US3793520A - Collimator particularly for high resolution radioactivity distribution detection systems - Google Patents
Collimator particularly for high resolution radioactivity distribution detection systems Download PDFInfo
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- US3793520A US3793520A US00221162A US3793520DA US3793520A US 3793520 A US3793520 A US 3793520A US 00221162 A US00221162 A US 00221162A US 3793520D A US3793520D A US 3793520DA US 3793520 A US3793520 A US 3793520A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2978—Hybrid imaging systems, e.g. using a position sensitive detector (camera) to determine the distribution in one direction and using mechanical movement of the detector or the subject in the other direction or using a camera to determine the distribution in two dimensions and using movement of the camera or the subject to increase the field of view
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/1644—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using an array of optically separate scintillation elements permitting direct location of scintillations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/02—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators
- G21K1/025—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators using multiple collimators, e.g. Bucky screens; other devices for eliminating undesired or dispersed radiation
Definitions
- ABSTRACT Radiation emitted from a subject positioned on a programmable X,Y platform is directed through a multiplane focused collimator and is detected by means of an array of sensing devices.
- the collimator comprises a registered stack of photoetched plates, each plate formed with a series of hole sets and each stack of hole sets defines downwardly converging collimator bores.
- One hole set is distinguished from another hole set by different hole profiles, each hole profile defining a specific focal length.
- the platform which is in spaced relationship with the collimator, is moved'incrementally along its X and Y axes in steps defining a programmed scanning pattern, each step being an integral multiple of the distance between adjacent sensing devices.
- the number of radioactive events detected at each step is temporarily held in a buffer memory and then applied to a digital data storage unit in a computer.
- the stored data which represents the radioactivity detected at various depth of the subject, is applied to a display for presentation as a composite half tone pictorial representation of the detected radioactive events.
- the present invention relates to radiation detectors and, more particularly, to a radioactivity distribution detection system having a multi-plane focused collimator.
- radioactivity distribution detection systems have become known in the art for determining the location of radioactive material injected in diagnostic amounts into a human body or the like. These systems have not proven to be entirely satisfactory. For example, due to a low degree of resolution or definition in the displayed data, such systems have suffered from the disadvantage that a limited amount of information is presented with respect to low level radioactive events. Furthermore, such systems have suffered from the disadvantage that, in order to obtain data of radio-. active events at various subject depths, a collimator having one focal length is replaced by a collimator having another focal length. Such collimators are costly to produce and time consuming to change.
- Radiation emitted from a subject positioned on a programmable X,Y platform is directed through a multi-plane focused collimator and is detected by means of an array of sensing devices.
- the collimator comprises a registered stack of photoetched plates; each plate formed with a series of hole sets, corresponding hole sets of adjacent plates being in registration.
- a downwardly converging collimator bore is formed by corresponding registered holes of each holeset of adjacent plates, each hole set having a plurality of collimator bores of like focal length.
- the collimator bores of one hole set is distinguished from the collimator bores of another .hole set by different hole profiles and focal lengths.
- the X,Y platform which is spaced relationship with the subject, is moved along its X and Y axes in incremental steps defining a preprogrammed scanning pattern, eachstep being an integral multiple of the dis- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
- FIG. 1 is a block and schematic diagram of a system embodying the invention
- FIG. 2 is a perspective, partly broken away, illustrating a multi-plane focused collimator and a sensing array embodying the invention
- FIG. 3 is a perspective, somewhat exaggerated, of the multi-plane focused collimator of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the multi-plane focused colli- 5 mator of FIG. 3;
- the number of radioactive events detected at each scanning step is temporarily held in a buffer memory and then fed to a digital data storage unit in a computer.
- the stored data which represents detected radioactive events at various depths within the structure, is applied to a display for half tone presentation of a composite pictorial representation of the detected radioactive events.
- the invention accordingly comprises the device possessing the construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts that are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, the scope of which will be indicated in the appended claims.
- FIG. 5 is a section taken along the lines 5-5 of FIG.
- the invention provides a radioactivity distribution detecting system which is characterized by high detection probability, distinct uniformity and clarity in reproduction characteristics, and high resolution in the presented data.
- a radioactivity distribution detection system 10 comprises a detector assembly 12 which includes a photoetched focused collimator I4 and an array 16 of individual scintillators.
- collimator 14 is a multi-plane focused collimator characterized by at least two different focal lengths.
- a subject under diagnosis (not shown) is positioned on a programmable X,Y platform 20 which is in spaced relationship to detector assembly 12, a section of the subject under diagnosis being in registration with collimator l4.v
- scanning signals are generated by adriver 24 which operate to move platform 20 in a specified scanning pattern.
- Individual scintillation events in detector assembly 12 are sensed and the coordinate position on each event is digitized in frontend electronics 26.
- All acceptable data sensed by detector 12 and passed through front-end electronics 26 is accumulated and stored in a buffer memory 28.
- Each event sensed at a particular X,Y location of thesubject, defined by the X,Y position of platform 20 with respect to detector 12, is addressed into memory 28 and accumulated to previous events having the same address.
- the number of events stored at a given address is the number of re corded disintegrations having originated within the monitored subject at a point, the X,Y location of which corresponds to the given address.
- the accumulated data in raw'digital form is applied to computer 22 for further processing.
- Computer 22 generates signals to a display 30 for prese nt ation.
- a manual data input 42 for example a keyboard, is provided for logging any pertinent data in display 30.
- each detecting element 44 is a scintillator composed of, for example, a thallium activated sodium iodide crystal or a cesium crystal.
- scintillator array 16 is mounted in spaced registration with collimator 14 and each scintillator 44 is disposed in registration with a tapered collimator bore.
- a scintillation event in any one scintillator 44 is sensed and its co- 20 for example a 294 word coincih ole st'fi'dacnhoie set includes a number of apertures having like profiles.
- Corresponding apertures of correlative hole sets of adjacent plates are in registration with one another and define a downwardly and inwardly converging collimator bore. That is, a collimator bore 66 is defined by apertures 72, 74, 76, 78 and 80 of plates 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 respectively.
- collimator bores of each hole set are characterized by like focal lengths and each hole set is distinguished from another hole set by a different focal length.
- collimator 14 is other than a multi-plane collimator, for example a single-plane collimator char- ;acterized by like collimator bores having a single focal glength.
- the following table provides the dimensional characteristics, in millimeters, of collimator bores having different focal'lengths.
- Wall separation at bottom is cleared. That is, as platform 20 is moved to the next X,Y position, the events accumulated in memory 28 for the previous X,Y position of platform 20 are fed to computer 22 and memory 28 is cleared and readyfor reception of new data.
- collimator 14 comprises a stack of registered plates 46, 48, 50, 5 2 and 54.
- each plate is formed with aseries of holes sets 56, 58, 60, and 62.
- Hole set 56 includes four like collimator bores 64
- hole set 58 includes 9 like collimator bores 66
- hole set 60 includes 16 like collimator bores 68
- hole set 62 includes 25 like collimator bores 70.
- Each hole set occupies substantially the same area and is distinguished from another hole set by the number of collimator bores and the profile of the collimator bores, the smaller number of collimator bores in each set having the larger collimator bore profile.
- Each plate is composed of a radioactivity shielding material, for example, a metal having1 at least the density of lead.
- each plate is composed of lead and each collimator bore is formed by a material removal process, such as a photoetching technique using known chemical reactions. It is to be understood that, in alternative embodiments, the number of registered plates is other than five, for example, one, three, four, seven and so; on.
- each plate formed with a series of As best shown in FIG. 2, photomultiplyingdevices 82 and 84 are optically coupled to array 16 of scintillator crystals 44.
- Photomultiplier 82 includes a plurality of photodetectors (not shown), one photodetector for each column of scintillators 44.
- Photomultiplier 84 includes a plurality of photodetectors (not shown.) for each row of scintillators 44.
- Each photodetecting device is optically coupled to its associated detecting element by means of light pipes 86, typically composed of a material which transmits the wavelengths emitted from the scintillator, for example, an acrylic resin such as a methyl methacrylate, a clear epoxy, glass, etc. That is, each photomultiplier is connected to a plurality of photodetectors, each photodetector optically coupled to one scintillator in a row or column. It will thus be understood that, each event sensed by a detecting element 44 produces an output signal which is multiplied by the photomultiplying devices 82 and 84. By reason of their optical coupling, these photomultiplying devices provide information as to the X,Y coordinate position of the sensed radioactivity event.
- light pipes 86 typically composed of a material which transmits the wavelengths emitted from the scintillator, for example, an acrylic resin such as a methyl methacrylate, a clear epoxy, glass, etc. That is, each photomultiplier is
- Each detecting element 44 within array 16 causes a response in only one unique pair of photodetectors.
- the arrangement of detecting elements 44, light pipes 86 and the photodetectors is such as toprovide a technique for obtaining digital infonnation from crystal array 16, each unique pair of photodetectors providing X and Y coordinate signal data.
- programmable X,Y platform comprises a table 88 which is mounted to a slidable member 90.
- a rack 92 which engages a pinion 94 of a drive 96 mounted to member 90.
- Member 90 is slidably received in guideways 98, 100 which are provided in parallel guides 102, 104, respectively, rack 92 being in parallel spaced relationship to guides 102, 104.
- Guideway 98 extends along the longitudinal axis of guide 102 and guideway 100 extends along the longitudinal axis of guide 104.
- Guides 102 and 104 are formed also with a pair of transverse guideways 106, 108 and 110, 112, respectively.
- Guideway 106 is in registration with guideway 110 and guideway 108 is in registration with guideway 112.
- Fixed guides 114 and 116 are slidably received in guideways 106, 110 and 108, 112, respectively.
- Fixed guides 114 and 116 are in parallel spaced relationship with one another and in perpendicular spaced relationship with guides 102, 104.
- table 88, member 90 and rack 92 are slidable in a first direction within guideways 98, 100; and guides 102, 104 and rack 118 are slidable in a second direction within guideways 106, 108 and 110, 112; the first and second directions being mutually per pendicular to one another.
- the first and second directions will be referred to as the X and Y directions, respectively, so that drive 96 operates to move table 88 in the X direction and drive 122 operates to move table 88 in the Y direction.
- Drives 96 and 122 for example stepping motors, are controlled by signals generated by driver 24 in response to command signals from computer 22.
- platform 20 is movable also in the Z axis by means of jack screws 124, for example.
- Computer 22 is programmed tomoveplatforrn 20in a 'sairfiing'fiufififiais or 4 incremental steps, each step being an integral multiple of the distance between adjacent scintillators 44. Since detector 1 2 comprises 294 elements arranged in columns of 21 and in rows of 14, each incremental step measures 294 independent spatial segments which corresponds to the 294 spatial segments of multi-bore collimator 14. Each collimator bore is used to limit the field of view of each scintillator 44 to a unique spatial segment in the object being measured. ln this manner, an image of the organ under diagnosis is obtained which is made up on 294 picture elements corresponding to the 294 unique spatial segments isolated by the multi-bore collimator.
- each separate spatial segment in the object is defined solely by the geometry of each collimator bore.
- the multi-bore collimator breaks up the organ into 294 equal spatial segments which are then presented as 294 picture elements.
- the shape and volume of the spatial segment isolated by the collimator bore determine the spatial resolution of the imaging system, the spatial resolution obtainable being dependent upon the number of spatial segments. That is, the information content of the final image defines a one-toone correspondence to the number of independent spatial segments that are isolated in the object of the collimator bores.
- Different collimator configurations result in spatial segments which differ in shape and volume. In the illustrated collimator configuration, measurements are obtained at different depths within the subject under diagnosis. lt is to be understood that, in alternative embodiments, collimator 14 comprises a plurality of like collimator bores and measurements are obtained at a single depth with the subject under diagnosis.
- the shape and volume of the spatial segment isolated by a collimator bore can be altered due to septal penetration, Compton scattering, and finite intrinsic spatial resolution of the detector.
- the final image with maximum information content is achieved when the volume of interest is viewed with the highest number of independent spatial segments, and when each independent spatial segment is recorded with a satistically signifi' cant number of detected events.
- the number of independent spatial segments ovservable is increased to the theoretical limit of collimator ,t l ti nb meyin lhqsabj to UHWIZEL UJ ferent positions. Since each position measures 294 independent spatial segments which generate the corresponding 294 picture elements, the final image consists of N times 294 picture elements.
- the information content of each picture element is determined uniquely by the collimator with no deterioration of information due to finite intrinsic spatial resolution at the detector. This information integrity is maintained because the array of individual crystals yields unique X,Y positioning for every event detected. Septal penetration in minimized or eliminated by using thicker collimators which maintain sufficiently thick septa.
- the number of independent spatial segments cannot be increased by simply increasing the number of holes in the collimator, except at low energy, because septal penetration destroys the information content of each picture element, that is, the spatial segments blow up in size.
- ipfi yiqyslx aqise sa q r 98 s Pr r 9 move platform 20 in a scanning sequence of 16, 8 or 4 incremental steps. It is to be understood that, in alternate embodiments, the scanning sequence is other than 16, 8 or 4 incremental steps, for example, 32, 2 or 1.
- multi-plane collimator 14 comprises four collimators repeated over the array of crystals.
- these four focussed collimators are provided with 4, 9, l6, and 25 holes having focal lengths of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 inches, respectively.
- the thickness of the collimator is approximately 0.40 inch with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.44 inch.
- the data obtained during the four accumulations are stored in the proper address locations in memory 28 in order to generate four separate images corresponding to the four focal depths. All four views are simultaneously presented in one single image for easy evaluation.
- an isotope such as Technetium 99m (Tc99m) is used because it is a pure gamma emitter which minimizes dose to the patient. Tc99m is administered in allowed doses than can yield observed events of about 20,000 per second.
- isotopes such as IN 1 13m and Bal 137m allow at least an equal or greater amount of specific activity for the same dose with the twofold advantage of higher penetration through the cranium and better staining qualities.
- This possible development in pharmacology requires the handling of data rate inputs up to one half million per second to take full advantage of their value.
- a realistic accumulation time per view using Tc99m with adequate spatial resolution is l0-30 seconds. At 20,000 events/see, this would allow between 200,000
- Data accumulated for the first incremental scanning step is addressed into memory 28 in the manner hereinbefore described. At the end of the first accumulation period, the data in memory 28 is fed to computer 22 for further processing and memory 28 is cleared. Platform is then moved to the second incremental scanning step, a new frame of data is accumulated and is stored in memory 28. When the last incremental scanning step data stored in memory 28 has been fed to computer 22, the system is ready to present a combined image dis play.
- the stored data is selectively presented on display 32, magnetic tape 34 and a printer 36.
- display 32 is a cathode ray tube which receives scanning data from a display electronics unit 126.
- the basic numerical data generated by computer 22 and fed to display electronics, unit 126 i.e., the number of events recorded at each X,Y address position, is converted into a binary coded symbol whose half-tone value is proportional to the number of recorded events.
- the binarycoded symbol generated by display electronics unit 126 is applied to display 32 for controlling the intensity of each segment of the combined image presented on the cathode ray tube. That is, the combined image presented on the cathode ray tube is a composite half-tone display which represents the number of recorded events for each X,Y address position, the greatest number of recorded events being represented by the highest intensity or brighter image.
- a multi-plane collimator comprising:
- a first plate formed with at least first and second holes having first and second profiles, respectively, said first hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a first axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said first plate, said second hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a second axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said first plate, said first profile larger than said second profile; and a second plate formed with at least third and fourth holes having third and fourth profiles, respectively, said third hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a third axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said second plate, said fourth hole having a boundary in the wardly and inwardly converging first collimator bore having a first focal length;
- said second profile slightly larger than said fourth profile, said second and fourth holes defining a downwardly and inwardly converging second collimator bore having a second focal length which is different from said first focal length.
- a collimator comprising:
- a second photoetched plate formed with at least third and fourth hole sets, said third and fourth hole sets including at least two apertures each, the aperture of said third hole set having a third profile and theapertures of said fourth hole sets having a fourth profile, said third profile larger than said fourth profile, said apertures of said third and fourth hole sets having a boundary in the formof a cylindrical surface of revolution;
- said first photoetched plate mounted in juxtaposition to said second photoetched plate in such a manner that the apertures of said first hole set are in registration with the apertures of said third hole set and the apertures of said second hole set are in registration with the apertures of said fourth hole set;
- the axis of each aperture of said first hole set is in registration with the axis of each aperture of said third hole set and defined downwardly and inwardly converging first collimator bores, each of said first collimator bores having like focal lengths;
- the axis of each aperture of said second hole set is in registration with the axis of each aperture of said fourth hole set and define downwardly and inwardly converging second collimator bores, each of said second collimator bores having like focal lengths;
- a radiation monitoring system for detecting radioactivity in a subject comprising:
- a collimator means including a first plate formed with at least first and second holes having first and second profiles, respectively, said first hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a first axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said first plate, said second hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a second axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said first plate, said first profile larger than said second profile, and a second plate formed with at least third and fourth holes having third and fourth profiles, respectively, said third hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a third axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said second plate, said fourth hole having a boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a fourth axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said secwhich is perpendicular to the plane of said second photoetched plate, said third profile larger than said fourth profile, said first photoetched plate mounted in juxtaposition to said second photoond plate, said third profile larger than
- a plurality of scintillators defining an array disis different from said first focal length; posed in juxtaposition with said collimator, said b. a plurality of scintillator means defining an array collimator bores and scintillators mounted in regisdisposed in juxtaposition with said collimator tration, one of said scintillators mounted in regismeans, said collimator bores and scintillators tration with only one of said collimator bores; mounted in registration, one of said scintillator c. photodetecting means associated with each said means mounted in registration with only one of scintillator for detecting radioactivity events; said collimator bores; d.
- a radiation monitoring system for detecting radiomovable platform means; activity in a subject comprising: h. means for moving said movable platform means in a. photoetched collimator means including a first incremental steps defining a scanning pattern, raphotoetched plate formed with at least first and dioactivity events being detected at each incremensecond holes having first and second profiles, retal step; and spectively, said first hole having a boundary in the i. display means operatively connected to said comform of a cylindrical surface of revolution about a puter means for presenting said processed data as first axis which is perpendicular to the plane of said a combined pictorial display.
- first photoetched plate, said second hole having a 5.
- the radiation monitoring system as claimed in boundary in the form of a cylindrical surface of claim 4 including display electronic means operatively revolution about a second axis which is perpendicconnected between said computer means and said disular to the plane of said first photoetched plate, play means, said display means being a cathode-ray said first profilelarger than said second profile, and tube, said display electronic means generating coded a second photoetched plate formed with at least scanning data signals to said cathode-ray tube, each third and fourth holes having third and fourth prosaid coded scanning data signal defining a half-tone files, respectively, said third hole having a boundvalue proportional to the number of events detected by ary in the form of a cylindrical surface of revolueach said scintillator, said coded scanning data signal tion about a third axis which is perpendicular to the controlling the intensity of each segment of said complane of said second photoetched plates, said bined pictorial display, a half-tone combined image fourth hole having a boundary in the form of a cy
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US22116272A | 1972-01-27 | 1972-01-27 |
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US3793520A true US3793520A (en) | 1974-02-19 |
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US00221162A Expired - Lifetime US3793520A (en) | 1972-01-27 | 1972-01-27 | Collimator particularly for high resolution radioactivity distribution detection systems |
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US4929832A (en) * | 1988-03-11 | 1990-05-29 | Ledley Robert S | Methods and apparatus for determining distributions of radioactive materials |
US4969176A (en) * | 1988-03-18 | 1990-11-06 | U.S. Philips Corporation | X-ray examination apparatus having a stray radiation grid with anti-vignetting effect |
US5847398A (en) * | 1997-07-17 | 1998-12-08 | Imarad Imaging Systems Ltd. | Gamma-ray imaging with sub-pixel resolution |
FR2778467A1 (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 1999-11-12 | Christian Jeanguillaume | Gamma camera for patient or biological specimen observation |
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CN102455247A (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-16 | 上海微电子装备有限公司 | Device and method for detecting optimal focal plane of projection objective |
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US3984689A (en) * | 1974-11-27 | 1976-10-05 | G. D. Searle & Co. | Scintillation camera for high activity sources |
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