US3391069A - Radical anions of organic compounds - Google Patents
Radical anions of organic compounds Download PDFInfo
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- US3391069A US3391069A US382370A US38237064A US3391069A US 3391069 A US3391069 A US 3391069A US 382370 A US382370 A US 382370A US 38237064 A US38237064 A US 38237064A US 3391069 A US3391069 A US 3391069A
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- the present invention relates to chemiluminescence. It has been found, pursuant to the instant discovery, that visible chemiluminescent emission may be generated by the oxidation of an organic anion radical.
- an anion radical of a fluorescent organic compound or a dianion of a fluorescent organic compound capable of direct conversion to its corresponding organic fluorescent compound, by giving up at least one electron is oxidized with a sufficiently energetic oxidant to convert said fluorescent compound to its singlet excited state and thus provide a visible chemiluminescent emission.
- a typical embodiment of the instant invention involves the preparation of a solution of sodium 9,10-diphenylanthracene radical anion in tetrahydrofuran and adding thereto a solution of benzoyl peroxide in tetrahydrofuran (TI-IF), the total solution mixture being maintained in an inert atmosphere, such as under an atmosphere of nitrogen. A bright blue light is emitted.
- TI-IF benzoyl peroxide in tetrahydrofuran
- organic anion radicals and dianions of the type described above are capable of direct conversion to their corresponding organic fluorescent compounds by giving up at least one electron.
- anion radicals or dianions of fluorescent aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons are the anion radicals or dianions of fluorescent aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons; and polycyclic heterocyclic fluorescent compounds capable of being converted to their corresponding anion radials or dianions, e.g., the corresponding aza analogs of the above fluorescent aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons.
- sodium 1,4-dimethoxyanthracenide sodium 1 methoxy 9,10-diice phenylanthracenide, potassium 1,4 dimethoxy 9,10-diphenylanthracenide, lithium 2,3 benzofluoranthrenide, and other similar alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and quaternary ammonium salts of anthracene, rubrene, pyrene, coronene, decacyclene, ,B-dinaphthylene oxide, 1,3- diphenylisobenzofuran, 1,7-phenanthroline, heme-(1,2,3- g,h: 4,5,6-g,h)-diphenanthridine, N-methyl phenothiazine, and the like.
- Typical oxidants within the purview of the instant invention and sufiiciently energetic to provide an amount of energy at least equivalent to the amount of energy required to excite the aforementioned fluorescent compounds to their singlet excited state are chlorine, bromine, benzoyl peroxide, tertiary-butyl hypochlorite, and the like.
- an electrolytic anode may be used as oxidant.
- the energy of an excited state is an easily measured experimental value.
- the energy difference between a first excited singlet and its corresponding ground state is defined by the frequency of the first absorption band in the ultraviolet or visible spectrum of the ground state species.
- the physical energy released by a reaction is also an experimental quantity.
- the free energy of a reaction of the type given in the specific embodiment described above can be determined with considerable accuracy by polarographic measurements or by other procedures well known to the physical chemist.
- the operable limits of anion radical chemiluminescence are capable of independent measurement and of clear definition in terms of physical characteristics of ion radicals, oxidants, and fluorescent products. Consequently, generating chemiluminescent emission by oxidizing an anion radical of the type contemplated herein with an oxidant sufficiently energetic to provide an amount of energy required to produce the resulting organic fluorescent compound corresponding to the organic anion radical in its singlet excited state can be accomplished by first recognizing the physical characteristics of the organic anion radical, as well as the physical characteristics of the oxidant to be used.
- the oxidant is sufiiciently energetic and the total amount of energy (say, in kilocalories) resulting from the reaction with the anion radical is enough to produce the corresponding organic fluorescent compound in its singlet excited state (defined above), visible light is produced.
- an anion radical can be oxidized to its corresponding hydrocarbon, e.g.,
- the temperature at which the organic anion radical is oxidized is not critical, since very excellent results have 3 been achieved at ambient temperatures.
- the process of the present invention is carried out in an inert atmosphere, e.g., nitrogen, helium, or the like.
- the present invention has numerous applica- 4
- the reactions in the above table produce a visible chemiluminescent emission. While only several solvents are employed, it should be borne in mind that any suitable inert organic solvent may be employed. Typical soltions.
- chemiluminescence of the type real- 5 vents are 1,2 dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, diized herein may be used in safety equipment for recognimethylformamide, dioxane, dimethylether of ethylene tion lighting, signaling, etc. glycol, 2 methylpyrrolidinone, tetramethyl urea, triethyl
- the present invention will best be understood by virtue phosphate, and the like.
- numerous other suitaof the following illustrative examples ble inert organic solvents and mixtures of any of these will be apparentto the skilled chemist.
- a method of generating a ytsiblc chemiluminescent :30 emission which comprises oxidizing a reactant compound
- Example lI.-Chen1iluminescence from reaction of selected from the group consisting of an anion radical of sodium 9,IO-diphenylanthracenide with benzoyl peroxide a fluorescent organic compound and a dianion of a fluorescent organic compound, said reactant compound being To a solutlon Q 9,10 dlplellylflmhrwmde capable of direct conversion to its corresponding fluoresplepared by combmulg i e?
- nlflhmolei 0t cent organic compound by giving up at least one electron, dlphenyl anthlacfine Hummers 0t dw tetra said oxidation being carried out with a sufficiently enerhydrofiurm ⁇ with 1 mllhmole 0t 1 mciar Sodium f getic oxidant to produce the resulting fluorescent organic thalemde m tetrahydm fi ⁇ ran under mtrogen i compound in its singlet excited state and thus provide 21 added Q29 gram (1 millunole) of benzoyl peroxide.
- a Visible chemiluminescent emission brief bright blue chemiluminescence is observed and the 30
- the reactant Purple color of the anthracemde lmmedlately changes pound is the anion radical of a fluorescent aromatic polyto Y cyclic hydrocarbon.
- Example III -Chemiluminescence from oxidation of h h Glam 1
- the reiactant con ⁇ - 9 10 dipheny1anthmcene radical anion at a mercury pound is the dianion of a flourescent aromatic polycyclic electrode hydrocarbon.
- the reactant com- A 2X 1110181 i 9 0f ieffablltyl ammonlllm pound is the anion radical of a fluorescent heterocyclic 9,10 diphenylanthracemde in 1,2 dimethoxyethane conpolycyclic compound. taining 0.1 molar tetrabutylammonium perchlorate is 5.
- the reactant complaced in an electrolytic cell A direct current ot about 40 pound is the dianion of a fluorescent heterocyclic poly- 0.5 milliamperes is passed through the cell at an applied cyclic compound, potential of about 2 volts.
- a blue chemiluminescence 6 The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant comappears at the anode of the cell concurrent with the pound is sodium 9,lO-diphenylanthracenide. oxidation of the radical anion to 9,10 diphenylanthra- 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant comcene'. pound is the disodium salt of rubrene.
- uran Sodium salt oi1,7-phenanthroline Benzoyi peroxide r12 THF. Sodium salt of 1,10-phenanthroline "do :1 THF. Sodium salt of benzo-(1,2,3-g,h:4,5,6, rlo. l:1 THF.
- anthraeenide Sodium salt of rubrene .ao il5 THF. Disodium salt of rubrene t;1 TI-IF. Tetrabutylammonium rubrene. 1:1 Glynis Sodium salt of pyrene ltzl THF. Sodium salt of coronene llzl "IHF. Sodium salt of decacyclen 1M3 THF. XXIX Sodium 1,4dimethoxyanthracenide. l:5 THF.
Description
United States Patent 3 391,069 RADICAL ANIONS 6F ()RGANIC COMPOUNDS Michael McKay Rauhut, Nor-walk, and George Warren Kennerly, Darien, Conn., assignors to American Cyanamid Company, Stamford, Comm, a corporation of Maine No Drawing. Filed July 13, 1964, Ser. No. 382,370
20 Claims. (Cl. 204-59) The present invention relates to chemiluminescence. It has been found, pursuant to the instant discovery, that visible chemiluminescent emission may be generated by the oxidation of an organic anion radical. According to the present invention, an anion radical of a fluorescent organic compound or a dianion of a fluorescent organic compound capable of direct conversion to its corresponding organic fluorescent compound, by giving up at least one electron, is oxidized with a sufficiently energetic oxidant to convert said fluorescent compound to its singlet excited state and thus provide a visible chemiluminescent emission.
A typical embodiment of the instant invention involves the preparation of a solution of sodium 9,10-diphenylanthracene radical anion in tetrahydrofuran and adding thereto a solution of benzoyl peroxide in tetrahydrofuran (TI-IF), the total solution mixture being maintained in an inert atmosphere, such as under an atmosphere of nitrogen. A bright blue light is emitted. In equation form the reaction is as follows:
ll 2 2@ CONa m Formula B is produced in an excited state in this reaction and then decays to the ground state with emission of light.
Numerous organic anion radicals and dianions of the type described above are capable of direct conversion to their corresponding organic fluorescent compounds by giving up at least one electron. Typical of these are the anion radicals or dianions of fluorescent aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons; and polycyclic heterocyclic fluorescent compounds capable of being converted to their corresponding anion radials or dianions, e.g., the corresponding aza analogs of the above fluorescent aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Among these compounds are sodium 1,4-dimethoxyanthracenide, sodium 1 methoxy 9,10-diice phenylanthracenide, potassium 1,4 dimethoxy 9,10-diphenylanthracenide, lithium 2,3 benzofluoranthrenide, and other similar alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and quaternary ammonium salts of anthracene, rubrene, pyrene, coronene, decacyclene, ,B-dinaphthylene oxide, 1,3- diphenylisobenzofuran, 1,7-phenanthroline, heme-(1,2,3- g,h: 4,5,6-g,h)-diphenanthridine, N-methyl phenothiazine, and the like.
Typical oxidants within the purview of the instant invention and sufiiciently energetic to provide an amount of energy at least equivalent to the amount of energy required to excite the aforementioned fluorescent compounds to their singlet excited state are chlorine, bromine, benzoyl peroxide, tertiary-butyl hypochlorite, and the like. As will be seen hereinafter, an electrolytic anode may be used as oxidant. The energy of an excited state is an easily measured experimental value. The energy difference between a first excited singlet and its corresponding ground state is defined by the frequency of the first absorption band in the ultraviolet or visible spectrum of the ground state species.
The physical energy released by a reaction is also an experimental quantity. The free energy of a reaction of the type given in the specific embodiment described above can be determined with considerable accuracy by polarographic measurements or by other procedures well known to the physical chemist.
Thus, the operable limits of anion radical chemiluminescence are capable of independent measurement and of clear definition in terms of physical characteristics of ion radicals, oxidants, and fluorescent products. Consequently, generating chemiluminescent emission by oxidizing an anion radical of the type contemplated herein with an oxidant sufficiently energetic to provide an amount of energy required to produce the resulting organic fluorescent compound corresponding to the organic anion radical in its singlet excited state can be accomplished by first recognizing the physical characteristics of the organic anion radical, as well as the physical characteristics of the oxidant to be used. If the oxidant is sufiiciently energetic and the total amount of energy (say, in kilocalories) resulting from the reaction with the anion radical is enough to produce the corresponding organic fluorescent compound in its singlet excited state (defined above), visible light is produced.
The art has known that an anion radical can be oxidized to its corresponding hydrocarbon, e.g.,
but this oxidation is not chemiluminescent because the oxidant is not sufiiciently energetic to excite the resulting organic fluorescent compound (D) to its singlet excited state, as defined above, i.e., the total amount of energy resulting from the reaction is inadequate. A review of anion radical chemistry is found in: V. L. Hansley, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 43, 1759 (1951).
The temperature at which the organic anion radical is oxidized is not critical, since very excellent results have 3 been achieved at ambient temperatures. Preferably, also, the process of the present invention is carried out in an inert atmosphere, e.g., nitrogen, helium, or the like.
Obviously, the present invention has numerous applica- 4 The reactions in the above table produce a visible chemiluminescent emission. While only several solvents are employed, it should be borne in mind that any suitable inert organic solvent may be employed. Typical soltions. For example, chemiluminescence of the type real- 5 vents are 1,2 dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, diized herein may be used in safety equipment for recognimethylformamide, dioxane, dimethylether of ethylene tion lighting, signaling, etc. glycol, 2 methylpyrrolidinone, tetramethyl urea, triethyl The present invention will best be understood by virtue phosphate, and the like. Obviously, numerous other suitaof the following illustrative examples: ble inert organic solvents and mixtures of any of these will be apparentto the skilled chemist.
Example l g i j from? 0t sodlum Clearly, the instant discovery encompasses numerous glodlp any anthracemde Wlth Chlonne modifications within the skill of the art. Consequently,
A Solution of 35 grams (Q01 more) of sodium 910 while the present invention has been described in detail diphenylanthracenide in 50 milliliters of anhydrous tetra- W ,respfict to Speclfic Fmbodlments thfireoffllhls hydrofuran contained in a glass stopped 125 milliliter intended that these details be construed as limitatlons Erlenmeyer flask under nitrogen is briefly exposed to upon m Scope of the m except Insofar as they chlorine gas at the liquid surface. A brief, bright blue appear i i f Clalms' chemiluminescence is observed and the color or" the W f 1S clmmed purpleanthmcenideis discharged A method of generating a ytsiblc chemiluminescent :30 emission which comprises oxidizing a reactant compound Example lI.-Chen1iluminescence from reaction of selected from the group consisting of an anion radical of sodium 9,IO-diphenylanthracenide with benzoyl peroxide a fluorescent organic compound and a dianion of a fluorescent organic compound, said reactant compound being To a solutlon Q 9,10 dlplellylflmhrwmde capable of direct conversion to its corresponding fluoresplepared by combmulg i e? nlflhmolei 0t cent organic compound by giving up at least one electron, dlphenyl anthlacfine Hummers 0t dw tetra said oxidation being carried out with a sufficiently enerhydrofiurm} with 1 mllhmole 0t 1 mciar Sodium f getic oxidant to produce the resulting fluorescent organic thalemde m tetrahydm fi{ran under mtrogen i compound in its singlet excited state and thus provide 21 added Q29 gram (1 millunole) of benzoyl peroxide. A Visible chemiluminescent emission. brief bright blue chemiluminescence is observed and the 30 The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant Purple color of the anthracemde lmmedlately changes pound is the anion radical of a fluorescent aromatic polyto Y cyclic hydrocarbon.
Example III.-Chemiluminescence from oxidation of h h Glam 1 Wherem the reiactant con}- 9 10 dipheny1anthmcene radical anion at a mercury pound is the dianion of a flourescent aromatic polycyclic electrode hydrocarbon.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant com- A 2X 1110181 i 9 0f ieffablltyl ammonlllm pound is the anion radical of a fluorescent heterocyclic 9,10 diphenylanthracemde in 1,2 dimethoxyethane conpolycyclic compound. taining 0.1 molar tetrabutylammonium perchlorate is 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant complaced in an electrolytic cell. A direct current ot about 40 pound is the dianion of a fluorescent heterocyclic poly- 0.5 milliamperes is passed through the cell at an applied cyclic compound, potential of about 2 volts. A blue chemiluminescence 6, The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant comappears at the anode of the cell concurrent with the pound is sodium 9,lO-diphenylanthracenide. oxidation of the radical anion to 9,10 diphenylanthra- 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant comcene'. pound is the disodium salt of rubrene.
The following examples further illustrate the present 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant cominvention, all of which are carried out at ambient tempound is the sodium salt of N-methyl phenothiazine. perature in the presence of an inert organic solvent, 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant comessentially as in Example I, supra: pound is the sodium salt of coronene.
Example No. Organic Anion Radical (a) ilfllxidant. (b) Moleflago Solvent IV Sodium 9,IO-diphenylanthracenide. Chlorine l:1 THF. V .do Bromine 10:1 THF. lertiarybutyl hypochlorite- 115 THF. Llxalyl chloride ill THF. Benzoyl peroxide--. i THF. Jotossium persuliate..- 1 THF. Denzoyl peroxide .1 THF Sodium salt of dinaphthalene oxide .ltlo 1 THF. Sofdium salt of 1,3-di-phenylisobcnz0- U12 THF.
uran. Sodium salt oi1,7-phenanthroline Benzoyi peroxide r12 THF. Sodium salt of 1,10-phenanthroline "do :1 THF. Sodium salt of benzo-(1,2,3-g,h:4,5,6, rlo. l:1 THF.
g, h) -diphenanthradine. Sodium salt of N-methyl phenothia- ..,lo i295 THF.
Z1118. Sodium 9,IO-diphenylanthracenide.... O 1:2 THF. ..do Benzoyl peroxide... l:1 THF. Disodium 9,10-diphenylanthracenide .tlo L21 THF. Tetrabutylammonimn 9,l0-diphenyl- Auodic in Glymo anthracenide. XXI Sodium l-metl10xy-9,l0-dipl1enylau- Bcnzoylperoxidc .kl THF.
thracenide. Sodium 1,4-dimethoxy-9,Iodiphenyl- .umlo um THF.
anthraeenide. Sodium salt of rubrene .ao il5 THF. Disodium salt of rubrene t;1 TI-IF. Tetrabutylammonium rubrene. 1:1 Glynis Sodium salt of pyrene ltzl THF. Sodium salt of coronene llzl "IHF. Sodium salt of decacyclen 1M3 THF. XXIX Sodium 1,4dimethoxyanthracenide. l:5 THF.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant compound is the sodium salt of decacyclene.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is benzoyl peroxide.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is chlorine.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is bromine.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is tertiary-butyl hypochorite.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent is potassium persulfate.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactant compound is oxidized at the anode of an electrolytic cell through which electric current is passed.
17. The method of claim 2 wherein the reactant compound is oxidized at the anode of an electrolytic cell through which electric current is passed.
18. The method of claim 3 wherein the reactant compound is oxidized at the anode of an electrolytic cell through which electric current is passed.
19. The method of claim 4 wherein the reactant compound is oxidized at the anode of an electrolytic cell through which electric current is passed.
20. The method of claim 5 wherein the reactant compound is oxidized at the anode of an electrolytic cell through which electric current is passed.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 5/1947 Lacey et a1 252188.3 8/1966 Winberg 252--l88.3
OTHER REFERENCES JOHN H. MACK, Primary Examiner.
H. M. FLOURNOY, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (2)
1. A METHOD OF GENERATING A VISIBLE CHEMILUMINESCENT EMISSION WHICH COMPRISES OXIDIZING A REACTANT COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF AN ANION RADICAL OF A FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUND AND A DIANION OF A FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUND, SAID REACTANT COMPOUND BEING CAPABLE OF DIRECT CONVERSION TO ITS CORRESPONDING FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUND BY GIVING UP AT LEAST ONE ELECTRON, SAID OXIDATION BEING CARRIED OUT WITH A SUFFICIENTLY ENERGETIC OXIDANT TO PRODUCE THE RESULTING FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUND IN ITS SINGLET EXCITED STATE AND THUS PROVIDE A VISIBLE CHEMILUMINESCENT EMISSION.
16. THE METHOD OF CLAIM 1 WHEREIN THE REACTANT COMPOUND IS OXIDIZED AT THE ANODE OF AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL THROUGH WHICH ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSED.
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| US382370A US3391069A (en) | 1964-07-13 | 1964-07-13 | Radical anions of organic compounds |
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| US382370A US3391069A (en) | 1964-07-13 | 1964-07-13 | Radical anions of organic compounds |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3906283A (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1975-09-16 | Bell Northern Research Ltd | Electrochemical luminescent solutions and devices incorporating such solutions |
| WO1982002899A1 (en) * | 1981-02-26 | 1982-09-02 | Cyanamid Co American | Sulfonated rubrene and aqueous chemiluminescent compositions containing the same |
| US20050201079A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Emergency information lighting system |
| US20050198879A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Emergency information sign |
| US20050201078A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Lighting system with a passive phosphorescent light source |
| WO2007138126A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2007-12-06 | Innovation & Safety, S.L. | Installation for emergency illumination |
| US7487728B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2009-02-10 | Cyalume Technologies, Inc. | Small caliber chemiluminescent munitions |
| WO2010151654A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Cyalume Technologies, Inc. | Blue/violet diphenylanthracene chemiluminescent fluorescers |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2420286A (en) * | 1943-03-03 | 1947-05-06 | American Cyanamid Co | Chemiluminescent compositions |
| US3264221A (en) * | 1960-07-11 | 1966-08-02 | Du Pont | Chemiluminescence |
-
1964
- 1964-07-13 US US382370A patent/US3391069A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2420286A (en) * | 1943-03-03 | 1947-05-06 | American Cyanamid Co | Chemiluminescent compositions |
| US3264221A (en) * | 1960-07-11 | 1966-08-02 | Du Pont | Chemiluminescence |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3906283A (en) * | 1973-09-06 | 1975-09-16 | Bell Northern Research Ltd | Electrochemical luminescent solutions and devices incorporating such solutions |
| WO1982002899A1 (en) * | 1981-02-26 | 1982-09-02 | Cyanamid Co American | Sulfonated rubrene and aqueous chemiluminescent compositions containing the same |
| US4366079A (en) * | 1981-02-26 | 1982-12-28 | American Cyanamid Company | Sulfonated rubrene and aqueous chemiluminescent compositions containing the same |
| US7241021B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2007-07-10 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Emergency information lighting system |
| US20050198879A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Emergency information sign |
| US20050201078A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Lighting system with a passive phosphorescent light source |
| US20050201079A1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-15 | Hannington Michael E. | Emergency information lighting system |
| US8250794B2 (en) | 2004-03-12 | 2012-08-28 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Emergency information sign |
| WO2007138126A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2007-12-06 | Innovation & Safety, S.L. | Installation for emergency illumination |
| US7487728B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2009-02-10 | Cyalume Technologies, Inc. | Small caliber chemiluminescent munitions |
| WO2010151654A1 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-29 | Cyalume Technologies, Inc. | Blue/violet diphenylanthracene chemiluminescent fluorescers |
| US20100327240A1 (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-30 | Earl Cranor | Blue/violet diphenylanthracene chemiluminescent fluorescers |
| US8257620B2 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2012-09-04 | Cyalume Technologies, Inc. | Blue/violet diphenylanthracene chemiluminescent fluorescers |
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