Inc. | Application of smooth pursuit cognitive testing paradigms to clinical drug development |
SE536990C2 (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2014-11-25 | Crunchfish Ab | Improved tracking of an object for controlling a non-touch user interface |
US9699433B2 (en) | 2013-01-24 | 2017-07-04 | Yuchen Zhou | Method and apparatus to produce re-focusable vision with detecting re-focusing event from human eye |
US9380976B2 (en) | 2013-03-11 | 2016-07-05 | Sync-Think, Inc. | Optical neuroinformatics |
GB2511868B (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2020-07-15 | Tobii Ab | Eye/gaze tracker and method of tracking the position of an eye and/or a gaze point of a subject |
US20140313308A1 (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-10-23 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for tracking gaze based on camera array |
WO2014181775A1 (en) * | 2013-05-08 | 2014-11-13 | 国立大学法人静岡大学 | Pupil detection light source device, pupil detection device and pupil detection method |
WO2014188727A1 (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2014-11-27 | 国立大学法人神戸大学 | Line-of-sight measurement device, line-of-sight measurement method and line-of-sight measurement program |
US9113036B2 (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2015-08-18 | Ebay Inc. | Methods, systems, and apparatus for providing video communications |
CN103366381A (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2013-10-23 | 山东大学 | Sight line tracking correcting method based on space position |
KR101882594B1 (en) | 2013-09-03 | 2018-07-26 | 토비 에이비 | Portable eye tracking device |
US10310597B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 | 2019-06-04 | Tobii Ab | Portable eye tracking device |
US10686972B2 (en) | 2013-09-03 | 2020-06-16 | Tobii Ab | Gaze assisted field of view control |
WO2015038810A2 (en) | 2013-09-11 | 2015-03-19 | Firima Inc. | User interface based on optical sensing and tracking of user's eye movement and position |
EP3048949B1 (en) | 2013-09-24 | 2019-11-20 | Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. | Gaze tracking variations using dynamic lighting position |
US9781360B2 (en) | 2013-09-24 | 2017-10-03 | Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. | Gaze tracking variations using selective illumination |
US9480397B2 (en) | 2013-09-24 | 2016-11-01 | Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. | Gaze tracking variations using visible lights or dots |
WO2015070182A2 (en) * | 2013-11-09 | 2015-05-14 | Firima Inc. | Optical eye tracking |
KR101855196B1 (en) | 2013-11-27 | 2018-06-08 | 선전 구딕스 테크놀로지 컴퍼니, 리미티드 | Eye tracking and user reaction detection |
JP6256165B2 (en) | 2014-04-09 | 2018-01-10 | 富士通株式会社 | Gaze detection device, gaze detection program, and gaze detection method |
US9983668B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 | 2018-05-29 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Gaze detector using reference frames in media |
US20150346814A1 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2015-12-03 | Vaibhav Thukral | Gaze tracking for one or more users |
CN104391574A (en) * | 2014-11-14 | 2015-03-04 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Sight processing method, sight processing system, terminal equipment and wearable equipment |
WO2016097919A1 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2016-06-23 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Gaze tracking system with calibration improvement, accuracy compensation, and gaze localization smoothing |
RU2596062C1 (en) | 2015-03-20 | 2016-08-27 | Автономная Некоммерческая Образовательная Организация Высшего Профессионального Образования "Сколковский Институт Науки И Технологий" | Method for correction of eye image using machine learning and method of machine learning |
US10043281B2 (en) | 2015-06-14 | 2018-08-07 | Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. | Apparatus and method for estimating eye gaze location |
US10061383B1 (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2018-08-28 | Mirametrix Inc. | Multi-feature gaze tracking system and method |
EP3369034B1 (en) | 2015-10-26 | 2023-07-05 | RealD Spark, LLC | Intelligent privacy system, apparatus, and method thereof |
WO2017120247A1 (en) | 2016-01-05 | 2017-07-13 | Reald Spark, Llc | Gaze correction of multi-view images |
EP3458897A4 (en) | 2016-05-19 | 2019-11-06 | RealD Spark, LLC | Wide angle imaging directional backlights |
US10425635B2 (en) | 2016-05-23 | 2019-09-24 | Reald Spark, Llc | Wide angle imaging directional backlights |
CN106405933B (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2019-08-13 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | Backlight module and liquid crystal display device |
US10401638B2 (en) | 2017-01-04 | 2019-09-03 | Reald Spark, Llc | Optical stack for imaging directional backlights |
EP3607387A4 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2020-11-25 | RealD Spark, LLC | Segmented imaging directional backlights |
WO2018208619A1 (en) | 2017-05-08 | 2018-11-15 | Reald Spark, Llc | Optical stack for directional display |
US10126575B1 (en) | 2017-05-08 | 2018-11-13 | Reald Spark, Llc | Optical stack for privacy display |
EP4293574A3 (en) | 2017-08-08 | 2024-04-03 | RealD Spark, LLC | Adjusting a digital representation of a head region |
US10976811B2 (en) * | 2017-08-11 | 2021-04-13 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Eye-tracking with MEMS scanning and reflected light |
TW201921060A (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2019-06-01 | 美商瑞爾D斯帕克有限責任公司 | Optical stack for switchable directional display |
US10948648B2 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2021-03-16 | Reald Spark, Llc | Backlights having stacked waveguide and optical components with different coefficients of friction |
WO2019090246A1 (en) | 2017-11-06 | 2019-05-09 | Reald Spark, Llc | Privacy display apparatus |
US10474916B2 (en) | 2017-11-20 | 2019-11-12 | Ashok Krishnan | Training of vehicles to improve autonomous capabilities |
AU2018267553B2 (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2019-08-22 | Ashok Krishnan | Systems and methods to train vehicles |
EP3743766A4 (en) | 2018-01-25 | 2021-12-22 | RealD Spark, LLC | Touch screen for privacy display |
JP7291444B2 (en) | 2018-01-25 | 2023-06-15 | リアルディー スパーク エルエルシー | Display device and viewing angle control optical element |
CN112075076B (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2023-05-02 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Light guide for directional backlight |
US10534982B2 (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2020-01-14 | Tobii Ab | Neural network training for three dimensional (3D) gaze prediction with calibration parameters |
US10725538B2 (en) | 2018-06-19 | 2020-07-28 | Igt | Interacting with game elements using eye movement tracking |
US11079645B2 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2021-08-03 | Reald Spark, Llc | Stabilization for privacy display |
US11073735B2 (en) | 2018-07-18 | 2021-07-27 | Reald Spark, Llc | Optical stack for switchable directional display |
TWI704501B (en) * | 2018-08-09 | 2020-09-11 | 宏碁股份有限公司 | Electronic apparatus operated by head movement and operation method thereof |
US11106103B2 (en) | 2018-10-03 | 2021-08-31 | Reald Spark, Llc | Privacy display apparatus controlled in response to environment of apparatus |
CN117311038A (en) | 2018-11-07 | 2023-12-29 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Directional display device |
SE542553C2 (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2020-06-02 | Tobii Ab | Gaze tracking via tracing of light paths |
CN113228154A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2021-08-06 | 堺显示器制品株式会社 | Corrected image generation system, image control program, and recording medium |
CN113508334A (en) | 2019-01-07 | 2021-10-15 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Optical stack for privacy displays |
US11861941B1 (en) * | 2019-02-06 | 2024-01-02 | Apple Inc. | Eye camera systems with polarized light |
US11326763B1 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2022-05-10 | Apple Inc. | Light-emitting diodes with optical filters |
CN113646695A (en) | 2019-02-12 | 2021-11-12 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Diffuser for a privacy display |
TW202102883A (en) | 2019-07-02 | 2021-01-16 | 美商瑞爾D斯帕克有限責任公司 | Directional display apparatus |
US11099447B2 (en) | 2019-08-02 | 2021-08-24 | Reald Spark, Llc | Optical stack for privacy display |
CN114730549A (en) | 2019-10-02 | 2022-07-08 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Privacy display device |
US11733578B2 (en) | 2019-11-13 | 2023-08-22 | ReaID Spark, LLC | Display device with uniform off-axis luminance reduction |
WO2021118936A1 (en) | 2019-12-10 | 2021-06-17 | Reald Spark, Llc | Control of reflections of a display device |
WO2021126707A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | Reald Spark, Llc | Control of ambient light for a privacy display |
US11828944B1 (en) | 2020-04-09 | 2023-11-28 | Apple Inc. | Head-mounted device with optical module illumination systems |
CN115997146A (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2023-04-21 | 瑞尔D斯帕克有限责任公司 | Directional display device |
EP4143041A1 (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2023-03-08 | RealD Spark, LLC | Directional display apparatus |
US11506939B2 (en) | 2020-04-30 | 2022-11-22 | Reald Spark, Llc | Directional display apparatus |
EP4189285A1 (en) | 2020-07-29 | 2023-06-07 | RealD Spark, LLC | Backlight for switchable directional display |
TW202204818A (en) | 2020-07-29 | 2022-02-01 | 美商瑞爾D斯帕克有限責任公司 | Pupillated illumination apparatus |
US11928257B2 (en) * | 2021-02-17 | 2024-03-12 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method and electronic device for tracking eye |
US11503998B1 (en) | 2021-05-05 | 2022-11-22 | Innodem Neurosciences | Method and a system for detection of eye gaze-pattern abnormalities and related neurological diseases |
US11397465B1 (en) * | 2021-05-17 | 2022-07-26 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Glint-based eye tracker illumination using dual-sided and dual-layered architectures |
CN113867526A (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2021-12-31 | 纵深视觉科技(南京)有限责任公司 | Optimized display method, device, equipment and medium based on human eye tracking |
US11861805B2 (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2024-01-02 | Sony Group Corporation | Eyeball positioning for 3D head modeling |
US11892717B2 (en) | 2021-09-30 | 2024-02-06 | Reald Spark, Llc | Marks for privacy display |
WO2023196440A1 (en) | 2022-04-07 | 2023-10-12 | Reald Spark, Llc | Directional display apparatus |
Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4772885A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1988-09-20 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Liquid crystal color display device |
US20030123027A1 (en) | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | System and method for eye gaze tracking using corneal image mapping |
WO2005046465A1 (en) | 2003-11-14 | 2005-05-26 | Queen's University At Kingston | Method and apparatus for calibration-free eye tracking |
US20060239670A1 (en) | 2005-04-04 | 2006-10-26 | Dixon Cleveland | Explicit raytracing for gimbal-based gazepoint trackers |
US20080079687A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | LCD touchscreen panel with external optical path |
US20080122792A1 (en) | 2006-11-27 | 2008-05-29 | Microsoft Corporation | Communication with a Touch Screen |
WO2008066460A1 (en) | 2006-11-29 | 2008-06-05 | Tobii Technology Ab | Eye tracking illumination |
US20090027336A1 (en) | 2007-07-23 | 2009-01-29 | Sunplus Mmedia Inc. | Remote controlled positioning system, control system and display device thereof |
WO2009027773A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Ab | Portable communication device having a near-infrared touch input display |
EP2037352A2 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2009-03-18 | Multitouch OY | Interactive display |
US20090073142A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 | 2009-03-19 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Touch panel |
US7513620B2 (en) * | 2004-06-17 | 2009-04-07 | Amo Manufacturing Usa, Llc | Correction of presbyopia using adaptive optics and associated methods |
US7808587B2 (en) * | 2007-09-05 | 2010-10-05 | Sony Corporation | Liquid crystal display apparatus and liquid crystal panel |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060033992A1 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2006-02-16 | Solomon Dennis J | Advanced integrated scanning focal immersive visual display |
US20040130783A1 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2004-07-08 | Solomon Dennis J | Visual display with full accommodation |
JPH09274184A (en) | 1996-04-04 | 1997-10-21 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | Lens film and surface light source device using it |
US6943754B2 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2005-09-13 | The Boeing Company | Gaze tracking system, eye-tracking assembly and an associated method of calibration |
US7963652B2 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2011-06-21 | Queen's University At Kingston | Method and apparatus for calibration-free eye tracking |
ES2880475T3 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2021-11-24 | Tobii Ab | Visual representation system with illuminators for gaze tracking |
EP2309307B1 (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2020-12-09 | Tobii Technology AB | Eye tracking using a GPU |
CA2796519A1 (en) * | 2010-04-16 | 2011-10-20 | Flex Lighting Ii, Llc | Illumination device comprising a film-based lightguide |
-
2009
- 2009-04-01 ES ES09157106T patent/ES2880475T3/en active Active
- 2009-04-01 EP EP09157106.7A patent/EP2236074B1/en active Active
-
2010
- 2010-03-31 US US12/750,967 patent/US8220926B2/en active Active
-
2012
- 2012-05-07 US US13/465,245 patent/US8562136B2/en active Active
-
2013
- 2013-09-18 US US14/030,111 patent/US9244170B2/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-12-30 US US14/585,586 patent/US9194952B2/en active Active
-
2016
- 2016-01-25 US US15/005,198 patent/US9632180B2/en active Active
-
2017
- 2017-04-10 US US15/483,298 patent/US10191542B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4772885A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1988-09-20 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Liquid crystal color display device |
US20030123027A1 (en) | 2001-12-28 | 2003-07-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | System and method for eye gaze tracking using corneal image mapping |
WO2005046465A1 (en) | 2003-11-14 | 2005-05-26 | Queen's University At Kingston | Method and apparatus for calibration-free eye tracking |
US7513620B2 (en) * | 2004-06-17 | 2009-04-07 | Amo Manufacturing Usa, Llc | Correction of presbyopia using adaptive optics and associated methods |
US20060239670A1 (en) | 2005-04-04 | 2006-10-26 | Dixon Cleveland | Explicit raytracing for gimbal-based gazepoint trackers |
US20080079687A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | LCD touchscreen panel with external optical path |
US20080122792A1 (en) | 2006-11-27 | 2008-05-29 | Microsoft Corporation | Communication with a Touch Screen |
WO2008066460A1 (en) | 2006-11-29 | 2008-06-05 | Tobii Technology Ab | Eye tracking illumination |
US20090027336A1 (en) | 2007-07-23 | 2009-01-29 | Sunplus Mmedia Inc. | Remote controlled positioning system, control system and display device thereof |
WO2009027773A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-05 | Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Ab | Portable communication device having a near-infrared touch input display |
US7808587B2 (en) * | 2007-09-05 | 2010-10-05 | Sony Corporation | Liquid crystal display apparatus and liquid crystal panel |
EP2037352A2 (en) | 2007-09-12 | 2009-03-18 | Multitouch OY | Interactive display |
US20090073142A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 | 2009-03-19 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Touch panel |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
Guestrin, et al. "General Theory of Remote Gaze Estimation Using the Pupil Center and Corneal Reflections" IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 53, No. 6, Jun. 2006; pp. 1124-1133. |
Nishino et al. "Corneal Imaging System: Environment from Eyes" International Journal of Computer Vision 70(1). 23-40, Apr. 1, 2006. |
Wang, et al. "The Innovative color LCD by using three color bank scrolling backlights" SPIE vol. 7232; pp. G1-G11, Jun. 2006. |
Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10039445B1 (en) | 2004-04-01 | 2018-08-07 | Google Llc | Biosensors, communicators, and controllers monitoring eye movement and methods for using them |
US9194952B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2015-11-24 | Tobii Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US9632180B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2017-04-25 | Tobii Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US20120327101A1 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2012-12-27 | Tobii Technology Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US9244170B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2016-01-26 | Tobii Technology Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US10191542B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2019-01-29 | Tobii Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US8562136B2 (en) * | 2009-04-01 | 2013-10-22 | Tobii Technology Ab | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking |
US8890946B2 (en) | 2010-03-01 | 2014-11-18 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for spatially controlled scene illumination |
US8911087B2 (en) | 2011-05-20 | 2014-12-16 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for measuring reactions of head, eyes, eyelids and pupils |
US8885877B2 (en) | 2011-05-20 | 2014-11-11 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for identifying gaze tracking scene reference locations |
US8929589B2 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2015-01-06 | Eyefluence, Inc. | Systems and methods for high-resolution gaze tracking |
US9612656B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 | 2017-04-04 | Facebook, Inc. | Systems and methods of eye tracking control on mobile device |
US9952666B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 | 2018-04-24 | Facebook, Inc. | Systems and methods of eye tracking control on mobile device |
US10017114B2 (en) | 2014-02-19 | 2018-07-10 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Vehicle vision system with display |
US10315573B2 (en) | 2014-02-19 | 2019-06-11 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Method for displaying information to vehicle driver |
US9678567B2 (en) | 2014-07-16 | 2017-06-13 | Avaya Inc. | Indication of eye tracking information during real-time communications |
US9913578B2 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2018-03-13 | Fujitsu Limited | Eye gaze detecting device and eye gaze detection method |
US20160095511A1 (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-07 | Fujitsu Limited | Eye gaze detecting device and eye gaze detection method |
US9405120B2 (en) | 2014-11-19 | 2016-08-02 | Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh | Head-up display and vehicle using the same |
US20160166140A1 (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-06-16 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Device for and method of corneal imaging |
US9622654B2 (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2017-04-18 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Device for and method of corneal imaging |
US10324297B2 (en) | 2015-11-30 | 2019-06-18 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Heads up display system for vehicle |
US10401621B2 (en) | 2016-04-19 | 2019-09-03 | Magna Electronics Inc. | Display unit for vehicle head-up display system |
US20210373340A1 (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2021-12-02 | Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation | Incorporating components inside optical stacks of headmounted devices |
US11627262B2 (en) | 2019-11-04 | 2023-04-11 | Fotonation Limited | Handheld computing device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20170220107A1 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
US9632180B2 (en) | 2017-04-25 |
US9244170B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 |
US9194952B2 (en) | 2015-11-24 |
EP2236074B1 (en) | 2021-05-26 |
US20120327101A1 (en) | 2012-12-27 |
US8562136B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 |
US20160139268A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
US10191542B2 (en) | 2019-01-29 |
EP2236074A1 (en) | 2010-10-06 |
ES2880475T3 (en) | 2021-11-24 |
US20140062868A1 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
US20150136990A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
US20110069277A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10191542B2 (en) | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking | |
US20190302882A1 (en) | Visual display with illuminators for gaze tracking | |
RU2709389C2 (en) | Display with reduced visual discomfort | |
US10314484B2 (en) | Adaptive camera and illuminator eyetracker | |
KR102296369B1 (en) | Retinal Imaging-Based Eye Tracker with Light-Guiding Optics | |
US10552676B2 (en) | Methods and devices for eye tracking based on depth sensing | |
US10154254B2 (en) | Time-of-flight depth sensing for eye tracking | |
US10162182B2 (en) | Enhanced pixel resolution through non-uniform ocular projection | |
CN112558751A (en) | Sight tracking method of intelligent glasses based on MEMS and optical waveguide lens | |
US10307057B2 (en) | Eye imaging apparatus | |
US11675206B1 (en) | Display with a resolution enhanced region | |
US11307347B2 (en) | Display illumination using a wedge waveguide | |
CN110420008A (en) | For determining component, computer program, system and the external member of correcting lens | |
US11391948B2 (en) | Display illumination using a grating | |
US11635807B1 (en) | Full field retinal imaging system for characterization of eye trackers | |
US20230148959A1 (en) | Devices and Methods for Sensing Brain Blood Flow Using Head Mounted Display Devices | |
US8061839B2 (en) | Device and method for vision test | |
US11726365B1 (en) | Optical assembly for providing koehller illumination to a display |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: TOBII TECHNOLOGY AB, SWEDEN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BLIXT, PETER;HOGLUND, ANDERS;ELVESJO, JOHN;REEL/FRAME:025380/0464 Effective date: 20100917 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: PAT HOLDER NO LONGER CLAIMS SMALL ENTITY STATUS, ENTITY STATUS SET TO UNDISCOUNTED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: STOL); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: TOBII AB, SWEDEN Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:TOBII TECHNOLOGY AB;REEL/FRAME:042980/0766 Effective date: 20150206 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 8TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1552); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 12TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1553); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 12 |