US5940030A - Steerable phased-array antenna having series feed network - Google Patents
Steerable phased-array antenna having series feed network Download PDFInfo
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- US5940030A US5940030A US09/040,848 US4084898A US5940030A US 5940030 A US5940030 A US 5940030A US 4084898 A US4084898 A US 4084898A US 5940030 A US5940030 A US 5940030A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching
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- the present invention relates to telecommunications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a steerable phased-array antenna having a series feed network.
- each cell usually has an irregular shape (though idealized as a hexagon) that depends on terrain topography.
- each cell typically contains a base station, which includes, among other equipment, radios and antennas that the base station uses to communicate with the wireless terminals (e.g., cellular phones) in that cell.
- the antenna used for transmitting signals from a base station is typically a linear phased-array antenna.
- a phased-array antenna is a directive antenna having several individual, suitably-spaced radiating antennas, or elements. The response of each radiating element is a function of the specific phase and amplitude of a signal applied to the element.
- the phased array generates a radiation pattern ("beam") characterized by a main lobe and side lobes that is determined by the collective action of all the radiating elements in the array.
- Beam steering azimuth or elevation (“beam tilting") or both (henceforth "beam steering")
- beam steering azimuth or elevation
- beam tilting elevation
- beam steering both
- the beam generated by a linear phased-array antenna can be steered by employing a progressive element-to-element phase shift.
- FIG. 1 depicts a conventional phased-array antenna 100 having an asymmetric series-feed network.
- Signal 104 traveling along feed transmission line 102 is split, successively, by power splitters 110-116, and directed via branch transmission lines 120-128 to radiating elements 140-148.
- Branch transmission lines 120-128 are of identical length so that no phase shift is introduced by the feed network itself.
- Phase shifters 130-136 are operable to introduce phase shift into the signals traveling along transmission line 102.
- Phase shifters 130 to 136 are disposed in feed line 102 to each individual branch line 120-128. As such, the signal entering each successive phase shifter has shifted in the preceding phase shifters. Since the phase differential required for each adjacent radiating element is ⁇ , the "tuning" or “phase shifting range” for each phase shifter 120-128 is the same and has a maximum value of only 1 ⁇ . In corporate-fed phased-array antennas, the phase shifters are typically located in branch lines. In such an arrangement, the signal entering each successive phase shifter has not been shifted in preceding phase shifters. As such, the total tuning range per phase shifter must increase progressively from element-to-element.
- an adjacent element is shifted by 1 ⁇ , which shift is provided by a first phase shifter
- the next radiating element is shifted by 2 ⁇ , which shift is provided by a second phase shifter, and so forth.
- the final phase shifter in a phased array using a corporate-feed network and having n radiating elements requires a tuning range of (n-1) ⁇ .
- phase-shifting range restricts the corporate-fed phased-array to relatively few radiating elements.
- each phase-shifter is different, so that manufacturing expediencies related to having identical phase-shifters, such as is possible with a series-feed implementation, are lost. It would therefore be desirable, in some embodiments, to use a series-fed phased-array antenna in preference to a corporate-fed phased-array antenna.
- phased arrays using series feed networks tend to be significantly more sensitive to design, material and manufacturing tolerances than corporate feed networks, since such tolerances are additive in series feed networks.
- the beam tilt produced by a series feed is frequency dependent. Acceptable beam-tilt variation due to such frequency dependence determines the useful frequency band ("the bandwidth") of the antenna.
- the bandwidth the useful frequency band
- phase shifters such as ferrites and switchable delay lines
- their use in a series feed network may disadvantageously require an increase in inter-element line length (to accommodate them).
- additional length impacts the phased-array antenna in several ways.
- the present invention advantageously provides a steerable, series-fed, phased-array antenna wherein the inter-element phase that is not associated with phase-shifting members is kept very low. By doing so, phase that is not "wasted” as additional electrical line length is available for the phase shifters.
- the phase shifters used in conjunction with the present antenna advantageously provide a high differential phase shift per unit length of transmission line. Given a fixed amount of overall inter-element phase, such phase shifters provide a relatively large phase-shifting range, with the result that the antenna is steerable over a relatively large range. Alternatively, given a desired antenna beam steering range, relatively less inter-element phase is required to provide the requisite phase shift, such that a relatively large bandwidth advantageously results.
- the present antenna comprises a plurality of radiating elements and a phase-shifter array that is integrated into a feed line of the antenna's series feed network.
- the phase-shifter array advantageously comprises a plurality of identical mechanical phase shifters for beam steering.
- the phase-shifter array includes a multiplicity of phase-shifting slabs each of which includes a phase-shifting member, advantageously comprised of a dielectric material.
- TEM transverse electromagnetic
- phase-shifting slabs in conjunction with the feed network, are operable to shift the phase of each signal relative to that of the other signals, thereby imparting a "relative phase shift" to adjacent radiating elements.
- the phase shifting slab is "inserted” between the active line and ground of a transmission line, the transmission line is referred to herein as being “dielectrically loaded.”
- Each slab in the phase-shifter array also advantageously incorporates at least one impedance-matching member that decreases or eliminates "impedance mismatch.”
- impedance mismatch occurs, for example, when the signal travels from air-suspended (i.e., no dielectric between the active line and an associated ground plane) to dielectrically-loaded regions of the transmission line in the absence of compensatory measures.
- impedance refers, in the present context, to the ratio of the time-averaged value of voltage and current in a given section of the transmission line.
- This ratio, and thus the impedance of each line section depends on the geometrical properties of the transmission line, such as, for example, active line width, the spacing between the active line and the ground, and the dielectric properties of the materials employed. If two lines section having different impedances are interconnected, the difference in impedances ("impedance step” or “impedance mismatch”) causes a partial reflection of a signal traveling through such line sections. "Impedance matching” is a process for reducing or eliminating such partial signal reflections by disposing a "matching circuit" between the interconnected line segments. As such, impedance matching establishes a condition for maximum power transfer at such junctions.
- phase-shifting range refers to a range of relative phase-shift that can be imparted by a phase shifter (e.g., 1 ⁇ ). The range is defined by the relative phase shift imparted by the phase-shifting member at a first and a second position.
- the phase-shifting member In the first position, the phase-shifting member is not present between the active line and the ground plane (or, more properly, the phase-shifting member does not interact with an electromagnetic field generated between the active line and the ground plane due the presence, in the active line, of a signal). In the second position, the phase-shifting member is positioned between the active line and the ground such that it provides a maximum dielectric loading it is capable of providing to the transmission line.
- phase shifters may be comprised of materials having a relatively high dielectric constant Such phase shifters advantageously impart a high differential phase shift per unit length of transmission line, yielding the previously-described benefits.
- the inter-element phase that is not associated with the phase shifters is kept low by utilizing asymmetrically-shaped phase shifters having only one impedance-matching member per phase shifter.
- asymmetrically-shaped phase-shifters are configured such that a buffer region of the feed line that prevents the phase-shifting slab from contacting a power splitter is not required. Dispensing with the buffer region reduces electrical line length and hence, inter-element phase.
- an impedance-matching circuit is implemented directly into the transmission line.
- Wilkinson power splitters can be used to reduce sensitivity to impedance mismatch occurring at the antenna ports.
- Wilkinson power splitters use substantially more phase than reactive power splitters for implementation. Due to the high inter-element phase normally present in conventional steerable, series-fed phased-arrays, Wilkinson power splitters are not typically used for such applications. Since the present phase-array antennas have relatively low inter-element phase and utilize phase shifters having a relatively high differential phase shift, Wilkinson power splitters are advantageously used in some embodiments to improve antenna stability without substantially compromising antenna bandwidth or phase-shifting range.
- FIG. 1 depicts a conventional series-feed arrangement for a phased-array antenna.
- FIGS. 2a and 2b depicts top and side-cross sectional views of an illustrative phase shifter for use in conjunction with illustrative embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3a depicts a first phased-array antenna in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of the phased-array antenna of FIG. 3a.
- FIG. 4a depicts a second phased-array antenna in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of the phased-array antenna of FIG. 4a.
- FIG. 5a depicts a third phased-array antenna in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of the phased-array antenna of FIG. 5a.
- FIG. 6a depicts a fourth phased-array antenna in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of the phased-array antenna of FIG. 6a.
- FIG. 6c depicts a cross-sectional side view of the phased-array antenna of FIG. 6a.
- phased-array antennas are useful for wireless telecommunications, among other applications.
- the relevant operating frequencies of such wireless-telecommunications applications are typically in the range of about 0.5 to 5 gigahertz (GHz).
- Quasi-TEM transmission lines such as micro strip (one ground) or strip lines (two grounds) are usually employed for such applications.
- transmission line refers to a quasi-TEM transmission line.
- the relatively homogeneous electromagnetic field that is present between the active line and ground plane of a (quasi) TEM transmission line is used to great advantage in antennas in accordance with the illustrative embodiments of the present invention.
- the relative phase shift between adjacent radiating elements of the antenna array must be:
- the required phase relationships between the radiating elements can be obtained using either a "series” or a "corporate" feed network.
- the present invention provides a phased-array antenna utilizing a series-feed network.
- Phased-array antennas in accordance with illustrative embodiments of the present invention advantageously incorporate phase-shifter arrays described in applicants' copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/040,850 filed Mar. 18, 1998, entitled, "Article Comprising a Phase Shifter,".
- various implementations of the aforementioned phase-shifter arrays into series feed networks are described in applicants' copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/040,780 filed Mar. 18, 1998, entitled, "Steerable Phased-Array Antenna.”
- phase shifter 230 depicted in a top-view and a side cross-sectional view in FIGS. 2a & 2b, respectively.
- Phase shifter 230 advantageously comprises phase-shifting slab 250 having phase-shifting member PSM comprised of a dielectric material.
- phase-shifting member PSM is moved in a direction indicated by direction vector 12 between transmission line 202 and ground plane 204, the dielectric loading of the transmission line changes. Such a change causes a relative phase shift in a signal propagating within transmission line 202 with respective to another signal traveling in another portion of the transmission line (not shown).
- the phase-shifting member is configured to provide a continuous, linear change in width, while maintaining a uniform dielectric constant and thickness throughout. Due to such a linear change in the width, the amount of dielectric material positioned between the active line and the ground varies linearly as the phase-shifting slab is moved therebetween As such, the present phase shifters advantageously produce a linear phase response.
- phase-shifting slab 250 further includes two impedance-matching members IMM A and IMM B for decreasing or eliminating impedance mismatch between air-suspended and dielectrically-loaded regions of a signal-carrying transmission line.
- the impedance-matching members are advantageously incorporated into the phase-shifting slab of the present phase shifters.
- the impedance-matching members are inserted, along with the phase-shifting slab, between the active line and the ground plane.
- the impedance-matching members which comprise a dielectric material, provide a dielectric loading suitable for reducing or eliminating potential impedance mismatch between air-suspended and dielectrically-loaded regions of the transmission line.
- the impedance-matching members eliminate impedance mismatch at one specific frequency. As signal frequency deviates from the one frequency, the impedance mismatch between the dielectric- and air-suspended regions of the transmission line begins to increase. Even in such cases, as long as the design bandwidth of the impedance-matching member is not exceeded, the incidence and severity of signal reflections that occur due to the impedance mismatch are reduced relative to those experienced with conventional phase shifters not possessing an impedance-matching member.
- phase-shifting slab 250 impedance-matching members are advantageously configured such that impedance mismatch is eliminated, or, depending upon signal frequency, substantially reduced, over the full phase-shifting range.
- the phase-shifting slabs may advantageously be comprised of high-dielectric constant materials, such that they provide a high differential phase shift per unit length of transmission line.
- phase-shifting member and the impedance-matching members are advantageously formed from a single dielectric slab having a first thickness.
- the thickness of phase-shifting member PSM is equal to the first thickness.
- Slab thickness is simply stepped (i.e., reduced) as appropriate, on both sides of phase-shifting member PSM, to create two impedance-matching members IMM A and IMM B that provide a dielectric loading suitable for reducing or avoiding impedance mismatch.
- impedance-matched phase-shifting slabs are simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
- the impedance-matching members can be tapered such that there is a uniform increase in thickness over the impedance-matching member.
- the dielectric constant of the phase-shifting members and impedance-matching members for use in the present phase shifters will suitably be in a range of about 2 to 15. While materials with a lower or higher dielectric constant can be used, an increase in size of the phase-shifting members (with decreasing dielectric constant), and an increase in sensitivity to antenna tolerances and slab positioning (with increasing dielectric constant), generally makes the use of such materials less desirable. Materials suitable for use as the phase-shifting members and impedance-matching members are well known in the art.
- impedance-matching members provide 90 degrees of phase.
- Line impedance Z t of each such impedance-matching member is given by the expression:
- Z a is the line impedance of the air-suspended active line
- Z d is the line impedance of the dielectrically-loaded active line.
- Z d is the line impedance for region 202 DL of active line 222
- Z a is the line impedance for region 202 AS of active line 202.
- one impedance-matching member is disposed on each side of phase-shifting member PSM of phase-shifting slab 250.
- each of the single impedance-matching members are replaced by multiple impedance-matching members.
- each successive impedance-matching member is thicker than the previous one. The use of such multiple impedance-matching members advantageously provides a more gradual impedance transition when signal frequency deviates from the impedance-matching design center frequency.
- Additional embodiments provide impedance-matching members having a thickness that advantageously varies regularly in the manner of a "wedge" and typically increasing to a maximum at the phase-shifting member/impedance-matching member interface. Line impedance imparted by such a tapered impedance-matching member varies regularly. Such tapered impedance-matching members represent a logical conclusion of the use of an increasing number of discrete impedance-matching members.
- the above-described slab configurations, and additional illustrative configurations, are described in aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/040,850.
- FIG. 3a depicts a portion of series-fed phased-array antenna 300 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention.
- the portion of antenna 300 depicted in FIG. 3a includes phase-shifter array 340, network feed line 302 comprising sections 302a, 302b and 302c, reactive power splitters 310 and 312, and branch lines 320, 322 and 324 that lead to individual radiating antenna elements (not shown).
- Illustrative phase-shifter array 340 has two phase-shifting slabs 350a, 350b that are advantageously mechanically linked by rigid linkage 342.
- Each slab advantageously includes a phase-shifting member (e.g., member PSM A ) and two impedance-matching members (e.g.,members IMM 1 A and IMM 2 A ).
- Phase-shifting member PSM A phase-shifting member
- impedance-matching members e.g.,members IMM 1 A and IMM 2 A
- Mustrative phase-shifting slabs 350a and 350b are configured like slab 250 depicted in FIGS. 2a & 2b.
- phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B When phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B are inserted at a reference position between respective portions 302b and 302c of feed line 302 and a ground plane, respective branch lines 320, 322, and 324 are provided with a signals having an amplitude and phase (modulo 2 ⁇ ) resulting in a reference radiation pattern.
- Moving phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B of respective phase-shifting slabs 350a and 350b with respect to their reference positions imparts a relative phase difference of 1 ⁇ to the reference-position phase of adjacent radiating elements disposed at an end of the branch lines.
- Such a change in relative phase results in a change in the antenna's radiation pattern. In this manner, the antenna beam is "steered.” Due to the smooth, advantageously linear change in the width of phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B , the phase response to the movement of the phase-shifting slabs is linear.
- signal 304a traveling along portion 302a of feed line 302 is suitably split into signals 304b and 304c by reactive power splitter 310.
- Reactive power splitter 310 comprises three lines (i.e., 302a, 302b and aportion of line 320) having different impedances. By adjusting the impedances of such lines in well-known fashion, signal 304b having a first power is directed along branch line 320, and signal 304c having a second power is directed along portion 302b of feed line 302. In the illustrative antenna depicted in FIG. 3a, signal 304b is not phase shifted.
- signal 304c As signal 304c travels along portion 302b of the feed line, it travels from an air-suspended region of line portion 302b to a dielectrically-loaded region of line portion 302b (i.e., wherein phase shifting member PSM A is inserted between the line portion and a ground). Such dielectric loading changes an effective dielectric constant of line portion 302b, which, in turn, affects the propagation velocity of signal 304c traveling through the line.
- Signal 304d leaving the dielectrically-loaded region of line portion 302b obtains additional phase ⁇ when phase-shifting member PSM A is moved from its reference position.
- Signal 304d is suitably split into signals 304e and 304f by reactive power splitter 312.
- Signal 304g leaving a dielectrically-loaded region of line portion 302c is phase-shifted relative to signal 304e and 304f.
- individual slabs are advantageously mechanically linked via rigid linkage 342, such that a single drive mechanism can be used to actuate both phase shifters.
- a single drive mechanism advantageously lowers antenna cost, and reduces time spent for design and calibration.
- use of a single drive mechanism allows for easy implementation of remote beam steering capabilities.
- Each phase-shifting slab 350a and 350b advantageously incorporates respective impedance-matching members IMM 1 A /IMM 2 A and IMM 1 B /IMM 2 B .
- the impedance-matching members shown in FIG. 3a advantageously provide impedance matching over the full shifting range of the accompanying phase-shifting member by virtue of their configuration. Due to such full-shifting range impedance-matching members, the phase-shifting members can be advantageously comprised of relatively high-dielectric-constant materials and therefore provide a high differential phase shift per unit length of transmission line.
- FIG. 3b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of antenna 300.
- each box is representative of an impedance transition.
- Identically-referenced boxes have the same impedance.
- Each Z 1 represents 90 degrees of phase provided in impedance-matching members IMM 1 i and IMM 2 i .
- In each branch line there is an impedance transition from the reactive power splitter to a set branch line impedance Z 00 .
- Ninety degrees of phase is provided at in Z A ', Z B ', and Z C '. Note that Z A and Z B can have zero phase (i.e., zero electrical length).
- impedance transitions specified in the transmission line circuit representation in FIG. 3a can be obtained in any suitable manner.
- impedance transitions (other than those due to slab integrated impedance-matching members) may be obtained by known techniques, for example, by an appropriate change in active line width, by changing the gap between the active line and the ground plane, or by changing the dielectric constant of the circuit board upon which the active line is typically disposed.
- the phrase "impedance circuit" is used to refer to elements, such as those described above (but not including impedance-matching members), that provide impedance transitions. Configuring impedance-matching members to obtain impedance transitions is described above and in the previously-referenced patent applications.
- Antenna 300 advantageously provides low inter-element phase. Specifically, as described above, 180° of phase is used in each section of feed line (i.e., 180° in line portions 302b and 302c due to the two impedance-matching members associated with each phase shifting slab 350a and 350b). For the present description, it is assumed that at a "reference" position of the phase shifters, a bore-sight antenna beam is generated. As previously noted, for abore-sight beam, 360° of inter-element phase, or integer multiples thereof, are required between adjacent radiating antenna elements at the reference position. Thus, since 180° is used for impedance matching, a relatively large 180° of phase is available for each phase shifter (assuming 360° of inter-element phase is desired).
- antenna 300 provides a relatively large beam steering range while maintaining a relatively broad bandwidth. It should be understood that in other embodiments wherein a broad-side antenna beam is not obtained at a reference position, an inter-element phase of 360° or multiples thereof is not required. In such cases, it is still desirable to reduce phase not associated with the phase shifters, and the present teachings can be applied to do so.
- phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B must provide a different dielectric loading.
- phase-shifting slabs 350a and 350b are not identical. Using non-uniform phase-shifting slabs may be undesirable. That potential drawback is addressed in phased-array antenna 400 depicted in FIG. 4a.
- phased-array antenna 400 includes feed line 402, reactive power splitters 410 and 412, and phase-shifter array 440 having slabs 450a and 450b linked via rigid linkage 442 and movable along direction vector 12.
- phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B of respective phase-shifting slabs 450a, 450b dielectrically load line portions 402a having advantageously identical impedances.
- phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B can be identical.
- the use of such identical phase-shifting members is enabled by an impedance circuit that is provided before each phase-shifting member.
- phased-array antenna 400 advantageously has identical phase-shifting members, it suffers from the additional 90 degrees of "wasted" inter-element phase. Assuming again that 360° of inter-element phase is available, only 90 degrees is available for each phase shifter.
- line portions 402b and 402d can have zero phase (i.e., zero electrical length).
- phased-array antenna 500 depicted in FIG. 5a addresses the problems of both such antennas.
- Antenna 500 advantageously provides, like antenna 300, only 180° degrees of inter-element phase that is not associated with a phase shifter, yet utilizes identical phase-shifting slabs, like antenna 400.
- each slab 550a, 550b includes only one impedance-matching member IMM 1 , which provides ninety degrees of phase.
- Impedance circuits represented by line portions 502c and 502f, are disposed "upstream" of respective phase-shifting slabs 550a and 550b to transition between air-suspended to dielectrically-loaded regions of feed line.
- Such circuits are represented in FIG. 5b by respective impedance transitions Z 1 ' and Z 2 ', both of which provide ninety degrees of phase.
- Z 1 ' and Z 2 ' both of which provide ninety degrees of phase.
- Line sections 502b and 502e can have zero phase.
- phase-shifting slabs 350a, 350b, 450a, 450b utilize two impedance-matching members. Consequently, a "buffer" length of active line must be provided on both sides of each slab to ensure that when an impedance-matching member is fully inserted between the active line and the ground plane, it does not contact the power splitters (which contact would change the design impedance and the power split).
- buffer line “b” is depicted between the "rightmost" edge of impedance-matching member IMM 1 A and reactive power splitter 520. The buffer line represents some amount of "wasted" phase.
- phase-shifting slabs 550a and 550b Due to the asymmetric layout of phase-shifting slabs 550a and 550b, the use of only one slab-integrated impedance-matching member per slab, and the use of line-integrated impedance circuits 502c and 502f, a buffer region is required on only side of each phase-shifting slab. Such an arrangement advantageously reduces "wasted" inter-element phase.
- Antennas 300-500 are susceptible to the inevitable impedance mismatches occurring at the antenna ports.
- Wilkinson power splitters exhibit much better stability than reactive power splitters to such impedance mismatches.
- Wilkinson power splitters do, however, require substantially more phase to implement.
- their use in conventional steered, series-fed, phased-array antennas is problematic.
- the extra phase required for implementing a Wilkinson power splitter may not be tolerable.
- a Wilkinson power splitter is advantageously used therewith to improve stability.
- a phased-array antenna 600 incorporating a Wilkinson power splitter is depicted in FIG. 6a.
- Phased-array antenna 600 comprises feed line 602, Wilkinson power splitters 610 and 612 disposed on respective circuit board 609, and phase-shifter array 640 (rigid linkage not shown) having phase-shifting slabs 650a and 650b movable along direction vector 12.
- Branch lines 620 and 622 each lead to a radiating antenna element (not shown).
- phase-shifting members PSM A and PSM B of respective phase-shifting slabs 650a, 650b dielectrically load line portions 602e and 602j having identical impedances.
- phase-shifting slabs 650a, 650b are advantageously identical.
- Wilkinson power splitters 610 and 612 include respective half-circular line portions 602b, 602c and 602g, 602h, and respective resistors 611 and 613. Resistor 611 prevents signal reflections from branch line 620 from coupling into branch 602d. Likewise, resistor 613 prevents signal reflections from branch line 622 from coupling into branch 602i.
- the Wilkinson power splitters are disposed on a circuit board 609 or other suitable support. It should be understood that other arrangements (i.e., other than a Wilkinson power splitter) including resistive or capacitive elements can be used for preventing signal reflections generated at antenna ports from coupling into successive lines.
- FIG. 6b depicts a transmission line circuit representation of antenna 600. Impedance transitions occurring within the Wilkinson power splitters are shown within box 610.
- the box 609 i.e., circuit board
- the box 609 shows the impedance transitions occurring in a portion of circuit board 609 located over ground 690, as opposed to those portions of circuit board 609 that are "air-suspended.”
- Ninety degrees of phase is used in each of the half-circular line portions 602b and 602c, corresponding to respective impedance transitions Z W2 and Z W3 in FIG. 6b.
- 180 degrees of phase is used in the Wilkinson power splitters proper.
- impedance transitions out of a splitter i.e., line portion 602d represented by impedance transition Z 2
- impedance-matching member IMM 1 A represented by impedance transition Z 0 each require ninety degrees of phase.
- 360 degrees of inter-element phase are used.
- additional phase is required for the phase shifters.
- Z W1 , Z W2 ', and Z W3 ' were set to zero phase (i.e., zero electrical length).
- FIG. 6c depicts a side view of phased-array antenna 600.
- Phase-shifting slabs 650a and 650b are received by respective channels 692 and 694 in ground 690.
- Feed line 602 is disposed on circuit board 609.
- Cover 660 typically metal, is provided for shielding.
- phase-shifting slabs depicted in phased-array antenna 600 have one impedance-matching member IMM 1 . It should be appreciated that in other embodiments, phase-shifting slabs including two impedance-matching members are used in conjunction with antenna 600. Such a modification requires an increase in length between adjacent Wilkinson power splitters to allow for the increased width of such phase-shifting slabs.
Abstract
Description
φ=3kπ+2π(d/λ)sinθ.sub.o 1!
Z.sub.t =(Z.sub.a Z.sub.d).sup.1/2 2!
For a reactive power splitter: 1/Z.sub.O =1/Z.sub.1 +1/Z.sub.A, etc. 3!
For impedance-matching members: Z.sub.1 '=(Z.sub.1 Z.sub.1 ").sup.1/2, etc. 4!
For impedance circuits: Z.sub.A '=(Z.sub.A Z.sub.OO).sup.1/2, etc. 5!
For a reactive power splitter: 1/Z.sub.O =1/Z.sub.1 +1/Z.sub.A, etc. 6!
For impedance-matching members: Z.sub.0 '=(Z.sub.0 Z.sub.0 ").sub.520 .sup.1/2, etc. 7!
For impedance circuits: Z.sub.A '=(Z.sub.A Z.sub.00).sup.1/2, etc. 8!
Z.sub.1 '=(Z.sub.1 Z.sub.O).sup.1/2, etc. 9!
For a reactive power splitter: 1/Z.sub.O =1/Z.sub.1 +1/Z.sub.A, etc. 10!
For impedance-matching members: Z.sub.0 '=(Z.sub.0 Z.sub.0 ").sup.1/2, etc. 11!
For impedance circuits: Z.sub.A '=(Z.sub.A Z.sub.00).sup.1/2, etc. 12!
Z.sub.1 '=(Z.sub.1 Z.sub.0 ").sup.1/2, etc. 13!
For impedance circuits: Z.sub.1 =(Z.sub.0 Z.sub.W1).sup.1/2, etc. 14!
Z.sub.2 =(Z.sub.0 "Z.sub.W2 ').sup.1/2, etc. 15!
Z.sub.3 =(Z.sub.00 Z.sub.W3 ").sup.1/2, etc. 16!
For impedance-matching members: Z.sub.0 '=(Z.sub.0 "Z.sub.0).sup.1/2, etc. 17!
Claims (14)
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US09/040,848 US5940030A (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1998-03-18 | Steerable phased-array antenna having series feed network |
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US09/040,848 US5940030A (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1998-03-18 | Steerable phased-array antenna having series feed network |
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US5940030A true US5940030A (en) | 1999-08-17 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US09/040,848 Expired - Lifetime US5940030A (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1998-03-18 | Steerable phased-array antenna having series feed network |
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