US6400780B1 - Space-time diversity for wireless systems - Google Patents
Space-time diversity for wireless systems Download PDFInfo
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- US6400780B1 US6400780B1 US09/187,878 US18787898A US6400780B1 US 6400780 B1 US6400780 B1 US 6400780B1 US 18787898 A US18787898 A US 18787898A US 6400780 B1 US6400780 B1 US 6400780B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
- H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
- H04B7/0621—Feedback content
- H04B7/0626—Channel coefficients, e.g. channel state information [CSI]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
- H04B7/0621—Feedback content
- H04B7/0632—Channel quality parameters, e.g. channel quality indicator [CQI]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
- H04W52/34—TPC management, i.e. sharing limited amount of power among users or channels or data types, e.g. cell loading
Definitions
- This invention relates to the art of wireless communication, and more particularly, to employing space-time diversity to increase the capacity of wireless systems.
- Prior art wireless communication systems such as time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communications systems, are used for communicating between base stations and wireless terminals.
- TDMA time division multiple access
- CDMA code division multiple access
- prior art wireless communication systems that employ so-called “power control,” e.g., CDMA systems, perform the power control independent of any weight vectors that are used for beam forming at the base station.
- power control at the base station in such prior art wireless communication systems is performed typically based only on either the pilot signal strength at the wireless terminal or the bit error rate (BER) at the wireless terminal.
- SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
- SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
- the weight vectors and the power allocation employed by a base station are determined by the base station using information supplied by at least each of the wireless terminals served by the base station, and potentially from wireless terminals served by other base stations, e.g., in neighboring cells to the cell served by the base station, the information from the other cells being supplied via the neighboring cell base stations using inter-base-station communication, e.g., a wire line connection.
- FIG. 1 shows a portion of an exemplary code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communication system arranged in accordance with the principles of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary over-all process for the optimization of transmit beam forming weight vectors, transmit power allocation, and rake receiver combining vectors, in accordance with the principles of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows, in flow chart form, an exemplary process for calculating the transmit beamforming vectors by the base station using the received channel information, in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows an exemplary process for maximizing the minimum signal to interference ratio (SIR) of a virtual uplink network that is used to represent the downlink of a CDMA system, in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- SIR signal to interference ratio
- processors may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate software.
- the functions may be provided by a single dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual processors, some of which may be shared.
- explicit use of the term “processor” or “controller” should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, read-only memory (ROM) for storing software, random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional and/or custom, may also be included.
- DSP digital signal processor
- ROM read-only memory
- RAM random access memory
- non-volatile storage non-volatile storage
- any switches shown in the FIGS. are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementor as more specifically understood from the context.
- any element expressed as a means for performing a specified function is intended to encompass any way of performing that function including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elements which performs that function or b) software in any form, including, therefore, firmware, microcode or the like, combined with appropriate circuitry for executing that software to perform the function.
- the invention as defined by such claims resides in the fact that the functionalities provided by the various recited means are combined and brought together in the manner which the claims call for. Applicant thus regards any means which can provide those functionalities as equivalent as those shown herein.
- FIG. 1 shows a portion of an exemplary code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless communication system 100 .
- CDMA system 100 includes wireless transmitter 101 for one user which is used in a base station and wireless receiver 103 which is used in a wireless terminal. Both wireless transmitter 101 and wireless receiver 103 are arranged in accordance with the principles of the invention.
- Wireless transmitter 101 includes antennas 105 , including antennas 105 - 1 through 105 -K.
- the value of K is selected by the system implementor as a function of the desired price, performance, and capacity of wireless communication system 100 .
- Each of antennas 105 is fed by a signal supplied from a respective associated one of transmit modules 107 .
- Each of transmit modules 107 includes a) P diversity modules 109 , b) a combiner 111 and c) upconverter 119 .
- the value of P is typically determined as a function of the desired channel performance. Typically the desired channel performance is selected by a standard setting committee.
- Each of diversity modules 109 includes a beam former multiplier 113 , a spreader multiplier 115 , and delay element 117 .
- Beam former multiplier 113 multiplies the signal to be transmitted by a beam forming coefficient.
- Each of the beam forming coefficients supplied to the various beam former multipliers 113 are said to be part of a space-time diversity weight vector W.
- the beam forming coefficients are generated by beam forming and power control unit 121 in accordance with the principles of the invention, as will be further elaborated on hereinbelow.
- each beam former multiplier 113 is supplied as an input to its respective associated multiplier 115 , which multiplies its input from beam former 113 by a spreading code for the user being served by wireless transmitter 101 .
- TDMA time division multiple access
- multiplier 115 Because the spreading code is made up of multiple chips for each bit of signal being transmitted, multiplier 115 , which must multiply each bit by the chips of its spreading code, operates at a much greater rate of speed than does multiplier 113 .
- each multiplier 115 is supplied as an input to its respective associated delay element 117 .
- Each delay element 117 delays the signal supplied to it in a manner such that each delayed signal generated within a one of diversity modules 109 is delayed from any other signal generated within that one of diversity modules 109 by at least a delay of 1 chip. In other words, there is a phase difference of at least one chip between each signal generated within each of diversity modules 109 .
- the particular delays may be specified by the system designer in response to system requirements, e.g., as specified by standard setting organizations, or the delays may be adaptively adjusted as a function of system performance.
- Each diversity module 109 supplies its delayed and spread signal to its associated combiner 111 .
- Each combiner 111 adds the delayed and spread signals which are supplied by each diversity module 109 within the same one of transit modules 107 as itself, and supplies the combined result to an associated upconverter 119 .
- Each upconverter uses the result supplied by its associated combiner 111 to modulate a carrier signal. The modulated carrier signal is then supplied to antenna 105 for broadcast.
- each upconverter 119 is shared by the various transmit modules 107 of the different wireless terminals, i.e., each upconverter 119 upconverts a signal which is combined from each of the transmit modules 107 , and the combined signal is supplied to one of the antennas 105 coupled to that upconverter.
- each base station has K times the maximum number of wireless terminals it can serve transmit modules 107 , but only K upconverters 119 and only K antennas 105 .
- Receiver 103 is a so-called “rake” receiver.
- Receiver 103 includes a) antenna 151 , b) down converter 153 , c) receive module 152 , and d) channel response and SINR estimator 167 , and e) rake combining weight calculator 169 .
- rake combining weight calculator 169 Other than rake combining weight calculator 169 , those portions of receiver 103 shown in FIG. 1 are conventional and will only be briefly described.
- Antenna 151 receives wireless signals that impinge upon it.
- Down converter 153 downconverts to baseband the wireless signals received by antenna 151 .
- the baseband signal is then supplied to receiver module 152 , which includes L rake receiver fingers 155 all of which is coupled to combiner 165 . More specifically, the signal from down converter 153 is supplied to each rake receiver finger 155 .
- Each rake receiver finger 155 includes delay element 157 , despreader 158 , and rake combining multiplier 163 .
- Despreader 158 includes chip multiplier 159 coupled to integrator 161 .
- FIG. 1 shows the most common form of CDMA rake receiver.
- other embodiments of the invention may employ conventional two-dimensional rakes or an inventive rake receiver such as disclosed in our concurrently filed, commonly assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/188,021, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Using either of the alternative rake receivers does not change the process. Only rake combining vector v is longer, to accommodate the additional dimension.
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary over-all process for the optimization of 1) transmit beam forming weight vectors, 2) transmit power allocation, and 3) rake receiver combining vectors, in accordance with the principles of the invention.
- the process is entered in step 201 when a new user, e.g., one served by a wireless terminal (not shown) including wireless receiver 103 (FIG. 1) is to be served by the base station (not shown) incorporating wireless transmitter 101 .
- the base station may already be operating prior to the entering into the process shown in FIG. 2 .
- step 201 may be entered in step 201 periodically, e.g., with a time period approximating the amount of time for the channel between the base station and the wireless terminal to change by an amount that would necessitate a weight vector update.
- changes in the channel may be caused by various factors, including: changes in atmospheric conditions; changes in the location of the wireless terminal; and changes in other objects along the path or in the environment, between the base station and the wireless terminal.
- the base station collects information about the channels between itself and the various wireless terminals.
- Such channel information may include the channel response and the SINR of the channel.
- a portion of the information may be provided directly by each of the wireless terminals that the base station is currently actively serving, e.g. by incorporating the information into the uplink communication, i.e., the link from wireless terminal to base station, which may be arranged using a frame structure, so that collectively the base station has information about all the wireless terminals it is serving.
- the base station receives channel information for wireless terminals served by other base stations, e.g., in cells neighboring the cell served by the base station, the channel information from the other cells being supplied via the neighboring cell base stations using inter-base-station communication, e.g., a wire line connection.
- inter-base-station communication e.g., a wire line connection
- step 205 the base station uses the received channel information to calculate the transmit beamforming vectors, in accordance with an aspect of the invention. Additional details regarding the calculation of the transmit beamforming vectors in accordance with the invention are provided hereinbelow.
- step 207 the base station performs base station transmit power control, and more specifically, the base station updates the power to be used for each wireless terminal that it is serving.
- Conditional branch point 209 tests to determine if the sequence of transmit weight vectors which have been previously used within a specified time window has converged, i.e., the error vector norm, which is the square of vector elements of the difference between the current transmit weight vector and the previously employed weight vector, is below a specified threshold. If the test result in step 209 is YES, indicating that the transmit weight vectors have converged, the process exits in step 211 . Alternatively, control may be passed back to step 203 , e.g., if no further use can be made of the processing power that becomes available by not performing steps 203 through 209 .
- step 209 If the test result of step 209 is NO, indicating that the transmit weight vectors have not converged yet, control passes to step 213 , in which each wireless terminal calculates its optimum rake receiver combining vector, e.g., the weights to be supplied to rake combining multiplier 163 of receiver 103 (FIG. 1 ), in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- the calculation is performed by rake combining weight calculator 169 , as described in further detail hereinbelow.
- each wireless terminal estimates the channel information, i.e., the channel response, which is the impulse response of the channel, using conventional techniques. Additionally, in step 215 , each wireless terminal determines the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) using conventional techniques. Thereafter, in step 217 , each wireless terminal transmits the estimated channel response and SINR to the base station. This information is incorporated into the wireless terminal's uplink, and it is received by the base station in step 203 . Control then passes back to step 203 and the process continues as described above.
- SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
- FIG. 3 shows, in flow chart form, an exemplary process for calculating the transmit beamforming vectors by the base station using the received channel information as recited in step 205 of FIG. 2, in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- the process of FIG. 3 is entered, in step 301 , whenever control passes to step 205 of FIG. 2 .
- step 303 signal and interference correlation matrices ⁇ i s , ⁇ i l are calculated in accordance with an aspect of the invention. More specifically, in accordance with an aspect of the invention, the signal and interference correlation matrices are developed in the base station for a virtual uplink network which is the mathematical equivalent of the actual downlink set of channels extending from the base station to the wireless terminals.
- the transmitter i.e., the base station
- the receiver i.e., the wireless terminal
- the channel response for the virtual uplink network is the same as that for the collected set of downlink channels.
- step 305 the weight vector W for each wireless terminal i at iteration n of step 205 is calculated to maximize the SINR, ⁇ , using the signal and interference correlation matrices, ⁇ i s , ⁇ i l respectively, of the virtual uplink network.
- F ji l is the channel response from the j th wireless terminal to the base station receiver associated with the i th wireless terminal, which may belong to the same base station or may belong to another base station;
- F ii S is the channel response from the i th wireless terminal to the base station receiver associated with the i th wireless terminal;
- N i is the additive noise power of the i th wireless terminal
- P is a power vector each element of which is the power of a virtual transmitter
- V is a set of rake combining vectors v i for each wireless terminal.
- H means Hermitian, which is the complex conjugate transpose of a vector or a matrix.
- each individual component of each vector v i which corresponds to a particular wireless terminal, is supplied to a respective one of rake combining multipliers 163 of wireless receiver 103 of that particular wireless terminal. Also note that since this step requires the power allocations from the previous iteration of the process of FIG. 2 that the first time the process is executed an arbitrary power allocation may be employed. Once the process is operating the power allocation will eventually move in the direction of the desired solution, regardless of the initial values.
- each wireless terminal is associated with corresponding circuitry in the base station that is presently serving it, the corresponding circuitry including, using the example shown in FIG. 1, diversity modules 109 , combiner 111 , and beamformer and power control unit 121 .
- Each wireless terminal and its corresponding base station circuitry are identified by a common identifier.
- the identifier is typically a number ranging from 1 to M, where M is the total number of users being served by the entire wireless system, which may be a network of multiple base stations.
- M is the total number of users being served by the entire wireless system, which may be a network of multiple base stations.
- other identifiers may be used at the discretion of the implementor, e.g., the telephone number corresponding to the wireless terminal.
- various identifiers representing a wireless terminal may be associated together, and the one appropriate for each function to be performed is selected when needed.
- p i n is the virtual uplink transmit power used by the i th wireless terminal to transmit to the base station at the n th iteration of computing the virtual uplink power vector
- ⁇ i is the target SINR for the i th base station—which is a specification of the link quality and may be selected by the user—
- ⁇ i is the SINR of the i th base station.
- step 307 The process then exits in step 307 . Note that upon exiting control passes to step 207 of FIG. 2 .
- the base station performs base station transmit power control, and more specifically, the base station updates the power to be used for each wireless terminal that it is serving.
- ⁇ tilde over (P) ⁇ i n is the actual transmit power used by the base station to transmit to the i th wireless terminal
- ⁇ tilde over (P) ⁇ n ⁇ 1 is the downlink transmit power vector from the previous execution of step 213
- v i n ⁇ 1 is the rake combining vectors v for the i th wireless terminal from the previous power control iteration
- ⁇ i is the target SINR for the i th wireless terminal—which is a specification of the link quality and may be selected by the user—
- ⁇ tilde over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ i is the SINR at the i th wireless terminal
- W n is the set of transmit weight vectors.
- each wireless terminal calculates its optimum rake receiver combining vector, e.g., the weights to be supplied to rake combining multiplier 163 of receiver 103 (FIG. 1 ), in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- ⁇ tilde over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ i s is the correlation matrix of the desired signal at the i th wireless
- ⁇ tilde over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ i l is the interference correlation matrix at the i th wireless.
- a further alternative to the method for developing the weight vector W for each wireless terminal i at iteration n of step 205 by maximizing the SINR, ⁇ , is to maximize the gain from the base station to the desired wireless terminal but with a constraint that the totally transmitted interference to other wireless terminals is limited by solving the following constrained gain maximization:
- c is an arbitrary constant that is eventually canceled out when the base station transmit power control is performed in step 207 .
- c is an arbitrary constant that is eventually canceled out when the base station transmit power control is performed in step 207 .
- c is an arbitrary constant that is eventually canceled out when the base station transmit power control is performed in step 207 .
- FIG. 4 shows an exemplary process for maximizing the minimum signal to interference ration (SIR) of the virtual uplink network that is used to represent the downlink of the system, in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
- SIR is similar to SINR but the additive noise is not taken into account.
- maximizing the minimum SIR is achieved by setting all of the SIRs of the virtual uplink network to a common value and then attempting to maximize this common value. This can be expressed mathematically as the need to solve.
- W ⁇ i arg ⁇ ⁇ max W ⁇ SIR i ⁇ ( W i , P , V ) .
- the process would be performed as an alternative to steps 205 and 207 of FIG. 2 .
- step 405 power control is performed for the virtual uplink network.
- each channel of the virtual uplink network is allocated a transmit power, albeit a virtual one.
- D is the desired link gain
- F is the gain for the interference on the desired link whose weight vector is w.
- the spectral radius, i.e., the maximum eigenvalue, of the product of D and F is determined.
- the optimal power allocation for the virtual uplink is determined by finding the eigenvector corresponding to the spectral radius of the product of D and F.
- ⁇ max ⁇ ( D w F w )
- ⁇ is the spectral radius and ⁇ max is the maximum achievable SIR.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/187,878 US6400780B1 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1998-11-06 | Space-time diversity for wireless systems |
EP99308392A EP0999658A3 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1999-10-25 | Space-time diversity for wireless systems |
AU57159/99A AU5715999A (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1999-10-29 | Space-time diversity for wireless systems |
BR9904973-2A BR9904973A (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1999-10-29 | Space-time diversity for wireless systems |
JP11314724A JP2000151484A (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1999-11-05 | Space-time diversity for radio system |
CN99123430A CN1253425A (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1999-11-05 | Space-temporal diversity of radio system |
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US09/187,878 US6400780B1 (en) | 1998-11-06 | 1998-11-06 | Space-time diversity for wireless systems |
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CN1253425A (en) | 2000-05-17 |
EP0999658A3 (en) | 2000-07-26 |
EP0999658A2 (en) | 2000-05-10 |
JP2000151484A (en) | 2000-05-30 |
BR9904973A (en) | 2000-10-17 |
AU5715999A (en) | 2000-06-08 |
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