US3766539A - Automatic personnel intrusion alarm - Google Patents

Automatic personnel intrusion alarm Download PDF

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US3766539A
US3766539A US00249256A US3766539DA US3766539A US 3766539 A US3766539 A US 3766539A US 00249256 A US00249256 A US 00249256A US 3766539D A US3766539D A US 3766539DA US 3766539 A US3766539 A US 3766539A
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signal
alarm
amplifier
combination according
detector
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US00249256A
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B Bradshaw
H Graves
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US Department of Army
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S250/00—Radiant energy
    • Y10S250/01—Passive intrusion detectors

Definitions

  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the alarm system connected to an infrared viewer
  • FIG. 2 shows a complete circuit diagram of the alarm system
  • FIG. 3 shows a pictorial view of the alarm unit mounted on a remote viewing station.
  • the dashed box 11 separates a scanning type infrared (IR) viewer from the alarm system of the present invention in dashed block 12.
  • An IR scene 13 is viewed through a window 14. This implies both that the frequency is selected to match a natural atmospheric window, e.g. 3 to 5 or 8 to 12 microns, and that transparent elements intervening between the scene and mirror 15 are formed of special materials such as germanium which transmit IR with little attenuation.
  • Objective lens 16 formed from one of the above special materials, forms an image of the scene reflected from mirror 15 on the surface of detector 17.
  • the detector would be formed of a two dimensional array of diodes in sufficient nembers, e.g. 40 to 200 to provide the desired resolution in the final visible display.
  • a one dimensional array on even a single diode may be used by providing a scan mechanism for the mirror to periodically sweep all parts of the image over a diode. In so doing the scan mechanism introduces low frequency components in the video output 18 of the diodes (or diode).
  • signal processing circuits 19 When the video signal is amplified by signal processing circuits 19 and applied to a display device, these components are cancelled by the scanning mechanism employed.
  • Ambient temperature changes add very low frequency components which can be removed by the operatoi' with a manual gain control included in block 19, while watching the display device.
  • the very low frequency components act as a bias that can result in distortion of high frequency components. This is due to operation in the non-linear region of amplifiers used in the alarm circuit.
  • the first stage 21 of the alarm circuit is an automatic gain controlled (AGC) amplifier with a long time constant feedback. Sustained variations of periods greater than three seconds are removed by this stage.
  • AGC automatic gain controlled
  • the video output is next processed by a high-pass amplifier 22 which effectively removes all frequencies below two kilohertz.
  • the output of all amplifiers not preceded by detectors is flat to approximately 40 kh.
  • the output from the high-pass amplifier contains only responses to radiation from the scene. This is fed to the alarm detector amplifier 23 which has a response time constant of 0.15 seconds. A short constant was selected to permit line to line verification of a level change with sweep rates as low as 15 cps.
  • the alarm circuit utilizes a threshold breakdown to produce substantial output energy at a bias level that can be preset by the operator. The energy can be channelled into either an audible or a visible alerting device 24.
  • FIG. 2 shows the complete circuit diagram of the alarm which includes blocks 21 to 24 from FIG. 1. All transistors are type 2N2222 except CK, which is a Raysistor type CK1116 and Q9 which is a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) type 2N2323. The resistors all have quarter watt ratings and the capacitors are rated at 15 volts. Individual values of these elements are given in Table l which follows.
  • the gain control and high-pass amplifiers are provided with Faraday cages and the leads from potentiometer R include a shielding conductor 30 when brought out of their cages.
  • the switch S connects either a light bulb or sound generator such as sonalert unit type SCG28. If desired S can be replaced with an AND/OR logic switch arrangement to permit both the light and sound alarms to be operated simultaneously.
  • the 3 second time constnat of the AGC amplifier is provided by RC time integration as the video signals pass from stage to stage.
  • a conventional diode detector furnishes the dc feedback signal for AGC action.
  • Gain is stabilized by the variable shunt resistance of the raysistor CK
  • the stabilized signal is tapped off the emitter of the first amplifier stage to avoid the smoothing effect of the feedback circuit.
  • the input capacitor C of the high-pass amplifier forms part of an RC filter to provide the 2 kh low frequency cutoff.
  • the signal is integrated by RC interstage coupling and rectified as in the AGC amplifier but with a much smaller time constant (0.15 sec) to detect subtle changes in the scene and to ignore a single line anomaly such as a voltage spike or defective detector diode.
  • the integrated current signal is applied to a threshold device such as a silicon controlled rectifier which furnishes a strong current pulse when the signal exceeds its threshold.
  • a threshold device such as a silicon controlled rectifier which furnishes a strong current pulse when the signal exceeds its threshold.
  • Adjustment of potentiometer R lowers the signal to a level just below threshold when a quiescent scene is presented to the viewing device and must be adjusted whenever the scene is changed or an intolerable false alarm rate is encountered.
  • FIG. 3 shows a remote viewing cathode ray tube unit 40 with a video display 41 at the bottom and the alarm unit 44 of the present invention mounted on its top.
  • the entire alarm system can be mounted in such a unit if desired.
  • Control 42 sets the threshold level for the detector circuit to trigger the alarm 43 indicator which plugs into the face of the unit.
  • This unit differs from Universal Viewer mentioned earlier, which does not employ a cathode ray tube. For that viewer a remote alarm is best provided by transferring elements R and 24 from FIG. 2 as discussed earlier.
  • a bandpass AGC amplifier having its input coupled to said viewer to monitor said video signal
  • an alarm means coupled to said detector to emit an alarm signal when significant changes occur in the video signal amplitude.
  • said AGC amplifier includes a feedback circuit for automatic gain control with a 3 second time constant.

Abstract

The invention is concerned with infrared viewing systems, particularly those operating in the spectral wavelength regions between 3 to 5 and 8 to 14 microns. An alarm is provided for these systems to draw particular attention to subtle or drastic changes in the scene being viewed, thereby reducing operator fatigue or relieving the operator to perform other tasks simultaneously.

Description

United 6 0R swemsse Bradshaw e1 AUTOMATIC PERSONNEL INTRUSION ALARM Inventors: Bobbie G. Bradshaw; Howard T.
Graves, both of Alexandria, Va.
The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army, Washington, DC.
Filed: May 1, 1972 Appl. No.: 249,256
Assignee:
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 11/1972 Berman 340/258 D IR WINDOW Oct. 16, 1973 3,056,106 9/ 1962 Hendricks 340/258 D X 3,493,953 2/1970 Taylor 3,631,434 12/1971 Schwartz 340/228 S Primary ExaminerDavid L. Trafton Attorney-Harry M. Saragovitz et a1.
[5 7] ABSTRACT 6 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures I I3 T l T I ll I l OBJECTIVE LEN SIGNAL 20 I VIDEO I PROCESSING @BE;ECTOR CIRCUITS I l L /l2 AUTOMATIC PERSONNEL INTRusIoN ALARM (APIA) l 1 AUDIO WARNING ALARM AUTOMATIC DEVICE OR DETECTOR :fijjfi; GA|N CONTROL VISIBLE INDICATOR AMPLIFIER AMPL l FIER I PATENEEU BC? 1 8 1973 SEES 5 2 FIG. 2
FIG. 3
AUTOMATIC PERSONNEL INTRUSION ALARM The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
RELATED APPLICATIONS Ser. No. 231,545 entitled Universal Viewer for Far Infrared-filed Mar. 3, l972'by Patrick J. Daly et al. (Also assigned to the U. S. Government).
BACKGROUND In the military and in many civilian situations it is desireable to protect strategic or monetarily valuable establishments from sneak attack utilizing only a single observer. To achieve this the observer must have some technological assist to overcome the elements of surprise, greater numbers, and probable greater prowess of infiltrators. Contact alarm systems are fairly useful to such an observer, but these can be bypassed or deactivated without the observers knowledge. They also are not suited to all types of terrain particularly where large bodys of water are involved. Sonar devices are useful in water, but can be defeated by carefully designed countermeasures. Likewise listening devices can be used above water, but these also can be defeated.
Perhaps the most difficult system to defeat is a passive IR viewer operating in the far infrared region from 3 to 5 and 8 to 14 microns. The intruder is detected by his body temperature, which is normally much higher than the background terrain, particularly at night when visibility is poorest. Far infrared light penetrates fog, dust and smoke and is not effected by most optical camouflage.
There are difficulties associated with current systems, however, in that they require two much of the operator. The presentation is much different than a simple visual display or an image intensifier output. Familiar details of a scene are omitted while normally invisible heat images are prevalent. The operator must be continuously observing and interpreting the scene to provide proper security. It is preferred and is sometimes necessary that the operator be free to perform other tasks. At worst, the operator should be able to man a number of viewers pointed in differentdirections.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 7 The above difficulties are overcome in the present invention by providing an alarm which warns the operator of changes in radiation from the area under surviellance which might signify the presence of an intruder. A typical infrared (IR) viewing system with which the present invention may be used is shown in application Ser. No. 231,545, a Universal Viewer for Far Infrared filed Mar. 3, 1972 by Patrick J. Daly et al. The IR viewers type AN/PAS7 and AN/PAS-IO can also employ the alarm system of the invention. To be effective the alarm must sort out variations in the video signal from the viewer that are attributable to the operation of the viewer or to gradual-changes in the scene due to ambient temperature variations. The alarm is thus provided with a combination of signal processing devices which enable a visible or audible device. The operator can be stationed at a considerable distance from one or more of these units, and is free to perform other duties such as maintenance, inspection or reporting.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The invention is best understood with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the alarm system connected to an infrared viewer;
FIG. 2 shows a complete circuit diagram of the alarm system; and
FIG. 3 shows a pictorial view of the alarm unit mounted on a remote viewing station.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, the dashed box 11 separates a scanning type infrared (IR) viewer from the alarm system of the present invention in dashed block 12. An IR scene 13 is viewed through a window 14. This implies both that the frequency is selected to match a natural atmospheric window, e.g. 3 to 5 or 8 to 12 microns, and that transparent elements intervening between the scene and mirror 15 are formed of special materials such as germanium which transmit IR with little attenuation. Objective lens 16 formed from one of the above special materials, forms an image of the scene reflected from mirror 15 on the surface of detector 17.
Ideally the detector would be formed of a two dimensional array of diodes in sufficient nembers, e.g. 40 to 200 to provide the desired resolution in the final visible display. As a matter of economy a one dimensional array on even a single diode may be used by providing a scan mechanism for the mirror to periodically sweep all parts of the image over a diode. In so doing the scan mechanism introduces low frequency components in the video output 18 of the diodes (or diode). When the video signal is amplified by signal processing circuits 19 and applied to a display device, these components are cancelled by the scanning mechanism employed. Ambient temperature changes add very low frequency components which can be removed by the operatoi' with a manual gain control included in block 19, while watching the display device.
The very low frequency components act as a bias that can result in distortion of high frequency components. This is due to operation in the non-linear region of amplifiers used in the alarm circuit. To prevent such distortion, the first stage 21 of the alarm circuit is an automatic gain controlled (AGC) amplifier with a long time constant feedback. Sustained variations of periods greater than three seconds are removed by this stage. To remove the major signal components introduced by the scanning mechanism, the video output is next processed by a high-pass amplifier 22 which effectively removes all frequencies below two kilohertz. The output of all amplifiers not preceded by detectors is flat to approximately 40 kh.
The output from the high-pass amplifier contains only responses to radiation from the scene. This is fed to the alarm detector amplifier 23 which has a response time constant of 0.15 seconds. A short constant was selected to permit line to line verification of a level change with sweep rates as low as 15 cps. The alarm circuit utilizes a threshold breakdown to produce substantial output energy at a bias level that can be preset by the operator. The energy can be channelled into either an audible or a visible alerting device 24.
FIG. 2 shows the complete circuit diagram of the alarm which includes blocks 21 to 24 from FIG. 1. All transistors are type 2N2222 except CK, which is a Raysistor type CK1116 and Q9 which is a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) type 2N2323. The resistors all have quarter watt ratings and the capacitors are rated at 15 volts. Individual values of these elements are given in Table l which follows.
TABLE 1 R; 20,000 R 1,000 C. 0.5 mf R, 100,000 R 100 C, 0.15 mf R 150,000 R 67,000 C 2.2 mf R 56 R 24,000 C-, 0.01 mf R, 10,000 R 4,700 C, 2.2 mf R. 100,000 R 1,000 C, 27 mf R, 33,000 R 200,000 C 50 mf R. 2,200 R 4,700 C 0.001 mf R. 1,000 R 200,000 0.15 mf R 220,000 R 4,700 C 0.047 mf R 56 C 50 mf C 150 mf R 47,000 C, 10 pf C 0.15 rnf R 1,000,000 C;, 2.2 mf C 0.15 mf For remote operation of the alarm it is only necessary to bring out the potentiometer R and the elements S B and L in block 24 as shown in FIG. 2. To protect the low level signals the gain control and high-pass amplifiers are provided with Faraday cages and the leads from potentiometer R include a shielding conductor 30 when brought out of their cages. The switch S connects either a light bulb or sound generator such as sonalert unit type SCG28. If desired S can be replaced with an AND/OR logic switch arrangement to permit both the light and sound alarms to be operated simultaneously.
The 3 second time constnat of the AGC amplifier is provided by RC time integration as the video signals pass from stage to stage. A conventional diode detector furnishes the dc feedback signal for AGC action. Gain is stabilized by the variable shunt resistance of the raysistor CK The stabilized signal is tapped off the emitter of the first amplifier stage to avoid the smoothing effect of the feedback circuit. The input capacitor C of the high-pass amplifier forms part of an RC filter to provide the 2 kh low frequency cutoff. The signal is integrated by RC interstage coupling and rectified as in the AGC amplifier but with a much smaller time constant (0.15 sec) to detect subtle changes in the scene and to ignore a single line anomaly such as a voltage spike or defective detector diode. The integrated current signal is applied to a threshold device such as a silicon controlled rectifier which furnishes a strong current pulse when the signal exceeds its threshold. Adjustment of potentiometer R, lowers the signal to a level just below threshold when a quiescent scene is presented to the viewing device and must be adjusted whenever the scene is changed or an intolerable false alarm rate is encountered.
FIG. 3 shows a remote viewing cathode ray tube unit 40 with a video display 41 at the bottom and the alarm unit 44 of the present invention mounted on its top. The entire alarm system can be mounted in such a unit if desired. Control 42 sets the threshold level for the detector circuit to trigger the alarm 43 indicator which plugs into the face of the unit. This unit differs from Universal Viewer mentioned earlier, which does not employ a cathode ray tube. For that viewer a remote alarm is best provided by transferring elements R and 24 from FIG. 2 as discussed earlier.
Many obvious variations of the specific embodiments described above will occur to those skilled in the art, but the current invention is limited only as contrued in the light of the claims which follow.
We claim:
1. In combination with a far infrared viewer wherein an infrared image is scanned by a detector diode to produce a video output signal:
a bandpass AGC amplifier having its input coupled to said viewer to monitor said video signal;
a highpass amplifier with a low frequency cutoff at approximately two kilocycles serially coupled to said bandpass amplifier;
a signal detector with a time constant less than three seconds serially coupled to said highpass amplifier; and
an alarm means coupled to said detector to emit an alarm signal when significant changes occur in the video signal amplitude. I
2. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said AGC amplifier includes a feedback circuit for automatic gain control with a 3 second time constant.
3. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said signal detector has a time constant of 0.15 second.
4. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said AGC and high-pass amplifiers have a band pass of approximately 40 kilohertz.
5. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said alarm means emits an audible alarm signal.
6. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said alarm means emits a visible signal.

Claims (6)

1. In combination with a far infrared viewer wherein an infrared image is scanned by a detector diode to produce a video output signal: a bandpass AGC amplifier having its input coupled to said viewer to monitor sAid video signal; a highpass amplifier with a low frequency cutoff at approximately two kilocycles serially coupled to said bandpass amplifier; a signal detector with a time constant less than three seconds serially coupled to said highpass amplifier; and an alarm means coupled to said detector to emit an alarm signal when significant changes occur in the video signal amplitude.
2. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said AGC amplifier includes a feedback circuit for automatic gain control with a 3 second time constant.
3. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said signal detector has a time constant of 0.15 second.
4. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said AGC and high-pass amplifiers have a band pass of approximately 40 kilohertz.
5. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said alarm means emits an audible alarm signal.
6. The combination according to claim 1 wherein said alarm means emits a visible signal.
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4594585A (en) * 1983-02-09 1986-06-10 H. Stoll Gmbh And Company Electromagnetically-controlled flat knitting machine
JPS6251482U (en) * 1985-09-02 1987-03-31
EP0311148A2 (en) * 1985-02-19 1989-04-12 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Apparatus for monitoring infra-red emissions
US4942385A (en) * 1987-12-24 1990-07-17 Hochiki Corporation Photoelectric intrusion detector
US5242224A (en) * 1991-01-18 1993-09-07 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Temperature monitoring unit
WO1998013235A1 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-02 Connelly Corporation Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
US6390529B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-05-21 Donnelly Corporation Safety release for a trunk of a vehicle
US6480103B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-11-12 Donnelly Corporation Compartment sensing system
US6485081B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-11-26 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
US6768420B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2004-07-27 Donnelly Corporation Vehicle compartment occupancy detection system
US6783167B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2004-08-31 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
US8258932B2 (en) 2004-11-22 2012-09-04 Donnelly Corporation Occupant detection system for vehicle
US9403501B2 (en) 2013-11-13 2016-08-02 Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh Carrier system and method thereof
US9405120B2 (en) 2014-11-19 2016-08-02 Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh Head-up display and vehicle using the same

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3056106A (en) * 1958-07-14 1962-09-25 Gamewell Co Infrared detectors
US3493953A (en) * 1965-08-14 1970-02-03 Thrings Advanced Dev Ltd Fire alarm with infra-red scanner
US3631434A (en) * 1969-10-08 1971-12-28 Barnes Eng Co Passive intrusion detector
US3703718A (en) * 1971-01-07 1972-11-21 Optical Coating Laboratory Inc Infrared intrusion detector system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3056106A (en) * 1958-07-14 1962-09-25 Gamewell Co Infrared detectors
US3493953A (en) * 1965-08-14 1970-02-03 Thrings Advanced Dev Ltd Fire alarm with infra-red scanner
US3631434A (en) * 1969-10-08 1971-12-28 Barnes Eng Co Passive intrusion detector
US3631434B1 (en) * 1969-10-08 1986-08-05
US3703718A (en) * 1971-01-07 1972-11-21 Optical Coating Laboratory Inc Infrared intrusion detector system
US3703718B1 (en) * 1971-01-07 1982-04-13

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4594585A (en) * 1983-02-09 1986-06-10 H. Stoll Gmbh And Company Electromagnetically-controlled flat knitting machine
EP0311148A2 (en) * 1985-02-19 1989-04-12 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Apparatus for monitoring infra-red emissions
EP0311148A3 (en) * 1985-02-19 1989-05-10 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Apparatus for monitoring infra-red emissions
JPS6251482U (en) * 1985-09-02 1987-03-31
EP0218055A1 (en) * 1985-09-02 1987-04-15 Heimann GmbH Infrared movement detector
US4752769A (en) * 1985-09-02 1988-06-21 Heimann Gmbh Infrared motion alarm
US4942385A (en) * 1987-12-24 1990-07-17 Hochiki Corporation Photoelectric intrusion detector
US5242224A (en) * 1991-01-18 1993-09-07 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Temperature monitoring unit
WO1998013235A1 (en) * 1996-09-26 1998-04-02 Connelly Corporation Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
US6166625A (en) * 1996-09-26 2000-12-26 Donnelly Corporation Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
US6762676B2 (en) 1996-09-26 2004-07-13 Donnelly Corp. Vehicle compartment occupancy detection system
US6515582B1 (en) 1996-09-26 2003-02-04 Donnelly Corporation Pyroelectric intrusion detection in motor vehicles
US6485081B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-11-26 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
US6480103B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-11-12 Donnelly Corporation Compartment sensing system
US20030035297A1 (en) * 1999-03-24 2003-02-20 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for opening the trunk compartment of a vehicle
US6621411B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2003-09-16 Donnelly Corporation Compartment sensing system
US6692056B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2004-02-17 Donnelly Corporation Safety release for a trunk of a vehicle
US6390529B1 (en) 1999-03-24 2002-05-21 Donnelly Corporation Safety release for a trunk of a vehicle
US6783167B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2004-08-31 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for a closed compartment of a vehicle
US6832793B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2004-12-21 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for opening the trunk compartment of a vehicle
US7097226B2 (en) 1999-03-24 2006-08-29 Donnelly Corporation Safety system for a compartment of a vehicle
US6768420B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2004-07-27 Donnelly Corporation Vehicle compartment occupancy detection system
US8258932B2 (en) 2004-11-22 2012-09-04 Donnelly Corporation Occupant detection system for vehicle
US9403501B2 (en) 2013-11-13 2016-08-02 Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh Carrier system and method thereof
US9405120B2 (en) 2014-11-19 2016-08-02 Magna Electronics Solutions Gmbh Head-up display and vehicle using the same

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