US2900715A - Protection of titanium - Google Patents
Protection of titanium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2900715A US2900715A US587712A US58771256A US2900715A US 2900715 A US2900715 A US 2900715A US 587712 A US587712 A US 587712A US 58771256 A US58771256 A US 58771256A US 2900715 A US2900715 A US 2900715A
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- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- forging
- metal
- nickel
- blank
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 28
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title description 28
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 28
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 33
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 hot forming Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
- B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
- B21J5/08—Upsetting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
- C25D5/14—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium two or more layers being of nickel or chromium, e.g. duplex or triplex layers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S29/00—Metal working
- Y10S29/045—Titanium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
- Y10S428/924—Composite
- Y10S428/926—Thickness of individual layer specified
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/934—Electrical process
- Y10S428/935—Electroplating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12847—Cr-base component
- Y10T428/12854—Next to Co-, Fe-, or Ni-base component
Definitions
- States atent invention may also be utilized in connection with other I operations on titanium and its alloys, such as hot forming, heat treating and the like, where it is important to protect the metal from the surrounding gases.
- titanium is adversely affected by furnace and atmospheric gases at forging temperatures, which are ordinarily of the order of 1200 to 1750 F. At such elevated temperatures, oxygen readily attacks titanium surfaces and nitrogen reacts with the titanium to form nitrides that are hard and brittle. Hydrogen, which is a common constituent of furnace gases, is soluble in titanium to a much greater extent than it is in steel, and adversely affects the basic properties of the metal, producing so-called hydrogen embrittlement which can make the metal entirely unsuitable for use under severe operating conditions. It has been proposed to protect forging blanks of titanium from these effects by enclosing them in electrodeposited envelopes of nickel.
- a general object of the present invention is to provide a method of protecting titanium and other metals from the effects of atmospheric and furnace gases during forging operations.
- Another object is the provision of a protective coating for titanium and other metals which can be applied economically andwhich has no deleterious effects on the underlying metal.
- a further object is the provision of such a coating that will adhere to and flow with the underlying metal during forging operations, yet can be readily stripped off after it has served its purpose.
- Another object is the provision of a coating that will not only protect titanium from the deleterious effects of gases, but which will also act as a lubricant to assist in-the flow of the metal as it is being worked at elevated temperatures.
- Another object is the provision of forging blanks that are protected from corrosion by protective envelopes that are substantially impermeable to atmospheric and furnace gases.
- titanium blanks can be forged without substantial deleterious effects by protecting the-forging blanks by means of a composite coating or envelope which consists of an underlying layer of electrodeposited nickel on the surface of the titanium and a layer of electrodedeposited chromium over the nickel.
- the composite nickel-chromium envelope provides a substantially gas tight enclosure for the underlying metal which protects the forging blank not only from ordinary atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, but also from hydrogen and the other gases that are ordinarily present in the furnaces in which the blanks are heated preparatory to'forging.
- titanium enclosed in an envelope made up of an underlying electrodeposited nickel layer having a thickness of from about 00002 inch to about 0.001 inch (preferably about 0.0005 inch) and an outer electrodeposited layer of chromium having a thickness of about 0.0002 inch to 0.0005 inch may be heated in the reducing or other atmosphere of the furnace to forging temperature of from 1200 F. to 1750 F. and subjected to severe forging operations Without substantial hardening, oxidation, or embrittlement of the underlying titanium-in fact, Without any substantial degradation of the titanium by the furnace gas or by the atmosphere during the actual forging of the metal.
- the nickelchromium envelope adheres firmly to the underlying base metal and remains intact while the blank is being heated in the furnace and handled preparatory to forging, effectively protecting the titanium against hydrogen as Well as other gases. If the underlying metal is caused to flow subtantially during the forging operation, the chromium layer, which is not as ductile as the nickel, may develop a pattern of cracks. However, even if cracks develop, the area of the titanium exposed by the cracks and the amount of hydrogen present are so small, and the time of exposure during forging and cooling so short, that no substantial increase in the hydrogen content of the titanium takes place during forging and subsequent cooling operations.
- the underlying nickel layer remains intact during the forging operation and thus protects the blank against oxygen and nitrogen not only during forging but also during subsequent cooling of the blank.
- the chromium coating is not particularly ductile at forging temperatures and may be subject to cracking during forging, the composite nickel-chromium coating unexpectedly functions in the manner of an excellent lubricant during the forging of the blank, with the result that the metal in a blank having a nickel-chromium coating can be caused to flow more readily with less wear on the dies than the metal in a similar but uncoated blank.
- the thickness of the layers making up the envelope is not critical, but it is desirable to have the envelope as thin as possible so long as it is thick enough to be impermeable to the gases; thin envelopes withstand the forging operation better than thick ones and are more easily removed after the operation is completed. Good results are obtained with envelopes having a total thickness of from. about 0.0010 inch to about 0.0015 inch.
- Figure 2 is a section taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1.
- a titanium forging blank 10 for a turbine blade may consist of a root portion 11 and a blade portion 12.
- the blank is forged at a temperature of from about 1200 F. to 1750 F. to provide a blade that can .bemade into the finished shape desired with a minimum of machining.
- the'blank' is heated to forging temperature in a'furnace having areducing atmosphere and is then forged While exposed to air.
- These layers are preferably within the range of thicknesses specified above. The thicknesses of the layers are greatly exaggerated inthe-drawings.
- the forging blanks are cleaned as by sand blasting, pickling and electropolishing if desired,- all in accordance with known practices. It is important to have good adherence between the titanium and the nickel layer 14 so the envelope will not separate from the underlying metal during the forging operation.
- the coating may be stripped from the forged blank, for example, by mechanical means, or by chemical or electrochemical means in which the coating materials are dissolved while the titanium remains untouched.
- the method of hot forging titanium which includes the steps of electroplating the metal with a layer of nickel having a thickness of from about 0.0002 inch to about 0.001 inch, electroplating a layer of chromium having a thickness of from about 0.0002 inch to about 0.0005 inch over the nickel, heating the metal to forging temperature in a furnace having a reducing atmosphere,
Description
Aug; 25,1959 A. H. MILNES PROTECTION OF TITANIUM Filed May 28, 1956 M w M M c N/C/(EL INVENTOR.
H/V/Z/VES flmni ,ZWA/
ATTOPA/EYS,
PROTECTION OF. TITANIUM Aubrey H. Milnes, Cleveland, Ohio, assignor to The Steel Improvement & Forge Co., Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application May 28, 1956, Serial N 0. 587,712
' 1 Claim. c1. 29-528) States atent invention may also be utilized in connection with other I operations on titanium and its alloys, such as hot forming, heat treating and the like, where it is important to protect the metal from the surrounding gases.
It is well known that titanium is adversely affected by furnace and atmospheric gases at forging temperatures, which are ordinarily of the order of 1200 to 1750 F. At such elevated temperatures, oxygen readily attacks titanium surfaces and nitrogen reacts with the titanium to form nitrides that are hard and brittle. Hydrogen, which is a common constituent of furnace gases, is soluble in titanium to a much greater extent than it is in steel, and adversely affects the basic properties of the metal, producing so-called hydrogen embrittlement which can make the metal entirely unsuitable for use under severe operating conditions. It has been proposed to protect forging blanks of titanium from these effects by enclosing them in electrodeposited envelopes of nickel. This proposal, however, has not met with success, apparently for the reason that nickel-at least in layers that are thin enough to flow with the underlying metal during forging operations-is not impervious to hydrogen and possibly is not impervious to other gases that are ordinarily found in heating furnaces of the types ordinarily employed or in In fact, it appears probable that nickel-plated titanium forging blanks are subject to greater damage by hydrogen than uncoated blanks; the reason for this seems to be that the surface of the titanium beneath the nickelis clean and substantially free from oxides and nitrides and can be penetrated by hydrogen more readily than contaminated surfaces, such as oxidized or nitrided surfaces. Thus, the protection of titanium from the effects of gases at .elevated temperature has been a serious and continuing problem.
Accordingly, a general object of the present invention is to provide a method of protecting titanium and other metals from the effects of atmospheric and furnace gases during forging operations. Another object is the provision of a protective coating for titanium and other metals which can be applied economically andwhich has no deleterious effects on the underlying metal. A further object is the provision of such a coating that will adhere to and flow with the underlying metal during forging operations, yet can be readily stripped off after it has served its purpose. Another object is the provision of a coating that will not only protect titanium from the deleterious effects of gases, but which will also act as a lubricant to assist in-the flow of the metal as it is being worked at elevated temperatures. Another object is the provision of forging blanks that are protected from corrosion by protective envelopes that are substantially impermeable to atmospheric and furnace gases.
According to a preferred form of the present invention, titanium blanks can be forged without substantial deleterious effects by protecting the-forging blanks by means of a composite coating or envelope which consists of an underlying layer of electrodeposited nickel on the surface of the titanium and a layer of electrodedeposited chromium over the nickel. The composite nickel-chromium envelope provides a substantially gas tight enclosure for the underlying metal which protects the forging blank not only from ordinary atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, but also from hydrogen and the other gases that are ordinarily present in the furnaces in which the blanks are heated preparatory to'forging.
More specifically, titanium enclosed in an envelope made up of an underlying electrodeposited nickel layer having a thickness of from about 00002 inch to about 0.001 inch (preferably about 0.0005 inch) and an outer electrodeposited layer of chromium having a thickness of about 0.0002 inch to 0.0005 inch may be heated in the reducing or other atmosphere of the furnace to forging temperature of from 1200 F. to 1750 F. and subjected to severe forging operations Without substantial hardening, oxidation, or embrittlement of the underlying titanium-in fact, Without any substantial degradation of the titanium by the furnace gas or by the atmosphere during the actual forging of the metal. The nickelchromium envelope adheres firmly to the underlying base metal and remains intact while the blank is being heated in the furnace and handled preparatory to forging, effectively protecting the titanium against hydrogen as Well as other gases. If the underlying metal is caused to flow subtantially during the forging operation, the chromium layer, which is not as ductile as the nickel, may develop a pattern of cracks. However, even if cracks develop, the area of the titanium exposed by the cracks and the amount of hydrogen present are so small, and the time of exposure during forging and cooling so short, that no substantial increase in the hydrogen content of the titanium takes place during forging and subsequent cooling operations. The underlying nickel layer remains intact during the forging operation and thus protects the blank against oxygen and nitrogen not only during forging but also during subsequent cooling of the blank. Although the chromium coating is not particularly ductile at forging temperatures and may be subject to cracking during forging, the composite nickel-chromium coating unexpectedly functions in the manner of an excellent lubricant during the forging of the blank, with the result that the metal in a blank having a nickel-chromium coating can be caused to flow more readily with less wear on the dies than the metal in a similar but uncoated blank.
The thickness of the layers making up the envelope is not critical, but it is desirable to have the envelope as thin as possible so long as it is thick enough to be impermeable to the gases; thin envelopes withstand the forging operation better than thick ones and are more easily removed after the operation is completed. Good results are obtained with envelopes having a total thickness of from. about 0.0010 inch to about 0.0015 inch.
A forging blank embodying the present invention is shown in the drawings, in which- Figure l is a perspective of the blank, and
Figure 2 is a section taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1.
As shown in the drawings, a titanium forging blank 10 for a turbine blade, for example, may consist of a root portion 11 and a blade portion 12. The blank is forged at a temperature of from about 1200 F. to 1750 F. to provide a blade that can .bemade into the finished shape desired with a minimum of machining. In accordance with'usual practice, the'blank'is heated to forging temperature in a'furnace having areducing atmosphere and is then forged While exposed to air. In order to protect the blank from oxidation. and the effect of nitrogen and hydrogen, the entire blankis enclosed in an envelope made up of the underlying electrodeposited layer'14=of nickel'and an outer layer 15 of electrode'posited chromium. These layers are preferably within the range of thicknesses specified above. The thicknesses of the layers are greatly exaggerated inthe-drawings.
Preparatory to plating, the forging blanks are cleaned as by sand blasting, pickling and electropolishing if desired,- all in accordance with known practices. It is important to have good adherence between the titanium and the nickel layer 14 so the envelope will not separate from the underlying metal during the forging operation. Following the forging operation, the coating may be stripped from the forged blank, for example, by mechanical means, or by chemical or electrochemical means in which the coating materials are dissolved while the titanium remains untouched.
While the foregoing description is directed specifically to the forging of titanium, it is to be understood that the invention is also applicable to other operations where in it is necessary or desirable to protect titanium from surrounding gases. For example, the invention is useful in connection with heat treating, stress relieving and like operations. In such cases where the metal of the coating is not worked, thinner coatings may be emp1oyed,'flash trated and described herein, it is to be understood that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The essential characteristics are summarized in the claim.
I claim:
The method of hot forging titanium which includes the steps of electroplating the metal with a layer of nickel having a thickness of from about 0.0002 inch to about 0.001 inch, electroplating a layer of chromium having a thickness of from about 0.0002 inch to about 0.0005 inch over the nickel, heating the metal to forging temperature in a furnace having a reducing atmosphere,
*and forging'the metal at an elevated temperature in air with the said layers thereon.
References'Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,315,740 Schoonmaker Apr. 6, 1943 2,637,686 McKay May 5, 1953 2,646,396 Dean July 21, 1953 2,697,130 Kovbelak Dec. 14, 1954 2,711,364 Beach June 21, 1955 2,801,213 Beackman July 30, 1957
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US587712A US2900715A (en) | 1956-05-28 | 1956-05-28 | Protection of titanium |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US587712A US2900715A (en) | 1956-05-28 | 1956-05-28 | Protection of titanium |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2900715A true US2900715A (en) | 1959-08-25 |
Family
ID=24350895
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US587712A Expired - Lifetime US2900715A (en) | 1956-05-28 | 1956-05-28 | Protection of titanium |
Country Status (1)
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US (1) | US2900715A (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3083448A (en) * | 1957-12-11 | 1963-04-02 | Ici Ltd | Articles with erosion-resistant surfaces |
US3118795A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1964-01-21 | Gen Electric | Method of forming ferrous alloys |
US3339271A (en) * | 1964-07-01 | 1967-09-05 | Wyman Gordon Co | Method of hot working titanium and titanium base alloys |
US3429158A (en) * | 1966-11-28 | 1969-02-25 | Atomic Energy Commission | Protective cladding and lubricant for mechanically deformable reactive metals |
US3635068A (en) * | 1969-05-07 | 1972-01-18 | Iit Res Inst | Hot forming of titanium and titanium alloys |
US3890818A (en) * | 1972-03-16 | 1975-06-24 | Cefilac | Process for hot extruding metals |
US3919751A (en) * | 1974-02-08 | 1975-11-18 | Gte Sylvania Inc | Method of making fast warm up picture tube cathode cap having high heat emissivity surface on the interior thereof |
US4028785A (en) * | 1973-06-06 | 1977-06-14 | Yorkshire Imperial Metals Limited | Tubular products |
US4427746A (en) | 1979-09-28 | 1984-01-24 | Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha | Ti-base material for eyeglass-frames and a method for producing same |
FR2601044A1 (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1988-01-08 | Rolls Royce Plc | METHOD FOR DEPOSITING A PROTECTIVE LAYER AND PIECE PROVIDED WITH SUCH A LAYER |
US5009966A (en) * | 1987-12-31 | 1991-04-23 | Diwakar Garg | Hard outer coatings deposited on titanium or titanium alloys |
US5077140A (en) * | 1990-04-17 | 1991-12-31 | General Electric Company | Coating systems for titanium oxidation protection |
US5126213A (en) * | 1987-05-18 | 1992-06-30 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Coated near-alpha titanium articles |
US5765418A (en) * | 1994-05-16 | 1998-06-16 | Medtronic, Inc. | Method for making an implantable medical device from a refractory metal |
EP1900854A1 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2008-03-19 | Difcon GmbH | Process for hardening of electroplating chromium layer |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2315740A (en) * | 1941-06-16 | 1943-04-06 | Standard Steel Spring Co | Protected metal article and process of producing the same |
US2637686A (en) * | 1949-04-02 | 1953-05-05 | Int Nickel Co | Process of producing drawn articles |
US2646396A (en) * | 1949-03-17 | 1953-07-21 | Reginald S Dean | Method of making electroformed articles |
US2697130A (en) * | 1950-12-30 | 1954-12-14 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Protection of metal against oxidation |
US2711364A (en) * | 1953-12-31 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Polishing metals and composition therefor |
US2801213A (en) * | 1955-08-31 | 1957-07-30 | Eastman Kodak Co | Method of electroplating on titanium |
-
1956
- 1956-05-28 US US587712A patent/US2900715A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2315740A (en) * | 1941-06-16 | 1943-04-06 | Standard Steel Spring Co | Protected metal article and process of producing the same |
US2646396A (en) * | 1949-03-17 | 1953-07-21 | Reginald S Dean | Method of making electroformed articles |
US2637686A (en) * | 1949-04-02 | 1953-05-05 | Int Nickel Co | Process of producing drawn articles |
US2697130A (en) * | 1950-12-30 | 1954-12-14 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Protection of metal against oxidation |
US2711364A (en) * | 1953-12-31 | 1955-06-21 | John G Beach | Polishing metals and composition therefor |
US2801213A (en) * | 1955-08-31 | 1957-07-30 | Eastman Kodak Co | Method of electroplating on titanium |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3083448A (en) * | 1957-12-11 | 1963-04-02 | Ici Ltd | Articles with erosion-resistant surfaces |
US3118795A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1964-01-21 | Gen Electric | Method of forming ferrous alloys |
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