US3232511A - Pneumatically operated fastener positioning and driving machine - Google Patents

Description

Feb. 1, 1966 c. E. L. CROOKS 5 PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED FASTENER POSITIONING AND DRIVING MACHINE 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 24, 1963 l NV ENTOR.

/ A 'TTORNE YS Feb. 1, 1966 c E c oo s 3,232,511

PNEUMATICALLY dPEIIATED FASTENER POSITIONING AND DRIVING MACHINE Filed July 24, 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 I NVENTOR.

C zaz leafii. 6 1 00145 A TT( )1? NE YS United States Patent Office 3,232,511 PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED FASTENER POSI- TIONING AND DRIVING MACHINE Charles E. L. Crooks, Barrington Hills, 111., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Swingfast, Inc., Long Island City, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed July 24, 1963, Ser. No. 297,321 8 Claims. (Cl. 227-130) The present invention relates to improvements in fastener driving machines and more particularly concerns a pneumatically operated machine especially adapted for driving nails carried on supporting strips of material.

For convenience in handling round headed nails for driving in a driving machine equipped with nail guiding means and a driving plunger, it has been proposed to assemble the nails in uniformly spaced coextensive parallel relation by suitable connecting and supporting means. In one example of such connecting and supporting means, flat elongated relatively narrow strips of a suitable sheet material are employed. Conveniently such strip material has been a low cost synthetic plastic material. Suitably spaced holes in a longitudinal row in the strip carrier have the nails engaged therethrough in spaced parallel coextensive relation. The nails are then supported in the magazine of the driving machine on the carrying strip.

One of the problems encountered in such a mode of supplying nails for machine driving resides in that because of the thinness and thus flexibility of the carrying strip for the nails, a spring biased pusher in the magazine of the machine is impractical due to tendency of the pusher especially when fully retracted and thus substantially maxi-mum spring loaded to exert suflicient pressure on the strip carried nails to cause buckling of the carrying strip. It is to th solving of this problem of feeding strip nails in a driving machine to which the present invention is, in the main, directed.

An important object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved pneumatically operated strip nail driving machine having a novel nail feeding device.

Another object of the invention is to provide new and improved pneumatically operated fastener feeding means for driving machines.

A further object of the invention is to provide new and improved means for accommodating strip nails in a fastener driving machine.

Still another object of the invention is to provide new and improved pneumatically operated fastener feeding means for pneumatically operated driving machines.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is a side elevational view, partly broken away and in section of a pneumatically operated fastener driving machine embodying features of the invention;

FIGURE 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional elevational detail view taken substantially on the line IIII of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 3 is a view similar to FIGURE 2 but showing the nail advancing means in a nail advancing position;

FIGURE 4 is an enlarged fragmentary front elevational view showing the nose structure of the machine of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 5 is a substantially larger fragmentary sectioual elevation view of the hinge and biasing means for the nail advancing finger of the device;

FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary sectional elevational view 3,232,511 Patented Feb. 1, 1966 of a modified arrangement of the nail feeding device, and

FIGURE 7 is a fragmentary sectional elevational view showing a modified arrangement utilizing exhaust air for actuating the nail feeding device.

A representative fastener driving machine 10 as shown in FIGURE 1 includes a front driving head 11 having extending rea nwardly therefrom a handle 12 and affording a machine body which may in a practical arrange: ment, comprise a casting. On the lower end of the body provided by the driving head 11 and the handle 12 is a fastener supporting and supply magazine structure 13 which may, if preferred, comprise a unitary portion of the body casting, but is in this instance disclosed as a separable elongated hollow bar-like mem ber detachably secured as by means of screws 14 to the lower end of the head 11 and the rear end portion of the handle 12. Such detachable arrangement of the magazine permits selec tive use with the machine body of magazine for fasteners of different sizes and types.

In the present instance, construction of the magazine 13 is such as to adapt it for handling nails 15 (FIGS. 1-4) having round heads 17 and carried in spaced parallel coextensive relation on at least one and in this instance two carrying strips 18. In a preferred form, these carrying strips comprise thin, self-sustaining, narrow elongated strips of synthetic plastic material of an inexpensive grade such that it may serve as a low cost disposable item. The strips 18 are provided with suitable series of longitudinally spaced, and preferably uniformly spaced, aligned nail receiving holes 19 of a diameter to receive the shanks of the nails 15 reasonably snugly so as to avoid unintentional displacement of the nails from the strips. One of the carrying strips 18 is located immediately adjacent to the nail heads 17 and the other of the strips is located in desirable spaced parallel relation thereto, whereby to have a substantial intermediate length of the nail shanks be tween the two strips and to hold the nails in fixed parallel relation for accurate feeding and driving.

Within the magazine 13 a longitudinally extending pair of opposed spaced track shoulder ribs 20 providing coplanar upwardly facing tracks, on opposite sides of a clearance slot 21, for supporting the carrying strip 18 nearest the nail heads 17 in longitudinally slidable relation with the shanks of the nails 15 clearing through the slot 21 which is aligned with and affords a guideway toward a driving nose 22. This nose comprises an assembly of a facing plate 23 abutting the front end of the magazine member 13 and a front plate 24 abutting the forward face of the backing plate. Screws 25 secure the nose plates in assembled relation against the magazine member, the front plate 24 having keyhole openings 27 to facilitate quick removal and replacement of the front plate. A doorway slot 28 through the facing plate 23 is aligned with the track guide slot 21 and with a longitudinally extending rearwardly opening driveway groove 29 in the front plate having its exit end opening through the tip of the nose assembly 22 and its opposite end aligned with the base end of the driving head 11 for driving reciprocation of a driver blade 30 for successively driving the nails 15 from and through the carrier strips 18 and into a surface to receive the nails. In so driving the nails, the strips 18 are sufficiently flexibly yieldable about the nail engaging openings 19 to pass the nail heads 17 therethrough under the driving thrust of the driver 30.

As best seen in FIGURE 4, the facing plate 23 and the front plate 24 are provided with aligned clearance openings 31 therethrough spaced longitudinally along the driveway 29 for clearing the expended carrier strips 18 therethrough. These clearance openings are large enough to avoid binding of the carrier strips in passing .therethrough should there be some distortion of the strips as a result of passage of the driver blade therethrough, but the upper edges defining the openings are substantially aligned with the positions assumed by the carrier strips 18 as they are fed with the nails through the magazine, so that such upper edges serve as stripper edges to hold the strips against following the driving blade as it is retracted. Along their lower edges, the clearance openings31 have respective recesses 32 to assure positive clearance of downwardly displaced material about the nail openings 19 to avoid catching on the plates. On the other hand, the edges defining the openings at each side of each of the clearance recesses 32 provide stops against overtravel of the strips in the direction of nail drive.

Actuation of the driver 30 is effected by pneumatic motor means including a piston 33 to which the driver is attached and which is reciprocable in a cylinder 34 within the driving head 11. In the present instance the pneumatic motor is of the so-called explosion type wherein the upper end of the cylinder 34 is exposed to a reservoir 35 which includes at least a portion of the interior of the head 11 and the handle 12 and to which compressed air is delivered as by means of a conduit 37 leading from 'a suitable source and attached to the handle 12. In operation air is maintained under substantially constant pressure within the reservoir 35 and is normally prevented from entering the cylinder 34 by means of a control valve 38 of the poppet type reciprocably mounted within an inverted cup-shaped closure cap 39 and having a hollow stem 40 through which air above the piston 33 is adapted to be exhausted to one or more exhaust openings 41 in the crown of the cap 39. A starter spring 35a supplements compressed air delivered to the upper side of the valve member 38, acting more or less like a diaphragm, to force the valve into closing relation on the end of the cylinder 34 in opposition to air pressure on the margin of the valve member exposed to the reservoir 35 beyond the end of the cylinder, substantially as shown.

Compressed air is delivered to the chamber on the upper side of the control valve 38 and is exhausted or bled off from such chamber through a passage 42 under the control of a valve 43 having a plunger 44 arranged to be actuated by a trigger lever 45. In the non-driving condition of the machine, pressure air enters through a port 47 past the valve 43 into the passage 42 and thus acts on the upper side of the valve 38 to hold it in cylinder closing position. When the trigger is depressed, the valve 43 is unseated and air over the valve 38 exhausts or is bled off by way of the passage 42 past the valve 43 and the valve stem 44 and out through an exhaust passage 48. Instantly upon opening the bleed off to atmosphere, by depressing the trigger 45, the control valve 38 is unseated by the air pressure in the reservoir 35, the valve stem 49 closes the exhaust ports 41 and the piston 33 is driven in a fastener driving stroke. Upon release of the trigger 45, the motor system is returned to the starting or load position read for firing and the piston 33 is returned to starting position in any suitable manner as by air pressure in known manner.

According to the present invention, pneumatically actuated means are provided coordinated in operation with the pneumatic motor for feeding the nail strip by successive nail increments wherein the nails are serially advanced into position in the driveway 29 coordinated with the return strokes of the driver 30. In one exemplary embodiment, a pneumatic feed device 49 is mounted on one side of the magazine structure 13 and is pneumatically controlled through the trigger 45 substantially coincident with control of the pneumatic driving motor, and more particularly control of the motor control poppet valve 38. To this end, the nail feed device 49 comprises a suitable housing 50 having suitable means such as a flange 51 for attachment thereof as by means of screws 52 to the preferred, in this instance, right hand, side of the magazine structure 13 and with the body of the housing 50 at least partially accommodated within a suitable recess 53 in the supporting wall of the magazine.

Within a cylinder 54 in the housing 50 is reciprocable a plunger piston 55 having a stem or rod 57 projecting through the forward end of the housing and carrying a nail advancing feed finger 58. In this instance, the piston 55 is oriented to operate on a longitudinal axis substantially parallel to the axis of the magazine 13 and at an elevation relative to the magazine locating the piston and the finger 58 between the planes of nail carrying strips 18 as loaded into the magazine. From the front end portion of the piston rod 47, the finger 58 extends at an angle inwardly and forwardly to a length which brings its free end as a pusher tip into position behind one of the spaced nails 15 in the nail strip. For most efficient operation and to avoid any tendency toward buckling of the thin carrying strips 18 from powered thrust of the feed finger 58, disposition of the feed assembly is such that in the retracted or backed-off relation of the feed plunger piston and finger, as shown in FIGURE 2, the nail-engaging forward tip of the finger is disposed immediately back of the shank of the nail 15 which is nearest the doorway slot 28 and next to be fed into the driveway groove 29, so that in the forward driven thrust of the feed finger, such nail will be advanced into the driveway groove and the nail strip advanced by a nail increment.

In order to clear the generally obliquely angular disposition of the feed finger 58, the edge portion of the facing plate 23 at that side of the doorway slot 28 nearest the feed finger is provided with a clearance cut back recess 59. Aligned with and comprising substantially an extension of the recess 59 is a recess 60 in the adjacent portion of the front plate 24 alongside the rear portion of the driveway groove 29 and which is preferably of a curved, ramp-like formation leading into the nailreceiving bottom or base portion of the driveway groove and whereby to guide the tip of the feed finger 58 positively and smoothly into the driveway groove for complete feeding of the nail to be driven into the driveway should there be any tendency for the driving tip portion of the finger to be slightly misaligned or at least not as nearly as practicable directly behind the nail being thrust forwardly thereby. Further, the ramp-like formation of the aligned surfaces of the recesses 59 and 60 affords a means for maintaining the feed finger 58 substantially against canting about its axis, whereby its driving tip portion which is preferably of substantial width in a plane generally parallel to the axes of the nails 15 to afford eflicient thrust bearing along a substantial length of the shank of the engaged nail, although for working clearance accommodation purposes the driving tip end portion must be of substantial thinness, as shown.

In order to enable the feed finger 58 not only to engage efliciently with the nail to be driven throughout the driving stroke of the feed device, but also to clear past the next to be driven nail on the return stroke of the feed finger, an articulated connection is provided between the piston rod 57 and the feed finger 58. For this purpose the forward end portion of the piston rod is provided with a tongue-like flatted portion 61 and the rear end portion of the feed finger 58 is bifurcated to receive the lug or tongue 61 and to which the furcations are pivotally connected by a suitable pin 62 or the like. Normally the feed finger 58 is biased about its pivotal connection to swing its feed tip end portion toward the nails 15 in the magazine. Since the range of swinging movement of the finger need be only through a small are on the order of about the diameter of the shanks of the nails 15, a convenient biasing means comprises a short arcuate piece of spring wire 63 having its opposite ends thrust respectively into a socket 64 in the tip of the tongue 61 and a socket 65 opening from a generally rearwardly facing opposing shoulder 67 on the feed finger between the furcations thereof. This will afford mild spring bias for the feed finger which is overcome without undue generally sideward and rearward thrust of the forward end portion of the feed finger as it slides past the nail which it engages in the return or back-off stroke of the feed device.

A limit upon inward swinging of the feed finger 58 under the bias of the spring 63 is afforded by a limit shoulder 68 on the butt end portion of the finger between the furcations and Opposing the tip of the ear or tongue 61 adjacent its inner edge, as best seen in FIGURE 5. Thereby, possibly binding side pressure against the shank of the nail next behind the nail to be engaged for feeding by the finger is avoided and substantially wear-free and easy feeding of many successive nail strips is accomplished. However, during return stroke of the feed device the slight lateral, biased thrust of the feed finger against the nail to be next fed causes sufficient friction of the shank of such nail against the opposite wall defining the guide groove 21, taken together with other frictional resistances of the strip in the magazine 13 and the driving nose 22, to avoid rearward dragging of the strip during such return stroke of the feed device.

A guard for the feed finger 58 is afforded by a protective flange portion 69 (FIGS. 2 and 3) outwardly alongside the clearance afforded for the finger in the forward portion of the magazine structure 13. A- guard outwardly alongside the piston rod 57 and the connection with the finger 58 is afforded by a forward protective flange extension 79 on the outer side of the housing 50. Preferably, there is a sighting and self-cleaning gap between the adjacent ends of the guard flanges 69 and 70 through which proper functioning of the feed finger can be observed, and through which, also, debris particles such as may be dislodged from the carrier strips 18 during driving can readily displace.

Return stroke of the piston 55, and thereby the feed finger 58, is effected herein by suitable means such as a coiied compression spring 71 thrusting at one end against the forward side of the piston and at its opposite end against the wall defining the front end of the housing 51' and closing the front end of the cylinder 54.

Forward, nail feeding stroke of the piston 55 and feed finger 58 is effected pneumatically to afford a positive, rapid, powered thrust which will, even in rapid operation of the driving machine assure feeding and centering of the nail to be driven in the driveway 29 aligned with the driver 30. Conveniently compressed air for this purpose is derived from the control passage 42 through a suitable duct 72, conveniently in the form of a metal tube having one end tapped into the passage 42 through a nipple and coupling assembly 73. At its opposite end the duct 72 is connected by suitable means such as a nipple and connector assembly 74? to communicate with the rear end of the cylinder 54 behind the head of the piston 55. Through this arrangement, when compressed air is in the passage 42 for pressurizing the control poppet valve 38 into closing position relative to the motor cylinder 34, some of the compressed air is diverted or by-passed to the feed device cylinder to drive its motor comprising the piston 55 to motivate the feed finger 58 in a feed stroke. This assures that when the driving motor of the machine is in the ready or load condition, one of the nails will be in position within the driveway 29 to the driven. Since the feed finger 58 thus thrusts positively against the nail to be driven in the ready condition of the machine, such nail will not be displaced from driving position by any inward or rearward pressure that may be exerted against the forwardly projecting portions of the extended nail carrying strips 18.

Simultaneously with actuation of the machine (often referred to as firing of the air gun) by actuation of the trigger and thus the control valve 43 to shut the control passage 42 from the reservoir air source and to bleed such passage, for unbalancing the control poppet valve 38, bleed-off to atmosphere through the same bleed-off systom occurs in respect to the cylinder 54 through the duct 72 and the feed piston 55 and feed finger 58 are snapped into retracted position by the return spring 71. As a result, a completely coordinated operation of the pneumatic feed device 49 and the driver actuating pneumatic motor is afforded.

Although the tapping of the combination air pressure supply and exhaust ducts 72 into the poppet valve control passage 42 is preferred, alternatively such duct may be tapped into the exhaust passage system above the driving piston 33, substantially as shown in FIGURE 7. In such event, the end portion of the duct 72 remote from the feed device 49 is adapted to be connected as by means of a fitting 75 into a port 77 which leads from the exhaust dome of the closure cap 39 instead of the exhaust ports 41. Through such arrangement, the air exhausted from the cylinder 34 by the retaining driving piston 33 will pass through the port 77 and the duct 72 under sufficient compression of the returning piston to drive the feed motor piston 55 in a nail feeding stroke until the piston at substantially the end of its feed stroke passes an exhaust port 78, such as shown in FIG. 6, opening through the Wall of the housing 50 defining the cylinder 54 whereupon the air .is exhausted to atmosphere, thus relieving the driving piston of back pressure.

In another arrangement wherein the pneumatic feed device is motivated by exhaust air on return of the driving piston is depicted in FIGURE 6. In this arrangement the magazine 13, carrying the pneumatically operated feed device 49 which includes the feed finger 58 and which functions in every respect like the modified arrangement of FIGURE 1 including the exhaust port 78, is associated with a fastener driving machine 10' of the type including a driving head portion 11 in which there is a driving cylinder of the conventional type to which air from a reservoir 79 in the handle 12' is controlled to pass to the top of the driving piston through a delivery passage 80 when a valve 81 is unseated by the trigger 45. In this arrangement, air from over the driving piston bleeds off to atmosphere past the stem of the valve 81 through a port 82 and a passage 83 leading to the rear of the handle 12'. Feed drive of the feed device 49 and more particularly the driving motor piston thereof occurs by diverting the exhaust air from the exhaust passage 83 through the duct '72 which is connected by a suitable connector means 75' to the rear end of the passage 83 and leads the exhaust air into the rear end of the cylinder within the housing Ed, the air bleeding off to atmosphere through the side port 78 when the feed piston has been driven to the end of its nail feeding stroke. 7 It will be understood that modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the scope of the novel concepts of the present invention.

I claim as my invention:

1. A fastener driving machine comprising a body having therein a compressed air reservoir,

a cylinder having an end exposed to the reservoir and a first control valve for normally closing said end of the cylinder,

a fastener driver having a piston reciprocable in said cylinder,

means for supplying fasteners into position to be driven by the driver, pneumatically operated feed means mounted on the machine for feeding the fasteners into position successively in the path of the driver, I

and a pneumatic system including a second control valve for controlling operations of said first control valve for opening the same to expose the driving piston to the pressure air in said reservoir and to control feeding operations of said feeding means, said pneumatic system including a passage leading from said second control valve to said first control valve and a duct communicating between said passage and said feeding means.

2. A fastener driving machine as defined in claim 1, in which said duct is attached at one end to said feed means externally of the machine, and a coupling assembly is tapped into said passage and the conduit is connected at its opposite end to said passage by means of said coupling.

3. A fastener driving machine including a magazine structure for supporting a strip of nails carried in serially arranged spaced parallel coextensive relation on a carryi-n-g strip,

a nose assembly providing a nail driveway and an ejection opening through which the nail carrying strip can be ejected,

a nail feed finger arranged to engage the succeeding nails to be driven and move the same into said drivea pneumatic motor for actuating said finger including a plunger having an articulated connection with said finger,

said finger and plunger having opposed generally axially extending surfaces comprising in part stop shoulders limiting articulation of the finger relative to the plunger in one direction,

said surfaces including portions which remain spaced apart in the shoulden'ng engagement of the shoulder portions and having spring sockets therein,

and an end thrust biasing spring having end portions seated in said sockets and biasing said feed finger in said one direction.

4. In a fastener driving machine including a driving head and a magazine structure for fasteners with elongated shanks to be driven longitudinally from a driveway into which the fasteners are adapted to be fed from the magazine structure,

said magazine structure having a recess accessible from one side of the magazine structure,

a fastener feeding unit including a housing mounted in said recess,

said magazine structure having an opening thereinto aligned with said recess and adjacent to said driveway to expose the shanks of fasteners in the magazine structure adjacent to the driveway,

a reciprocab-le fastener feeding member including a portion reciprocably guided in said housing,

said feeding member having a fastener shank engaging tip portion projecting through said opening,

and means for reciprocably actuating said feeding member to engage the shanks of and advance successive fasteners into said driveway.

5. A fastener driving machine as defined in claim 4, in which said housing and said magazine structure have guard flanges outwardly adjacent to and protectively related to said fastener feeding member.

6. A fastener driving machine including a magazine for supporting a strip of nails comprising a series of spaced parallel nails and a carrying strip with which the nails are engaged,

means in the magazine providing a track on which the nail carrying strip is slidably supported with the nails extending in a plane generally normal to the track,

a nose structure at one end of the track and providing a nail driveway on an axis parallel to the axis of the nail shanks,

a fastener driver reciprocably operable in said driveway to drive the nails,

means for feeding the strip toward the driveway to position successive nails in the driveway to be driven by the driver,

said nose structure having an exit opening aligned with said track for ejection of expended nail carrying strip,

said exit opening being defined adjacent to the driver by a stop surface for stripping the strip from the driver during retraction of the driver,

and said exit opening being defined by an opposite stop surface to retain the strip against following the driver during nail driving stroke and this stop surface having a recess therein for positive clearance during ejection of the strip of material thereon displaced incident to driving of fasteners from the strip.

'7. A pneumatic fastener driving machine including a fastener driver having a pneumatic motor comprising a cylinder and piston with means for exhausting air from the cylinder over the piston during return strokes of the piston,

reservoir means for supplying compressed air to drive the piston and thereby the driver,

means for controlling application of the compressed air to the piston,

a fastener magazine for supporting a supply of serially arranged elongated shank type of fasteners to be driven by the driver,

said magazine having an opening at one side through which the fastener shanks are accessible,

pneumatically operated means mounted on the machine rearwardly adjacent to said opening and including a resiliently mounted feed finger extending through the opening into engagement behind successive fastener shanks for feeding the fasteners from the magazine successively into position to be driven by the driver,

means normally urging the feeding means into a retracted position so as to clear said finger from the path of the driver,

and means connecting said air exhausting means with said feeding means to supply the exhaust air under returning piston pressure to actuate the feeding means in a feeding stroke.

8. In a fastener driving machine including a fastener magazine structure providing a magazine track to support fasteners having elongated shanks,

:a nose structure having a fastener driveway aligned with said track and a doorway opening leading to said driveway,

a powered feed device carried by one side of the magazine structure and including a reciprocable plunger and a feed finger pivotally mounted thereon and operiable in the reciprocations of the plunger to engage the successive shanks of fasteners to be driven to feed the same into said driveway,

said feed finger having a fastener shank engaging tip which is of substantial width in a plane generally parallel to the axes of the fastener shanks to afford eficient thrust bearing along a substantial length of the engaged shank,

said finger and plunger having opposed stop shoulders limiting articulation of the finger relative to the plunger in one direction but permitting articulation of the finger relative to the plunger in the opposite direction,

and guide surface means alongside said doorway and leading to said driveway for directing said finger in said one direction toward said engagement of said stop shoulders and for guiding said tip positively and smoothly toward the driveway during feeding of a fastener into the driveway by the finger.

References (Iited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,078,064 4/1937 Day l----53 2,707,277 5/ 1955 Aldrich 144.4 2,923,937 2/1960 Laucher 144.4 2,979,725 4/1961 \Vandel et al. 144.4 X 3,099,837 8/1963 Heilman et al. 1 -44.4

GRANVILLE Y. CUSTER, IR., Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A FASTENER DRIVING MACHINE COMPRISING A BODY HAVING THEREIN A COMPRESSED AIR RESERVOIR, A CYLINDER HAVING AN END EXPOSED TO THE RESERVOIR AND A FIRST CONTROL VALVE FOR NORMALLY CLOSING SAID END OF THE CYLINDER, A FASTENER DRIVER HAVING A PISTON RECIPROCABLE IN SAID CLYINDER, MEANS FOR SUPPLYING FASTENERS INTO POSITION TO BE DRIVEN BY THE DRIVER, PNEUMATICALLY OPERATED FEED MEANS MOUNTED ON THE MACHINE FOR FEEDING THE FASTENERS INTO POSITION SUCCESSIVELY IN THE PATH OF THE DRIVER,

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