US8183300B2 - Method for producing nanoparticles of a selected size - Google Patents
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- US8183300B2 US8183300B2 US12/378,116 US37811609A US8183300B2 US 8183300 B2 US8183300 B2 US 8183300B2 US 37811609 A US37811609 A US 37811609A US 8183300 B2 US8183300 B2 US 8183300B2
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- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/14—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/32—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation or hydrolysis of elements or compounds in the liquid or solid state or in non-aqueous solution, e.g. sol-gel process
- C01B13/328—Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general by oxidation or hydrolysis of elements or compounds in the liquid or solid state or in non-aqueous solution, e.g. sol-gel process by processes making use of emulsions, e.g. the kerosine process
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/18—Preparation of finely divided silica neither in sol nor in gel form; After-treatment thereof
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/59—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing silicon
- C09K11/592—Chalcogenides
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/87—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing platina group metals
- C09K11/873—Chalcogenides
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- C09K2211/185—Metal complexes of the platinum group, i.e. Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh or Pd
Definitions
- silica-based nanoparticles affects their physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties.
- micrometer sized silica particles have been used as catalyst substrates, pigments, stationary phase in chromatography columns, etc.
- nanometer sized silica nanoparticles have developed rapidly and become an important class of nanomaterial. By themselves, the size-dependent properties of pure, nanoscale silica nanoparticles are not remarkable. However, when these nanoparticles are combined with various functional molecules, the impact of size becomes significant—especially for analysis applications.
- the role of silica nanoparticles in these cases is usually as a supporting or entrapping matrix. Two major reasons make silica a useful matrix in this regard and particularly relevant in bioapplications.
- silica nanoparticles is easily modified based on well-established chemistry. With appropriate surface and internal functionality, these nanoparticles can be linked to a variety of biorecognition agents in many different ways (e.g., antibodies, protein complexes, nucleic acids, etc.).
- biorecognition agents e.g., antibodies, protein complexes, nucleic acids, etc.
- the negatively-charged silica matrix itself provides numerous electrostatic binding sites to physically dope (i.e., adsorb) a wide variety of positively-charged molecules. When doped with bioactive molecules and medicines, these nanoparticles can serve as drug delivery vehicles capable of controlling the quantity and time of release. When doped with dye molecules, these nanoparticles become intensely luminescent reagents capable of sensitively signaling biological targets.
- the common methods of synthesizing silica nanoparticles are the Stöber method and the water-in-oil microemulsion method. Although these methods have led to production of nanoparticles of various sizes, the sizes are limited, discrete, and not precisely tunable on a continuous range.
- a method for producing nanoparticles of a selected size includes selecting an organic solvent based upon a molar volume of the organic solvent, the selected nanoparticle size, and a known relationship between the molar volume and the selected nanoparticle size, and producing nanoparticles having the selected size in a water-in-oil microemulsion comprising the selected organic solvent.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates the effect of organic solvents of various sizes on the dynamic size of a water droplet in a water-in-oil microemulsion.
- FIG. 3 shows transmission electron microscope images of nanoparticles synthesized with various organic solvents in a quaternary water-in-oil microemulsion system.
- FIG. 4 shows transmission electron microscope images of nanoparticles synthesized with various organic solvents in a ternary water-in-oil microemulsion system.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the average nanoparticle diameters produced from varying mixtures of organic solvents cyclohexane and n-hexadecane.
- the methods of the present disclosure are based on the discovery that nanoparticle size can be controlled by the particular organic solvent or blend or organic solvents used in a water-in-oil microemulsion synthesis process.
- molar volume of the organic solvent/s has a relationship to the resulting nanoparticle size.
- a method of producing nanoparticles of a selected or desired size in a water-in-oil microemulsion includes selecting an organic solvent for use in the microemulsion based upon the molar volume of the solvent and a known relationship between the molar volume and the selected or desired nanoparticle size.
- a precise and continuous range of nanoparticle sizes may be produced based on an average molar volume of two or more solvents selected for the microemulsion, rather than limited by the specific molar volume of just one solvent.
- molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of an organic solvent molecule at a given temperature and pressure, and will increase with an increase in the alkane chain length, or the molecular size, of the molecule.
- the size of the nanoparticle produced in a water-in-oil microemulsion can be precisely controlled based on the alkane chain length of the organic solvent or solvents used in the microemulsion, with larger nanoparticles produced as the alkane chain length and molar volume increases as described in more detail below.
- a water-in-oil microemulsion is an isotropic and thermodynamically stable single-phase solution. It consists of a small amount of water, a large volume of organic solvent (oil), and a surfactant. The surfactant molecules lower the interfacial tension between water and the organic solvent, resulting in the formation of a transparent solution.
- Water droplets are formed in the bulk organic solvent and serve as nanoreactors for the synthesis of nanoparticles from various precursors.
- Tetraethylorthosilicate is a typical water soluble precursor for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles. Upon the polymerization of tetraethylorthosilicate, a silica core is formed in the water droplet.
- Nanoparticles are not limited to silica based particles and other like materials may be used such as tetra-tert-butyl orthotitanate for forming titanium dioxide nanoparticles, as an example.
- the organic solvent often an alkane, is an essential component to form a stable water-in-oil microemulsion. It was surprisingly discovered that the molecular size or molar volume of the organic solvent molecule has an important effect on the size of the nanoparticle. Prior to this discovery, parameters such as the water to surfactant ratio, the type of surfactant used, the amount of tetraethylorthosilicate, and the amount of catalyst (such as ammonia hydroxide) were altered to produce nanoparticles of various sizes, but the effect of the molar volume of the organic solvent was ignored and unknown.
- the size of nanoparticles produced by the water-in-oil microemulsion method is directly influenced by the water droplet size.
- Equation (1) describes that the radius (R) of a water droplet in related to three factors when R is below the critical value.
- the geometric constraints in this model are the number of surfactant molecules per unit volume (C S ) and the area occupied per surfactant molecule ( ⁇ ). Also considered is the volume fraction ( ⁇ ) of the dispersed (water) phase.
- C S surfactant molecules per unit volume
- ⁇ area occupied per surfactant molecule
- ⁇ volume fraction of the dispersed phase.
- ⁇ /C S is usually referred to as the water to surfactant ratio and is fixed by stoichiometry.
- the ⁇ term provides useful insight into the effect of organic solvent, particularly through its changes to the surface area occupied by surfactant molecules.
- FIG. 1 shows the effect that organic solvents have on water droplet size in a water-in-oil microemulsion through shaping the area ⁇ occupied by each surfactant molecule.
- ⁇ will vary based on the extent of penetration and the molar volume of the organic solvent molecule(s).
- a small organic molecule can penetrate into the surfactant layer much deeper than a large molecule, resulting in a larger area per surfactant occupied, represented by the hatched circle in FIG. 1 , part ( 1 ) and labeled ⁇ .
- a larger organic molecule cannot easily penetrate into a surfactant layer, resulting in a smaller ⁇ as shown in FIG.
- the molar volume of an organic solvent also affects the number of silica cores formed in the water-in-oil microemulsion synthesis.
- the size of the silica nanoparticles is primarily determined by the number of the silica cores formed in the initial state. Because nearly all tetraethylorthosilicate can be polymerized and the amount of tetraethylorthosilicate is fixed, the more silica cores formed the smaller the final size of the silica nanoparticles.
- FIG. 2 shows the effect of organic solvent on the potential for inter-droplet percolation in a water-in-oil microemulsion.
- U(r) is the potential of inter-droplet percolation
- r is the distance between the two water droplets
- R is a radius of the water droplet
- k is the Boltzmann constant
- T is the Kelvin temperature
- ⁇ is a parameter to characterize the penetrable length of the interfacial layer.
- ⁇ is related to molar volume of the organic solvent. A large molar volume corresponds to a large ⁇ value. In the range of 2R ⁇ r ⁇ 2R as shown in FIG. 2 , the value of (2R ⁇ r) is very small. However, the potential for percolation will increase as the size of the droplet (R) increases.
- the inter-droplet percolation occurs easily in organic solvent having a large molar volume when the inter-droplet distance (r) is in the range of 2R ⁇ r ⁇ 2R as shown in FIG. 2 . Therefore, it follows that the size of a silica nanoparticle will rise with an increase of the molar volume of an organic solvent used in the water-in-oil microemulsion.
- a particle of any desired size is produced by fine-tuning the mixture of the two organic solvents, and a wider range of specific sized particles is available using a wide range of organic solvents having differing molar volumes.
- nanoparticles from about 20 nm to about 100 nm can be produced including all sizes in between.
- Luminescent silica nanoparticles were synthesized using different organic solvents and surfactants in the water-in-oil microemulsion, and were doped with fluorescent Ru(bpy) 3 .
- the procedure was similar to standard water-in-oil microemulsion methods except for varying the organic solvents. Briefly, in the quaternary system, besides water and an organic solvent, Triton X-100 and n-hexanol were employed as a surfactant and a co-surfactant, respectively.
- a ternary microemulsion is composed of three components: a surfactant (NP-5), an organic solvent, and the water.
- NP-5 is a polyoxyethylene nonyl phenol ether, having the chemical formula C 15 H 24 O(C 2 H 4 O) 5 . 10 ml of organic solvents and 460 ⁇ l of NP-5 were combined and stirred for 20 min. Then, 90 ⁇ l of 1.70 M Ru(bpy) 3 aqueous solution was added. The subsequent steps were the same as for the quaternary microemulsion described in Example 1.
- TABLE 1 shows six organic solvents with different molar volumes used for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles in a water-in-oil microemulsion.
- FIG. 3 includes transmission electron microscope images A through F showing nanoparticles produced by each quaternary water-in-oil microemulsion represented by A through F in TABLE 1 above.
- a common quaternary water-in-oil microemulsion contains four primary components: Triton X-100, n-hexanol, water and an organic solvent. All synthesis conditions were fixed except for the usage of different organic solvents. As shown in TABLE 1, A through F, and corresponding FIG.
- FIG. 4 includes transmission electron microscope images A through D showing nanoparticles produced by each ternary water-in-oil microemulsion represented by A through D in TABLE 1 above.
- a ternary water-in-oil microemulsion was employed, which was made up of the water, an organic solvent, and NP-5 as the surfactant.
- the same six organic solvents evaluated for the quaternary microemulsion were used. However, because there was no co-surfactant to assist in lowering interfacial energy between water and the organic solvent, the two largest alkyl chain organic molecules, n-hexadecane and n-decane, could not form microemulsions.
- the other four organic solvents did form stable microemulsions and produced uniformly sized nanoparticles as shown in TABLE 1 and FIG. 4 .
- the same trend as in the quaternary microemulsion was observed, that is, as the molar volume of the organic solvent increased, the size of the nanoparticle became larger.
- the average nanoparticle size was smaller than nanoparticles produced with quaternary microemulsions in which Triton X-100 was employed as surfactant. This difference was mainly caused by the different types of surfactants. Overall, these results demonstrated a strong correlation between the molar volume of the organic solvents and nanoparticle size, regardless of the type of water-in-oil microemulsion used in their synthesis.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the average nanoparticle diameters produced from varying mixtures of organic solvents cyclohexane and n-hexadecane in a binary organic solvent mixture, including the standard deviation bars for each mixture.
- a series of mixtures of the two organic solvents was prepared to produce a series of average molar volumes in the water-in-oil microemulsion.
- a mixture containing 30% (v/v) of cyclohexane and 70% of n-hexadecane produced a transparent and stable microemulsion.
- silica nanoparticles with 87 ⁇ 4 nm in diameter were formed.
- the volume percentage of hexadecane was reduced and the cyclohexane was increased, the size of the isolated nanoparticles decreased significantly as shown in FIG. 5 .
- the size of the silica nanoparticles changed very little and remained about 50 nm.
- the cyclohexane/n-hexadecane binary solvent system provided an adjustable silica nanoparticle size range of 50-100 nm in diameter by simply changing the volume ratio of n-hexadecane to cyclohexane.
- the size of silica nanoparticles could be continuously adjusted in a smaller size range of 20 nm to 50 nm using a binary solvent system. It is very likely that this same size-tuning principle can be extended to other multiple solvent systems for the reverse microemulsion synthesis of other size ranges and with other nanoparticle materials.
- tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), and Triton X-100 are available from Aldrich; Ammonia hydroxide (28.0-30.0%), n-hexanol, cyclohexane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-decane, n-hexadecane are available from Fisher Scientific Co; Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride hexahydrate [Ru(bpy) 3 ]Cl 2 .6H 2 O is available from ICN biomedicals Inc; and N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-ethylenediamine, triacetic acid tri-sodium salt (45% in water) is available from Gelest Inc.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- Triton X-100 are available from Aldrich
- Ammonia hydroxide (28.0-30.
Abstract
Description
U(r)=0, r>2R
U(r)=−kTΔρ(2R−r)2(2R+r/2)/6, 2R−ξ<r<2R
U(r)=∞, r<2R−ξ (2)
TABLE 1 | |||
Physical properties | Diameter of Nanoparticles (nm) |
Molar | Dielec- | Quater- | ||
volume | tric | nary | Ternary | |
Organic phase | (mL/mol) | constant | system | system |
A) Cyclohexane | 108 | 2.02 | 53 ± 3 | 26 ± 2 |
B) n-Pentane | 115 | 1.84 | 59 ± 5 | 20 ± 1 |
C) n-Hexane | 131 | 1.89 | 71 ± 5 | 44 ± 4 |
D) n-Heptane | 147 | 1.92 | 74 ± 2 | 44 ± 6 |
E) n-Decane | 195 | 1.99 | 85 ± 4 | N/A |
F) n-Hexadecane | 293 | 2.05 | 108 ± 8 | N/A |
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US20070059544A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Liufeng Xiong | Methods of producing tungsten nanoparticles |
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US20070059544A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Liufeng Xiong | Methods of producing tungsten nanoparticles |
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