US20150196333A1 - Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners - Google Patents
Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners Download PDFInfo
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- US20150196333A1 US20150196333A1 US14/671,499 US201514671499A US2015196333A1 US 20150196333 A1 US20150196333 A1 US 20150196333A1 US 201514671499 A US201514671499 A US 201514671499A US 2015196333 A1 US2015196333 A1 US 2015196333A1
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- 0 C1C=C=CC*1 Chemical compound C1C=C=CC*1 0.000 description 1
- UIUNOFKQBXVMNT-OGOFNEAQSA-N C[C@@H]1C2C(C3)=C3CC2C1 Chemical compound C[C@@H]1C2C(C3)=C3CC2C1 UIUNOFKQBXVMNT-OGOFNEAQSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/80—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates
- A61B17/8004—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates with means for distracting or compressing the bone or bones
- A61B17/8014—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates with means for distracting or compressing the bone or bones the extension or compression force being caused by interaction of the plate hole and the screws
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/80—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates
- A61B17/8052—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates immobilised relative to screws by interlocking form of the heads and plate holes, e.g. conical or threaded
- A61B17/8057—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates immobilised relative to screws by interlocking form of the heads and plate holes, e.g. conical or threaded the interlocking form comprising a thread
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/80—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates
- A61B17/8061—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates specially adapted for particular bones
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/80—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates
- A61B17/8085—Cortical plates, i.e. bone plates; Instruments for holding or positioning cortical plates, or for compressing bones attached to cortical plates with pliable or malleable elements or having a mesh-like structure, e.g. small strips
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
- A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
- A61B17/8605—Heads, i.e. proximal ends projecting from bone
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
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Abstract
A bone plate system for fixation of bone includes a bone plate and a first fastener. The bone plate includes a bone contacting surface, an upper surface, and a first opening extending between the bone contacting surface and the upper surface. The first opening includes a lower portion, a non-threaded upper portion, and a threaded portion. The threaded portion includes threads and converges towards the lower portion. The lower portion includes a smallest diameter of the first opening. The first fastener includes a head at least partially comprising a spherical portion and a first material. When the first fastener is inserted into the first opening, the threads of the first opening form threads in the first material on the head of the first fastener to secure the first fastener in place at one of a plurality of possible angles within the first opening.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/349,209, filed Jan. 12, 2012, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/484,527, filed Jun. 15, 2009, and entitled “Bone Plate and Bone Assemblies including Polyaxial Fasteners,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,105,367, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/996,795 filed Jan. 25, 2008, and entitled “Polyaxial Plate,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,028, which is a national phase application of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US2006/028778 filed Jul. 25, 2006, and entitled “Systems and Methods for Using Polyaxial Plates,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/702,231, filed Jul. 25, 2005 and entitled “Locking Screw.” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/484,527 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/644,306, filed. Dec. 22, 2006, and entitled “Bone Plates and Bone Plate Assemblies,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,905,910, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/673,833, filed Sep. 29, 2003, and entitled “Bone Plates and Bone Plate Assemblies,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,179,260. The entire contents of the prior applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
- The present invention relates generally to orthopedic fixation devices and bone plating systems for fracture fixation, and particularly to systems and methods for using polyaxial fasteners within bone plating systems.
- Bone fractures are often repaired by securing a bone plate across the fracture. Depending upon which bone is to be treated, the bone plate may be straight or curved to match the contour of the bone for which it is designed. Bone plates may also be provided in many shapes and sizes. In cases where a bone is severely comminuted or if bone segments are missing, the use of bone plate and screw systems promotes healing of the fracture by providing a rigid fixation or support structure between the bone and the plate.
- Bone plates may be secured to the bone in a number of ways. An existing solution is a plate and screw system where screws, called locking screws, are locked in the plate. First, a locking screw is threaded through an opening in the plate and into the bone. Then the locking screw is secured to the bone plate via threads on the head of the locking screw that cooperate with threaded openings in the bone plate. This secures the plate with respect to the bone and provides rigid fixation because the relationship between the plate and locking screw(s) is fixed. Because the threads on the head of the locking screw interdigitate with the threads in the plate opening, the plate and screws(s) form one stable system, and the stability of the fracture can be dependent upon the stiffness of the construct. Locking a screw into the plate can achieve angular and axial stability and eliminate the possibility for the screw to toggle, slide, or be dislodged, reducing the risk of postoperative loss of reduction.
- However, although locking screws may reduce the incidence of loosening, they have limitations. Locking screws provide only one fixed angle relationship between the plate and the screw(s). They have a limited insertion angle because the threads of the head mate with the threads of the hole in one way only. The longitudinal axis of the screw aligns with the central axis of the hole, and no angular variation is allowed. In short, locking screws are unidirectional, limiting their use in some instances. For example, when treating a severe fracture, bone fragments may be shattered and in irregular positions. Although a surgeon may wish to obtain the benefits of a locking screw and bone plate used together, the predetermined angle at which the locking screw extends from the plate may not be the angle that would allow the surgeon to “grab” (or seize, or otherwise secure) the desired, random bone fragment. Rather, screws with more angular flexibility (such as compression screws) may be required. Moreover, locking screws secured in a plate have a limited capability to compress bone fragments, since once the screw is fully rotated to lock with the plate, it can rotate no further to compress the plate to the bone. Conversely, there may be situations where the screw rotates sufficiently to capture bone, but does not rotate sufficiently to lock to the plate.
- In short, while locking screws were useful to provide rigid fixation, they often could not perform other functions typically performed by traditional non-locking or compression screws (also referred to as cortical or cancellous screws). Although non-locking screws are secured into bone in the same way that locking screws are, they are not secured to the plate. Their heads are typically rounded where they contact the bone plate and they do not have threads that lock into the plate. Thus, while not optimal in providing a rigid construct between the screw and plate, they can be inserted at various angles because they are not limited by the thread-to-thread contact of locking screws with the bone plate.
- Given the unique contributions of each of locking and non-locking screws, bone plating systems were developed that provided surgeons the option of using both types of screws in an installation. In this way, surgeons could choose intra-operatively whether to use the bone plate with compression screws, locking screws, or a combination of both and thus more effectively tailor the installation to the particular situation.
- In some embodiments, these systems provide plates with some threaded holes (that may receive either locking screws or non-locking screws) and some non-threaded holes (for non-locking screws). Some systems provide partially threaded slots to allow either non-locking or locking screws to be used together. Such combination slots provide surgeons with the intra-operative choice about whether to use the plate with locking screws, non-locking screws, or a combination of both. These combination slots typically have a partially threaded opening that can receive either a compression screw or a locking screw. However, because these combination slots are only partially threaded, the locking screw(s) may not be able to maintain the fixed angular relationship between the screw(s) and plate under physiological loads. Specifically, the locking screws within the plate are only partially captured and thus only partially surrounded by threads. Under high stress and loading conditions, the slot may distort and allow the fixed angular relationship between the locking screw and plate to change. This can result in loss of fixation or loss of established intra-operative plate orientation. Moreover, the locking screw can still only be inserted at a single angle—the predetermined angle defined by the manufacturer.
- Additionally, current bone plate and screw systems still limit a surgeon's ability to both (a) lock a fastener with respect to the bone plate, but still (b) allow the fastener to extend from the bone plate at various angles. Locking screws lock into the plate, but only in a single angular configuration, and non-locking screws allow various angle configurations, but they do not provide a stable construct with the plate. Accordingly, none of these options allow a surgeon to capture bone fragments that do not fall in line with the axis of the opening provided on the plate in a rigid fashion. Thus, currently available options can still lead to mal-alignment and poor clinical results.
- There have been some attempts to provide polyaxial locking systems. For example, one effort includes providing holes that accept fixed angle locking pegs and multidirectional locking pegs, with a threaded cap inserted over the multidirectional peg to hold it in place. Such a system can be cumbersome to use because, although the multidirectional peg can be inserted at any angle, the surgeon then needs to thread a small cap onto the top of the peg head and into the plate, requiring an extra step, extra time, and extra instrumentation. Such systems also fail to allow the use of non-locking members in conjunction with the locking and multidirectional pegs.
- Other systems that have attempted to offer polyaxial fixation include providing a bone plate with deformable inserts at the hole peripheries made out of a deformable material, with the remaining part of the plate made of titanium. The plate is manufactured and the deformable inserts are then pushed into the hole peripheries and engaged in place by deformation and pressure. When screws are inserted, the deformable inserts deform and are compressed between the screws and the edges of the holes of the plate, which holds the screws and inserts in place. There are challenges with such systems, however. First, the deformable inserts cannot be used with non-locking screws. Second, the deformable inserts do not have the strength to receive and hold a regular locking screw. Thus, the unavailability of non-locking screws and regular locking screws do not provide the surgeon with options. Finally, plates with deformable inserts are more expensive to manufacture than regular bone plates.
- Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved bone plating system that overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art. There is a need for a system that provides a stable connection between a bone and a bone plate using a fastener that permits different angles to be obtained between the bone plate and the fastener, while the fastener also locks into the bone plate. This would allow surgeons to capture random bone fragments that are in irregular positions, for example, in cases of severe fractures with highly fragmented bone fragments. In these and other cases, it would be advantageous to provide a fastener and plate system that allows the surgeon to choose the angle at which the screw is inserted through, and rigidly affixed in, an opening of the plate.
- Such an improvement would allow a surgeon to direct the fastener toward bone fragments that are not necessarily located directly beneath the opening in the plate. It would also provide flexibility in the placement of the plate in relation to the bone fracture. Allowing surgeons to choose the angle at which the fastener is inserted into the plate would lead to better tailoring of the system to the specific nature of the bone fracture to be treated. It would also allow surgeons to adjust their strategy as necessary after the surgical site has been accessed, but prior to insertion of the fastener into bone material. Additionally, embodiments described herein provide for a more secure polyaxial insertion than what is available in known systems which contain a plate with a deformable insert.
- In certain embodiments there is a bone plate comprising a first opening. The first opening may be threaded, and the threads may be made of a first material. A first fastener may be inserted into the first opening in order to secure the bone plate to the bone. In certain embodiments the first fastener has a head at least partially made of a polymeric material that is softer than the first material of the threads of the first opening. In use, the first fastener is positioned and rotated in the first opening, and the threads of the first opening form “threads” into the polymeric material of the first fastener to thereby fix the orientation of the first fastener relative to the first opening. Thus, the first fastener may be secured at one of a plurality of possible angles within the first opening. This may help in capturing “renegade” or random bone fragments that have split from the bone during fracture, and may help in securing the bone fragments to the bone plate.
- The first opening is configured to interchangeably accept other types of fasteners in addition to the first fastener. For example, there is provided a second fastener with a threaded head, wherein the threads on the head are configured and dimensioned to mate with the threads of the first opening (also called a locking fastener). In use, when the second fastener is inserted into the first opening, the threads of the first opening and the threads on the head of the second fastener engage, which “locks” the second fastener in place within the first opening.
- The first opening may additionally accept a third fastener comprising a head with a substantially spherical and non-threaded portion (also called a non-locking fastener). In use, when the third fastener is inserted into the first opening, the spherical portion of the head contacts, but does not otherwise engage with, the threads of the first opening. Thus the third fastener can be inserted at various angles because it is not limited by the thread-to-thread contact with the first opening.
- In certain embodiments the first opening may have a frustoconical-shaped top portion that helps push or pull the bone plate in a particular direction as a fastener is inserted into the first opening. In particular, the head of a fastener may come into contact with and ride along the frustoconical-shaped top portion of the first opening, thus moving the bone plate in a particular direction. In certain embodiments, additional openings may be provided on the bone plate, including other types of threaded openings, non-threaded openings, provisional fixation holes, K-wire holes, combination holes, finned openings, and slots. The different types of fasteners described above—including the first, second, and third fasteners described above—may be used as appropriate in the different types of openings.
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FIG. 1 shows perspective view of one embodiment of a fastener of this invention. -
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the fastener ofFIG. 1 positioned in a bone plate. -
FIG. 3 shows a fragmentary top perspective view of a bone plate having fins according to one embodiment of the invention with a fastener inserted therein. -
FIG. 4 shows a fragmentary top perspective view of the bone plate ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 5 shows a top perspective view of a bone plate having multiple openings, with fasteners inserted in two of the plate openings. -
FIG. 6 shows a bottom perspective view of the bone plate ofFIG. 5 . -
FIG. 7 shows a side elevational view of the bone plate ofFIG. 5 . -
FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a fastener for use with various bone plates described herein. -
FIG. 9 shows a top plan view of an alternate embodiment of an opening for use in a bone plate. -
FIG. 10 shows a fragmentary perspective view of a bone plate with the opening ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 11 shows a top plan view of a further embodiment of an opening for use in a bone plate. -
FIG. 12 shows a fragmentary top perspective view of a bone plate with the opening ofFIG. 11 . -
FIGS. 13-17 show alternative shapes and types of bone plates that may be used with various embodiments of this invention. -
FIG. 18 shows a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a bone plate having a fastener with a finned head secured in the bone plate. -
FIG. 19 shows a side elevation view of the fastener shown inFIG. 18 . -
FIG. 20 shows a top perspective view of the fastener ofFIG. 19 . -
FIG. 21 shows a fragmentary top perspective view of a bone plate that may be used to receive the fastener ofFIGS. 19 and 20 . -
FIG. 22 shows a cross-sectional view of the plate ofFIG. 21 . -
FIG. 23 shows a side elevation view of a fracture being treated with a bone plate and the fastener ofFIG. 19 . -
FIG. 24A shows a side elevation view of an exemplary locking screw according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 24B shows a cross-sectional view of the locking screw ofFIG. 24A . -
FIG. 25A shows a top plan view of a portion of a bone plate, including a hole without the threads of the hole shown, according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 25B shows a cross-sectional view of the portion of the bone plate shown inFIG. 25A as viewed alongline 25B-25B ofFIG. 25A . -
FIG. 25C shows a top plan view of the portion of the bone plate shown inFIGS. 25A and 25B , with the threads of the hole shown. -
FIG. 25D shows a cross-sectional view of the portion of the bone plate shown inFIGS. 25A-25C as viewed along line 25D-25D ofFIG. 25C . -
FIG. 25E is an enlarged section view taken atinset circle 25E inFIG. 25D . -
FIG. 26 shows a cross-sectional view of the locking screw ofFIGS. 24A and 24B positioned in the bone plate shown inFIGS. 25A-25E . -
FIG. 27 shows a side elevation view of an exemplary compression screw for use according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 28 shows a cross-sectional view of the compression screw ofFIG. 27 positioned in the bone plate shown inFIGS. 25A-25E . -
FIG. 29A shows a side elevation view of an exemplary locking screw according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 29B shows a cross-sectional view of the locking screw ofFIG. 29A . -
FIG. 30A shows a top plan view of a portion of a bone plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 30B shows a cross-sectional view of the portion of the bone plate shown inFIG. 30A as viewed alongline 30B-30B ofFIG. 30A . -
FIG. 30C is an enlarged section view taken at inset circle 30C inFIG. 30B . -
FIG. 31 shows a cross-sectional view of the locking screw ofFIGS. 29A and 29B positioned in the bone plate shown inFIGS. 30A-30C . -
FIG. 32 shows a cross-sectional view of the compression screw ofFIG. 27 positioned in the bone plate shown inFIGS. 30A-30C . -
FIGS. 33-50 are views of various exemplary bone plate configurations according to various embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 51 shows a provisional fixation slot according to one embodiment of the present invention. - Embodiments of the present invention provide a
fastener 10 for polyaxial fixation in a variety of different types of bone plate openings.FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of one such fastener. This application uses the terms “fastener” and “screw” interchangeably.Fastener 10 includes ahead 16 and ashaft 14 that defines a fastenercentral axis 12. InFIGS. 1 and 2 , theshaft 14 is threaded. Theshaft 14 may be fully threaded, partially threaded, comprise a helical blade, and/or may comprise one or more tacks, deployable talons, expandable elements, or so forth. Any feature that allowsshaft 14 to engage bone is considered within the scope of this invention and may be referred to generally as a “threaded shaft” for the sake of convenience. It is also possible thatshaft 14 is not threaded, so thatfastener 10 takes the form of a peg or a pin. This alternative embodiment may be preferred in certain procedures where, for instance, the main goal is to prevent tilting of a bone segment or in procedures where there is no concern offastener 10 pulling out from the bone and hence no need forshaft 14 to be threaded or otherwise configured to engage bone. The end ofshaft 14 may be a self-tapping or self-drilling tip. - The
head 16 of thefastener 10 also includes afastener seating surface 20. Thefastener seating surface 20 may encompass theentire head 16 of thefastener 10, or it may only partially encompass thehead 16. For example, inFIG. 1 the height of thefastener seating surface 20 is less than the height of thehead 16, so that a portion of thehead 16 protrudes above thefastener seating surface 20. In other embodiments, however, thefastener seating surface 20 encompasses theentire head 16 of thefastener 10. In some embodiments, at least portions of thefastener seating surface 20 are smooth and contoured, as shown inFIG. 1 . Thesmooth portions 22 of thefastener seating surface 20 may be seen inFIGS. 1 and 2 . -
Fastener 10 will typically have abore 18 for receiving a driver in order to drivefastener 10 into the bone plate and into bone. Thebore 18 may be any size and shape, for example, it may have a hexagonal configuration to receive a corresponding hexagonal driver, a Phillips screw head, a flat-head, a star configuration, Torx, or any other appropriate configuration that can cooperate with a driver to place fastener. -
FIG. 2 illustratesfastener 10 engaged in abone plate 40 having anupper surface 44, abone contacting surface 42, and a threadedopening 30 extending between theupper surface 44 and thebone contacting surface 42. The terms “opening” and “hole” are used interchangeably herein. More specifically, opening 30 ofplate 40 is shown havingopening threads 32 and an openingcentral axis 36.Opening threads 32 are typically any standard-type thread. For example, the openingthreads 32 may be a continuous ridge or a non-continuous ridge. It may comprise a portion of a revolution, one complete revolution, multiple revolutions, a single lead, or multiple leads, or any other threads known in the art. Additionally or alternatively, openingthreads 32 may include any other surface that will engage with and seat with features of thefastener 10. For example, openingthreads 32 may have a series of dimples, ridges, bumps, textured areas, or any other surface that can secure with features of thefastener 10 as described herein. In short, any type of thread is intended for use with various embodiments of this invention. - The
fastener seating surface 20 may be formed of any material but it is preferable that thefastener seating surface 20 be made of a material with a yield strength that is lower than that of the material defining theopening 30. In some embodiments thefastener seating surface 20 is made from polyethylene, for example. - In use,
fastener 10 is positioned and rotated inopening 30. Rotating thefastener 10 with respect to theopening 30 causes deformation of thefastener seating surface 20 because thefastener seating surface 20 is made from a material that is weaker than that defining theopening 30. More specifically, the openingthreads 32 tap “threads” into thehead 16 of the fastener 10 (and more particularly the fastener seating surface 20) and thereby fixes the orientation of thefastener 10 relative to theopening 30. The resulting threadedportions 24 on thefastener seating surface 20 are shown inFIG. 2 . As may be seen fromFIG. 2 , there may besmooth portions 22 where the openingthreads 32 have not tapped into thefastener seating surface 20. Thus in some embodiments theentire head 16 of thefastener 10 may not be tapped. Additionally, the location of thesmooth portions 22 and the threadedportions 24 will change depending upon theinsertion angle 38 in which thefastener 10 is inserted. - Given that there are no pre-existing threads on the head of
fastener 10, thefastener 10 may be inserted and locked into theopening 30 in any angular orientation. Embodiments of the invention provide for aninsertion angle 38 between the fastenercentral axis 12 and the openingcentral axis 36. Theinsertion angle 38 may also be described as the direction along whichfastener 10 is inserted throughopening 30 and driven into bone material. In some embodiments the openingcentral axis 36 and the fastenercentral axis 12 are co-linear so that theinsertion angle 38 is zero. But in other embodiments the openingcentral axis 36 and the fastenercentral axis 12 are not co-linear and theinsertion angle 38 has some value.FIG. 2 has aninsertion angle 38 that is approximately 20-30°; however, other insertion angles 38 are within the scope of the invention. - The
fastener 10 may be positioned in theopening 30 and fixed in theplate 40 at various insertion angles 38. This may help in capturing “renegade” or random bone fragments that have split from the bone during fracture and in securing the bone fragments to theplate 40. For example, if a wrist bone is broken, there will be numerous fragments that may shatter in various directions.Fastener 10 may be inserted intoplate 40 at various insertion angles 38 in order to capture the renegade fragments that would otherwise not be secured to abone plate 40 using only a locking or a non-locking fastener. -
Fastener 10 may be used in connection with any type of threaded hole (including, but not limited to, any threaded hole disclosed herein) on any type of bone plate. The bone plate may be adapted to contact one or more of a femur, a distal tibia, a proximal tibia, a proximal humerus, a distal humerus, a clavicle, a fibula, an ulna, a radius, bones of the foot, or bones of the hand. The bone plate may be curved, contoured, straight, or flat. It may be a periarticular plate or a straight plate. The plate may have a head portion that is contoured to conform to a particular bone surface, such as a metaphysis or diaphysis, that flares out from the shaft portion, that forms an L-shape, T-shape, Y-shape, with the shaft portion, or that forms any other appropriate shape to fit the bone to be treated (not shown in figures) - The bone plate may be formed of titanium, stainless steel, cobalt chrome, plastic such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), or a carbon composite—resorbable polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), combinations or alloys of such materials or any other appropriate material that has sufficient strength to be secured to and hold bone, while also having sufficient biocompatibility to be implanted into a body. Although the above list of materials includes many typical materials out of which bone plates are made, it should be understood that bone plates comprised of any appropriate material are within the scope of this invention.
- In some embodiments,
openings 30 may be provided on abone plate 40 in combination with a variety of other types of openings (e.g., other types of threaded openings, non-threaded openings, provisional fixation or K-wire holes, combination holes, etc.), including but not limited to those discussed in reference toFIGS. 3-51 . It should be understood that these various types of openings may be used on any type of bone plates, in any combination and in any size. - In one embodiment, such as shown in
FIGS. 13 and 14 ,bone plate 40 includesopenings 30 in combination with finnedopenings 50. Embodiments with finnedopenings 50 may be combined with afastener 90.Fastener 90 may have ashaft 92 with alongitudinal axis 96. As shown inFIG. 14 , theshaft 92 may be threaded or non-threaded. In certain embodiments as shown inFIGS. 3 and 8 , thehead 94 offastener 90 has at least one set ofthreads 98.Threads 98 are typically any standard-type thread. For example, thethreads 98 may be a continuous ridge or a non-continuous ridge. They may comprise a portion of a revolution, one complete revolution, multiple revolutions, a single lead, or multiple leads, or any other threads known in the art. Additionally or alternatively,head 94 offastener 90 may include any other surface that will engage with and seat within specific features of plate 40 (described further below). For example,head 94 may have a series of dimples, ridges, bumps, textured areas, or any other surface that can securefastener 90 as described herein. As will be described in more detail below,threads 98 ofhead 94 are adapted to engage, associate with, or otherwise cooperate withfins 56 of finnedopening 50. In short, any type of threaded fastener head is intended for use with various embodiments of this invention. -
Plate 40 ofFIG. 13 has a finned opening 50 (shown in detail inFIG. 4 ) with aninner surface 54 from which a series of concavely indented, inwardly protrudingfins 56 extend.Fins 56 extend into finned opening 50 towardcentral axis 52. Thebases 58 offins 56 form aconcave portion 60 at or near a substantially roundupper circumference 62 ofupper surface 44. (The term “round” circumference is intended to refer to any round shape, such as a circle, an oval, an egg-shaped circumference, or any other opening shaped to receive thehead 94 of afastener 90.) Thebases 58 of thefins 56 may all meet in substantially the same plane and then angle downwardly and inwardly at a similar angle or slope. - It bears noting that the
concave portion 60 is smooth and non-threaded. In fact, there are not any threads onconcave portion 60 or anywhere oninner surface 54 of finnedopening 50. The lack of threads helps ease the manufacturing ofplate 40, and allowsplate 40 to be manufactured as thinly as desired. - The dimensions of
fins 56 are typically dependent at least in part upon the pitch and threads offastener 90. For example, alarger plate 40 for use with a larger fastener 90 (e.g., for use on a femur bone) will likely be thicker and will have larger andthicker fins 56 than a smaller plate 40 (e.g., for use on a smaller bone). In specific embodiments, thefins 56 are particularly thin so that they can be moved up or down and deformed upon pressure. In some embodiments, thefins 56 may be pressed toward the edges of thefinned opening 50. A non-limiting exemplary range of thicknesses forfins 56 may be from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, although larger and smaller sizes are possible. In theory, thefins 56 are intended to fit betweenthreads 98 on the threadform offastener 90, as shown inFIG. 3 . - Providing a non-threaded
inner surface 54 also allows thefastener 90 to be inserted into finned opening 50 at any desiredinsertion angle 38, as illustrated byFIG. 7 . Embodiments of the invention provide for aninsertion angle 38 between thelongitudinal axis 96 of thefastener 90 and thecentral axis 52 of finnedopening 50. Theinsertion angle 38 may also be described as the direction along whichfastener 90 is inserted through finnedopening 50 and driven into bone material. In some embodiments thecentral axis 52 and thelongitudinal axis 96 are co-linear so that theinsertion angle 38 is zero. But in other embodiments thecentral axis 52 and thelongitudinal axis 96 are not co-linear and theinsertion angle 38 has some value.FIG. 7 illustrates onefastener 90 having aninsertion angle 38 of approximately 0° and anotherfastener 90 having aninsertion angle 38 of approximately 20-30°; however, other insertion angles 38 are within the scope of the invention. Varying theinsertion angle 38 is possible because there are not any threads in thefinned opening 50 to interfere with the desiredinsertion angle 38. Thefins 56 are intended to slightly bend or deform in order to secure thefastener 90 in place infinned opening 50.Fins 56 actually engagethreads 98 or other surface offastener 90. - Referring back to
FIG. 4 , in the embodiment shown, asfins 56 extend towardcentral axis 52, they taper to form tapered sides 64. Thefins 56 end atrounded tips 66, althoughtips 66 can be pointed, square, rectangular, or any other appropriate configuration. For example, as shown inFIGS. 9 and 10 ,fins 56 may have straight edges orsides 70 and straight ends 72. This embodiment showsfins 56 that are partially rectangular-shaped. Theopenings 74 betweenfins 56 are slit-shaped. - An alternate embodiment is shown in
FIGS. 11 and 12 , which illustratefins 56 with a more triangular shape. In this embodiment,fins 56 are shown havingsides 80 that taper inwardly and endedges 82 that are flat and small, forming theapex area 84 whereadjacent sides 80 converge.Openings 86 inFIG. 11 are wider thanopenings 74 inFIG. 9 . Both sets ofopenings backs 88, where they meetinner surface 54 of finnedopening 50. It should be understood however, that these are merely examples offin 56 shapes and that any appropriate shapes are possible and considered within the scope of this invention. Non-limiting examples include trapezoidal, square, round, circular, triangular (with a pointed tip instead of apex area 84), and any other possible option. - As shown in
FIG. 6 , thelower circumference 68 at thebone contacting surface 42 ofplate 40 may appear to be more jagged than theupper circumference 62 at theupper surface 44 due to thefins 56 forming a portion ofbone contacting surface 42. Thelower circumference 68 can appear almost “flower-like,” meaning that eachfin 56 appears to form a petal of thelower circumference 68. Alternatively, for the embodiments ofFIGS. 9-12 , thelower circumference 68 will appear similar to the shape created byfins 56. - Although the figures show a
finned opening 50 with about five to eightfins 56, it should be understood that any number offins 56 is considered within the scope of this invention. For example, there may be two or threefins 56, or ten or twenty ormore fins 56, depending upon theplate 40 for which thefinned opening 50 is intended for use. - The primary purpose of
fins 56 is to grasp one ormore threads 98 of afastener 90 in order to secure thefastener 90 in place in thebone plate 40 at any desiredinsertion angle 38. For example, as opposed to threadedopenings 30 used with fastener 90 (which engage thethreads 98 of thehead 94 of thefastener 90 in one way only, limiting the surgeon's ability to angle thefastener 90 as desired), thefins 56 of this embodiment are still intended to secure thethreads 98 of thehead 94 offastener 90 in place, but at anyinsertion angle 38. Moreover, as shown inFIGS. 5-7 ,fasteners 90 need not be inserted at thesame insertion angle 38. Onefastener 90 may be inserted at afirst insertion angle 38, and anotherfastener 90 may be inserted at a second, and different,insertion angle 38. As afastener 90 is inserted, itsthreads 98 start to engage thefins 56, as shown inFIG. 3 . As discussed above, thefins 56 may be very thin so that as thethreads 98 start to grabfins 56, thefins 56 may move up or down as appropriate to engage thethreads 98 and secure thefastener 90 in thefinned opening 50. In short, thethreads 98 engagefins 56 so that thefins 56 fit between thethreads 98. This movement offins 56 can be a permanent deformation, so that thefins 56 cannot flex back and allow thefastener 90 to work its way out. - As discussed above, finned
openings 50 may be provided on all types ofbone plates 40 and may be combined with other types of openings, examples of which are shown inFIGS. 13-17 . There may be afinned opening 50, a threadedopening 30, and aprovisional pin opening 102. Other options are holes that can be used with either a threaded or non-threaded fastener, as well ascombination slots 104. It should be understood that these various types of openings may be used on any types of bone plates, in any combination and in any size.FIG. 14 shows a plurality of finnedopenings 50 in the head ofbone plate 40. This may help achieve better fixation of a fractured bone, because thefastener 90 can be inserted at various angles to capture “renegade” or random bone fragments that have split from the bone during fracture, but still secure the bone fragments to theplate 40. For example, as shown inFIG. 23 if a bone is broken, there will be numerous fragments that may shatter in various directions. Theplates 40 described herein can be used to place afastener 110 at various angles in order to capture the renegade fragments that would otherwise not be secured to abone plate 40 using only a locking or a non-locking fastener. AlthoughFIG. 23 shows afastener 110 with afinned head 112, the same concept applies to afastener 90 and afinned opening 50. It should additionally be understood that other types of openings (in addition to or instead of finned openings 50) may be present in the head of the plate, as well as elsewhere onplate 40. Particularly suitable may also beopenings 30 for receivingfasteners 10, which also allow for polyaxial insertion and fixation. - As previously mentioned,
fastener 90 may be any typical fastener, made out of any appropriate material. It will typically have abore 18 for receiving a driver in order to drivefastener 90 throughplate 40 and into bone. Thebore 18 may be any size and shape, for example, it may have a hexagonal configuration to receive a corresponding hexagonal driver, a Phillips screw head, a flat-head, a star configuration, Torx, or any other appropriate configuration that can cooperate with a driver to drivefastener 90 intoplate 40. - Turning now to the methods of implantation, the surgeon accesses the surgical site of interest, which can be an internal site at which a bone fracture is located that requires stabilization to ensure proper healing. The fracture may be reduced with conventional forceps and guides (which are known to those in the art), and a
bone plate 40 of appropriate size and shape is placed over the fracture site. In some instances, thebone plate 40 may be temporarily secured to the bone using provisional fixation pins. In thebone plates 40 shown inFIGS. 13 and 14 , provisional fixation pins may be used through either theprovisional pin openings 102, or any other opening in theplate 40. Provisional fixation provides for temporarily securing thebone plate 40 to the bone before placing fixation screws through thebone plate 40, so that one can be certain thebone plate 40 is properly positioned before placing bone screws for permanent fixation of thebone plate 40 to the bone. Moreover, with provisional fixation, x-rays can be taken of the bone plate/construct without excess instruments in the field of view. - Once the
plate 40 is secured at a desired location in relation to the fracture (typically using one or more provisional fixation pins, although any other appropriate method may be used), the surgeon then identifies an insertion angle 38 (seeFIGS. 2 and 7 ), or the direction along whichfastener opening bone plate 40 includes more than oneopening FIGS. 13-17 , the surgeon also selects thespecific opening insertion angle 38 andopening shaft fastener opening insertion angle 38 to facilitate the initial tapping or insertion offastener bore 18 ofhead fastener - Because
fastener central axis opening fastener fastener - Once the bone fragment is secured, the
fastener plate 40. Asfastener plate 40. Iffastener 10 is used in anopening 30, drawing thefastener 10 into theplate 40, for example by rotating thefastener 10 with a tool via thebore 18, causes deformation of thefastener seating surface 20 because thefastener seating surface 20 is made from a material that is weaker than thethreads 32 in theopening 30. This deformation allows “threads” to be tapped into thehead 16 of thefastener 10 and fixes the orientation of thefastener 10 relative to theopening 30. Iffastener 90 is used in finnedopening 50, asthreads 98 offastener head 94 begin to contactfins 56, thefins 56 are allowed to engage within thethreads 98 to hold thefastener 90 in place in the desiredinsertion angle 38, even angles that are other than in line with the openingcentral axis 52. The action of engagement betweenfins 56 andthreads 98 rigidly affixesfastener 90 to thebone plate 40 at the desiredinsertion angle 38. - In some embodiments, the surgeon may then use traditional locking and/or non-locking screws in
other openings plate 40. This can help further secure thebone plate 40 to the bone fracture if needed. One advantage of opening 30 is that it is adapted to receive afastener - In some instances, once all
fasteners unused openings unused openings plate 40. Additionally or alternatively, the surgeon may use bone graft material, bone cement, bone void filler, and any other material to help heal the bone. -
FIGS. 18-22 illustrate an alternate embodiment of an opening and fastener that allows for polyaxial fixation.Plate 40 is provided withopenings 126 for receivingfastener 110, as shown inFIGS. 18-22 . These figures show afastener 110 with afinned head 112. Specifically, thefinned head 112 comprises abore 114 and at least one set of extendingfins 118 around aportion 120 of thefinned head 112.Fins 118 are shown as being square or trapezoidally-shaped with tapered edges, although they may be any other shape, such as rounded, oval, rectangular, curved, rhomboid, diamond-shaped, triangular or any other appropriate shape. The edges offins 118 may taper inwardly, outwardly, or be about parallel with one another.Fins 118 may be provided in a single row aroundfinned head 112 or layered in multiple rows as shown. If layered in multiple rows, eachindividual fin 118 may be directly above another fin 118 (so the top of thefastener 110 looks like that shown inFIG. 20 ). Alternatively, eachindividual fin 118 in a lower layer may be offset from afin 118 in a higher layer. The number offins 118 in a set may also vary from about two or three up to any desired number that can fit onportion 120 offinned head 112. As with thefins 56 of finnedopening 50 described above, thefins 118 are preferably quite thin, the thickness varying depending upon the use offastener 110 andplate 40. For example, alarger fastener 110 for use with a larger plate 40 (e.g., for use on a femur bone) will likely have larger andthicker fins 118 than a smaller fastener 110 (e.g., for use on a smaller bone). In specific embodiments, thefins 118 are particularly thin so that they can be moved up or down or compressed upon pressure. A non-limiting exemplary range of thicknesses forfins 118 may be from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, although larger and smaller sizes are possible. In theory, thefins 118 are intended to fit between the threadform ofplate 40.Fastener 110 may also have ashaft 122 that is threaded or unthreaded, as described above with respect tofastener 90. -
Fastener 110 may be used with any bone plate that has a threaded opening. In one example (seeFIGS. 18 , 21, and 22),bone plate 40 includesopening 126 provided withAcme threads 128 that have a more rectangular shape than the pointed, sharp threads that are typically used in bone plates. As shown inFIG. 22 , opening 126 hasthreads 128 that end at theiredges 130 in a rectangular shape. Providing a rectangular shape with aflatter edge 130 allows a larger channel for thefins 118 to engage. In an even more specific embodiment, thethreads 128 may be angled at about 15-20° off of thecentral axis 132 ofopening 126, and even more specifically, at about 18° off of thecentral axis 132. While Acme threads are disclosed, one of skill in the art will recognize that any thread geometry may be provided inopening 126. - In use,
fastener 110 is inserted intoopening 126, thefins 118 engagethreads 128 and, much like thefins 56,fins 118 are very thin so that as thethreads 128 ofplate 40 start to grab thefins 118, thefins 118 may move up or down as appropriate to engage thethreads 128 and secure thefastener 110 in place, as shown inFIG. 18 . In most cases, this movement offins 118 is a permanent deformation, so that thefins 118 cannot flex back and allow thefastener 110 to work its way out. - Other opening or plate hole geometries that may be provided in
plate 40 in any combination are illustrated inFIGS. 25A-E and 30A-C. As discussed in more detail below, these holes or openings may interchangeably receive locking screws or fasteners as well as compression screws or fasteners. They may also receive thefasteners 10 discussed above.Plate 40 may also include non-threaded holes or openings that receive only compression screws or fasteners. -
FIGS. 24A and 24B show an exemplaryuniaxial locking screw 140 for use according to one embodiment. Such a lockingscrew 140 includes a threadedhead 142 and a threadedshaft 144. Lockingscrew 140 may be a 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 6.5 mm, or other size locking screw, which is understood by those skilled in the art. In the exemplary embodiment shown inFIGS. 24A and 24B , the lead between the threads ofhead 142 and the threads ofshaft 144 is broken. The threads inshaft 144 of lockingscrew 140 are single lead and the threads inhead 142 are triple lead, providing lockingscrew 140 with the same pitch throughout. It is preferable, but not required, for certain embodiments of lockingscrews 140 according to this invention to have a constant pitch. In an exemplary 3.5mm locking screw 140, the pitch is 1.25 mm and the angle of the thread form is about 45° to about 60°. In an exemplary 4.5mm locking screw 140, the pitch is 1.75 mm and the angle of the thread form is about 60°. Lockingscrew 140 also includes aninternal hex head 146, as shown inFIG. 24B , that is used when tightening lockingscrew 140 into a bone plate and/or bone. -
FIGS. 25A-25E show different views of a portion of abone plate 40 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Such bone plates generally include one or more holes or other openings, such as in the exemplary bone plates shown inFIGS. 33-50 , which are briefly described below. However, for ease of illustration and for purposes of describing an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, only a portion ofbone plate 40 is shown inFIGS. 25A-25E . - The
particular bone plate 40 shown in these drawings includes ahole 152 extending throughupper surface 44 andbone contacting surface 42 ofbone plate 40.FIGS. 25A and 25B show hole 152 without its threads to help illustrate certain aspects of this embodiment of the invention, whileFIGS. 25C- 25E show hole 152 with its threads. It should be understood that the geometry ofhole 152 is the same throughout these Figures, although the geometry ofhole 152 is not as clearly visible inFIGS. 25C-E that show the threads ofhole 152. As seen most clearly inFIG. 25B ,hole 152 includes atop portion 158 extending downward fromupper surface 44.Top portion 158 is generally frustoconical in shape and extends fromupper surface 44 at an angle of θ1 relative to the plane ofupper surface 44, as shown inFIG. 25B . In an exemplary embodiment, angle θ1 is about fifty-two°. - A
bottom portion 160 ofhole 152 extends from the end oftop portion 158 tobone contacting surface 42 ofbone plate 40.Bottom portion 160 includesthreads 162, as shown inFIGS. 25C-25E . Some ofthreads 162 may extend intotop portion 158 depending on the particular embodiment, buttop portion 158 is not completely threaded. - In the exemplary embodiment shown in
FIGS. 25A-25E ,bottom portion 160 is tapered. The included angle, θ2 shown inFIG. 25B , of the taper ofbottom portion 160 may be less than about thirty°, including zero° (i.e., no taper at all). The larger the included angle, thelarger hole 152 inbone plate 40 must be, which begins to compromise the strength of the plate if the included angle θ2 is much larger than about thirty°. In an exemplary embodiment, θ2 is about twenty°. -
FIG. 26 shows a side view of lockingscrew 140 threaded intohole 152 ofbone plate 40.Head 142 of lockingscrew 140 is received bythreads 162 ofbone plate 40.Threads 162 completely surround the threads ofhead 142, and the top ofhead 142 is received completely withinhole 152 such thathead 142 of lockingscrew 140 sits flush withupper surface 44 ofbone plate 40.Shaft 144 of lockingscrew 140 is threaded into bone (not shown).Head 142 of lockingscrew 140 should be tapered such that it properly mates withthreads 162 ofhole 152 ofbone plate 40. Furthermore, a threaded portion of a head of a locking screw for use with certain embodiments of this invention should have a taper generally corresponding to the taper, if any, of the threads of the hole of the bone plate.Fasteners 10 with a seating surface such as shown inFIG. 1 and disclosed above can also be used in theholes 152 to lock and secure thefastener 10 to plate 40 at varying angles withinhole 152. -
FIG. 27 shows a side view of anexemplary compression screw 170 for use according to an embodiment of the present invention.Compression screw 170 includes ahead 172 and a threadedshaft 174 for engaging a bone.Head 172 is preferably spherical, as shown in the drawings.FIG. 28 shows compression screw 170 inserted withinhole 152 ofbone plate 40. As shown inFIG. 28 ,head 172 ofcompression screw 170 rides alongtop portion 158 ofhole 152. As shown clearly inFIG. 28 , the diameter ofshaft 174 is less than the diameter of the opening atbottom portion 160 ofhole 152. Thus, asshaft 174 is threaded into a bone (not shown),compression screw 170 may pull or pushbone plate 40 in a particular direction as thespherical head 172 ofcompression screw 170 comes into contact with and rides along thetop portion 158 ofhole 152 ofbone plate 40. The angle θ1, shown inFIG. 25B , attop portion 158 ofhole 152 is significant for compression of a fracture and is necessary to help shift the bone plate in the desired direction. Iftop portion 158 were to extend straight down fromupper surface 44 ofbone plate 40, compression would be less successful.Compression screw 170 may movebone plate 40 in more than one direction ascompression screw 170 is fully inserted withinhole 152. In an exemplary embodiment, fine adjustment of fractures up to about two millimeters in several directions is possible. -
FIGS. 29A and 29B show another exemplary locking screw for use according to an embodiment of the present invention. A lockingscrew 180 includes ahead 182 and a threadedshaft 184. Similar to lockingscrew 140 shown inFIGS. 24A and 24B , lockingscrew 180 may be a 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 6.5 mm, or other size locking screw, which is understood by those skilled in the art, and the lead between the threads ofhead 182 and the threads ofshaft 184 is broken. The threads inshaft 184 of lockingscrew 180 are single lead and the threads inhead 182 are triple lead, providing lockingscrew 180 with the same pitch throughout. The pitches and angles of thread form for exemplary 3.5 and 4.5mm locking screws 180 are generally similar to those described above with reference to lockingscrew 140. - Locking
screw 180 also includes aninternal hex head 186, as shown inFIG. 29B , that is used when tightening lockingscrew 180 into a bone plate and/or bone. As may be seen fromFIGS. 24 and 29 , only a portion ofhead 182 of lockingscrew 180 is threaded, whereas theentire head 142 of lockingscrew 140 is threaded. Additionally, the threaded portion ofhead 182 of lockingscrew 180 is not tapered, whilehead 142 of lockingscrew 140 is tapered. These differences are because lockingscrew 140 is designed to mate withhole 152 ofbone plate 40, while lockingscrew 180 is designed to mate with ahole 192 of abone plate 40, as further described below. -
FIGS. 30A-30C show different views of a portion of a bone plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. As noted above, bone plates generally include one or more holes or other openings, such as in the exemplary bone plates shown inFIGS. 33-50 , but for ease of illustration, only a portion ofbone plate 40 is shown inFIGS. 30A-30C . -
Bone plate 40 includes ahole 192 extending throughupper surface 44 andbone contacting surface 42 ofbone plate 40.Hole 192 includes atop portion 198 extending downward fromupper surface 44. As shown inFIG. 30B , one side oftop portion 198 includes a ramp that extends fromupper surface 44 at an angle of θ3 relative to the plane ofupper surface 44. In an exemplary embodiment, angle θ3 is about fifty-two°. The remainder oftop portion 198 is a concave recessed portion that is generally spherical in shape, as shown inFIG. 30B . Although of a slightly different structure thantop portion 158 ofhole 152,top portion 198 ofhole 192 also has a generally frustoconical shape, as shown in the figures. - A
bottom portion 200 ofhole 192 extends from the end oftop portion 198 tobone contacting surface 42 ofbone plate 40.Bottom portion 200 includesthreads 202. Some ofthreads 202 may extend intotop portion 198 depending on the particular embodiment, buttop portion 198 generally has only the beginning of thread leads, if any threading. Unlikebottom portion 160 as shown inFIGS. 25A-25E ,bottom portion 200 inFIG. 30B is not tapered, but rather is generally cylindrical in shape. -
FIG. 31 shows a side view of lockingscrew 180 threaded intohole 192 ofbone plate 40. Threads ofhead 182 of lockingscrew 180 are received bythreads 202 ofbone plate 40.Threads 202 completely surround the threads ofhead 182, andshaft 184 of lockingscrew 180 is threaded into bone (not shown).Head 182 of lockingscrew 180 is shaped such that its unthreaded portion bears against the ramp oftop portion 198 ofhole 192 ofbone plate 40. Additionally, the threaded portion ofhead 182 is generally cylindrical (i.e., not tapered) so that it properly mates withthreads 202 ofhole 192 ofbone plate 40. A threaded portion of a head of a locking screw for use with certain embodiments of this invention should be shaped to generally correspond to the shape of the threaded portion of the hole of the bone plate. -
FIG. 32 shows compression screw 170 inserted withinhole 192 ofbone plate 40. As shown inFIG. 32 ,head 172 ofcompression screw 170 sits within the frustoconicaltop portion 198, contacting the concave recessed area oftop portion 198 ofbone plate 40.Head 172 ofcompression screw 170 contacts the ramp area oftop portion 198, buthead 172 does not completely abut the ramp. As shown clearly inFIG. 32 , the diameter ofshaft 174 is less than the diameter of the opening atbottom portion 200 ofhole 192. Thus, asshaft 174 is threaded into a bone (not shown),compression screw 170 may pull or pushbone plate 40 in a particular direction asspherical head 172 ofcompression screw 170 comes into contact with and rides along the frustoconicaltop portion 198 ofhole 192 ofbone plate 40, similar to that described above with reference toFIG. 28 . The angle θ3, shown inFIG. 30B , attop portion 198 ofhole 192 is significant for compression of a fracture and is necessary to help shift the bone plate in the desired direction. Iftop portion 198 were to extend straight down fromupper surface 44 ofbone plate 40, compression would be less successful.Compression screw 170 may movebone plate 40 in more than one direction ascompression screw 170 is fully inserted withinhole 192. In an exemplary embodiment, fine adjustment of fractures up to about two millimeters in several directions is possible. - In practice, a first screw is initially inserted through a bone plate and into a bone on one side of a fracture and then a second screw is inserted through the bone plate on the opposite side of the fracture. In an exemplary method according to an embodiment of the present invention, after the first screw is in place, a compression screw is inserted through a hole in the bone plate on a side of the fracture opposite the side of the first screw. The compression screw may be inserted through the hole and into the bone such that as the compression screw is fully inserted, the bone plate is drawn over to a desired position. By moving the bone plate, the tissue is being pulled together to reduce the fracture. Once the compression screw has been used to move the bone plate into the desired position, the compression screw may be removed from the bone and bone plate and a locking screw, which may, if desired be polyaxial (such as fastener 10), may be inserted through the hole in the bone plate and in the bone in the space formerly occupied by the compression screw. The locking screw can then be tightened to lock the plate into position. The replacement of the compression screw with the locking screw is not required, but a locking screw may provide more stability and rigid fixation than leaving the compression screw in place. In some modes of operation, a locking screw, which may be polyaxial (such as fastener 10), is placed directly in a locking hole without first inserting a compression screw in the hole. Certain embodiments of the invention contemplate using locking screws, some or all of which may be polyaxial or non-polyaxial, and compression screws in any order and in combination or not in combination with each other. As described above, certain embodiments of this invention provide for fine adjustment of fractures in more than one direction.
-
FIGS. 33-50 show various exemplary bone plate configurations that may include one or more openings or holes of any of the various geometries disclosed herein in any combination for receiving any of the various fasteners or screws disclosed herein. Bone plates in accordance with embodiments of this invention can include threaded, non-threaded, and/orfinned openings 50 in any combination. Traditional locking screws 140, compression screws 170, andpolyaxial fasteners 10 may be used with such holes as appropriate. All holes in the exemplary plates ofFIGS. 33-50 include threads having any of the geometries disclosed herein or fins (not shown), while the other generally non-circular openings in these plates may or may not include threads depending on the purposes for which the opening is to be used. -
FIG. 33 shows adistal radius plate 205 that is applied on the volar aspect of the radius and used to treat fractures of the distal radius.FIG. 34 shows adistal tibia plate 210 used to treat distal tibia fractures and contoured to match the anatomy of the medial distal tibia.FIG. 35 shows acalcaneal plate 220 that is applied to the medial aspect of the calcaneus and used to treat calcaneal fractures.FIG. 36 shows adistal tibia plate 230 used to threat distal tibia fractures and contoured to match the anatomy of the lateral anterior distal tibia.FIG. 37 shows amultipurpose plate 240 used in conjunction with the calcaneal plate to fuse the talus to the calcaneus.FIG. 38 depicts adistal fibula plate 250 used to treat distal fibula fractures from the lateral side of the bone.FIG. 39 illustrates abone plate 260 used to treat the medial distal humerus.FIG. 40 shows aproximal humerus plate 270 contoured to match the anatomy of the lateral proximal humerus.FIG. 41 illustrates adistal femur plate 280 contoured to treat fractures of the distal femur from the lateral side of the bone. -
FIG. 42 shows a ⅓ tubularstraight bone plate 290 used to treat small bone fractures.FIG. 43 depicts aproximal tibia plate 300 contoured to treat proximal tibia fractures from the medial side.FIG. 44 shows areconstruction plate 310.FIG. 45 illustrates a small fragmentstraight plate 320, andFIG. 46 illustrates a largefragment bone plate 330.FIG. 47 illustrates anolecranon plate 340 used to treat fractures of the proximal ulna.FIG. 48 shows adistal humerus plate 350 contoured to match the anatomy of the lateral posterior distal humerus.FIG. 49 depicts adistal humerus plate 360 contoured to match the anatomy of the lateral distal humerus.FIG. 50 shows aproximal tibia plate 370 contoured to treat proximal tibia fractures from the medial side that is similar toplate 300, except thatplate 370 includes only holes, such asholes 152 and 192 (shown in more detail inFIGS. 25 and 30 , respectively) that may receive both compression and locking screws and does not include any other openings. - Shown in some of the exemplary bone plates in
FIGS. 33-50 areprovisional fixation slots 380.FIG. 51 showsprovisional fixation slot 380 in a portion of abone plate 40. As is well known to those skilled in the art, provisional fixation pins are commonly used to provisionally affix a bone plate to the bone prior to installation of the bone plate with permanent attachment, such as bone screws. Existing provisional fixation slots typically allow only fixation of bone fragments and not any adjustability of the position of bone fragments. An embodiment of a provisional fixation slot of this invention allows articulation of bone fragments in up to six degrees of freedom to reduce the bone fracture. A bone fragment may be locked into a position and then incrementally repositioned to another temporary or permanent location. InFIG. 51 ,slot 380 has a cross or X shape, but the shape ofslot 380 may vary according to the desired functionality and may include I, L, T, and other shape slots. - In practice, a bone plate is placed on the bone and the plate may or may not be affixed to the bone utilizing bone screws and/or provisional fixation pins. When provisional fixation is desired, a provisional fixation pin may be inserted through a provisional fixation slot and driven into the target bone fragment. The fragment may be manipulated to reduce the fracture and draw the fragment to the plate. Once the bone fragment is in a desired position, the provisional fixation pin may be tightened until the pin locks into the plate. If further movement of the bone fragment is desired, a second provisional fixation pin may be inserted in the same provisional fixation slot in a space in the slot that is not occupied by the first pin. After insertion of the second pin, the first pin may be removed and the bone fragment may be manipulated with the second pin. Once a desired position of the bone fragment is reached, the second pin is locked into the bone plate. Standard devices well known to those skilled in the art, such as screws, pins, cables, and other devices, may be used to affix the bone to the bone plate. Once the construct is sufficiently stable, any provisional fixation pins in use may be removed from the bone.
- The foregoing description of exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented only for the purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations to the structures and methods recited above and shown in the drawings are possible without departing from the scope or spirit of the above disclosure and the following claims. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and their practical application so as to enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its spirit and scope.
Claims (1)
1. A bone plate system for fixation of bone, the system comprising:
a bone plate comprising a bone contacting surface, an upper surface, and a first opening extending between the bone contacting surface and the upper surface, the first opening comprising a lower portion, a non-threaded upper portion, and a threaded portion comprising threads and converging towards the lower portion, the lower portion comprising a smallest diameter of the first opening; and
a first fastener comprising a head at least partially comprising a spherical portion and a first material,
wherein, when the first fastener is inserted into the first opening, the threads of the first opening form threads in the first material on the head of the first fastener to secure the first fastener in place at one of a plurality of possible angles within the first opening.
Priority Applications (1)
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US14/671,499 US20150196333A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2015-03-27 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/673,833 US7179260B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2003-09-29 | Bone plates and bone plate assemblies |
US70223105P | 2005-07-25 | 2005-07-25 | |
PCT/US2006/028778 WO2007014192A2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-25 | Systems and methods for using polyaxial plates |
US11/996,795 US8940028B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-25 | Systems and methods for using polyaxial plates |
US11/644,306 US7905910B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2006-12-22 | Bone plates and bone plate assemblies |
US12/484,527 US8105367B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2009-06-15 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
US13/349,209 US8992581B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2012-01-12 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
US14/671,499 US20150196333A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2015-03-27 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
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US13/349,209 Continuation US8992581B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2012-01-12 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
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US12/484,527 Expired - Lifetime US8105367B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2009-06-15 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
US13/349,209 Active 2025-05-03 US8992581B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2012-01-12 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
US14/671,499 Abandoned US20150196333A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2015-03-27 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
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US12/484,527 Expired - Lifetime US8105367B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2009-06-15 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
US13/349,209 Active 2025-05-03 US8992581B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2012-01-12 | Bone plate and bone plate assemblies including polyaxial fasteners |
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Also Published As
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US8105367B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
US20120109216A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 |
US8992581B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
US20090312803A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
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