US20130226772A1

US20130226772A1 - Acquiring people

Info

Publication number: US20130226772A1
Application number: US13/838,062
Authority: US
Inventors: Timothy M. Keiser; Michael R. Burns
Original assignee: CFPH LLC
Current assignee: CFPH LLC
Priority date: 1996-03-25
Filing date: 2013-03-15
Publication date: 2013-08-29
Also published as: US8756142B1; US20060143110A1; US20130282551A1; US8606685B2; US20040049447A1; US7006991B2; US6505174B1; US20030171980A1

Abstract

Systems and methods include displaying to a user names associated with a plurality of real persons, wherein each person has related thereto a plurality of instruments that can be traded for a price, receiving from the user an order to buy or sell at least one instrument related to a first of the plurality of persons, wherein the order to buy or sell includes a number of instruments to buy or sell; and displaying to the user one or more names of one or more persons for which the user has purchased instruments.

Description

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/184,571, filed Nov. 2, 1998 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,950,176, issued Sep. 7, 1999.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates in general to computer-implemented financial systems, and in particular to an improved automated securities trading system.
Computer-implemented securities trading systems are well known in the art. One such system is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,674,044, issued to Kalmus et al., entitled “Automated Securities Trading System”, and incorporated by reference herein. These computer-implemented securities trading systems obtain bid and asked trades based on the bid and asked prices. However, there is generally still a human component to such systems.
For example, most financial markets also employ one or more market makers called “specialists.” These specialists fill customer orders from the specialist's inventory position if there are no matches for the customer orders in the open market. In the prior art, the specialist function is not automated, but is performed by a firm or individual. Thus there is a need in the art for an improved computer-implemented trading system that includes an automated specialist function to create a market for the securities traded and to lessen the volatility of smaller securities markets.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To overcome the limitations in the prior art described above, and to overcome other limitations that will become apparent upon reading and understanding the present specification, the present invention discloses method, apparatus and article of manufacture for a computer-implemented financial management system that permits the trading of securities via a network. In accordance with the present invention, a server computer receives buy and sell orders for derivative financial instruments from a plurality of client computers. The server computer matches the buy order to the sell orders and then generates a market price through the use of a virtual specialist program executed by the server computer. The virtual specialist program responds to an imbalance in the matching of the buy and sell orders.
An object of the present invention is to lessen the price volatility of derivative financial instruments traded in narrower markets.
A feature of the present invention is a virtual specialist program that engages in trading in the market to offset the price volatility and to provide liquidity to the market.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary hardware environment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart illustrating the general logic of a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart illustrating the logic of the pricing/trading program of the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows a flowchart illustrating the logic of the generate market price program of the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram illustrating the logic of the virtual specialist program of the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram illustrating the logic of the stop trading program of the first embodiment of the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the present invention, a computer-implemented trading system is provided for derivative financial instruments. The computer-implemented trading system accepts buy and sell orders from traders for the derivative financial instruments, sets a market price based on the supply and demand, and participates in the market as a trader in order to minimize price volatility. One embodiment of the present invention is a computer-implemented Hollywood Stock Exchange (HSX), which may be implemented as a simulation (i.e., game) or as an actual trading system for derivative financial instruments representing movies, talent, CDs, and television programs. These derivatives could be purchased with virtual currency known as Hollywood dollars (H$) which are controlled by a virtual reserve bank program.
In one representative embodiment of the present invention, the derivative financial instruments are identified by a Current Trading List displayed for the traders that comprises a list of movies in various stages of production, talent, and other entertainment-oriented assets. The list contains:

- name of the derivative financial instrument;
- genre of the movie (action-adventure, mystery, western, comedy, etc.);
- production status (scripting, pre-production, filming, editing, release, home-video, etc.);
- number of shares in circulation;
- last trading price (printed every 15 minutes)
- price movement (i.e. +/−H$) since the previous midnight (PST);
- price movement since the previous mid-day;
- price movement year to date;

Traders can view the list sorted by:

- name, alphabetically;
  - genre, alphabetically;
  - productions status, alphabetically;
  - most active (number of shares traded yesterday);
- biggest gainers;
- biggest losers; and
- fastest movers today (e.g., fastest 20 movers up and fastest 20 movers down).

Similar information would be provided for other derivative financial instruments offered on the Hollywood Stock Exchange.
Each trader's portfolio is identified by a Portfolio data structure that comprises the trader's account status. This information includes:

- the amount of cash in the trader's account (paid interest at the system discount rate plus some increment, compounded daily);
- current percentage rate paid on cash balances;
- the total value of held stocks at the last selling price;
- the total value of held bonds at the last selling price;
- total portfolio value (TPV) (cash+bonds+stocks);
- percentage of TPV in cash;
- percentage of TPV in bonds; and
- percentage of TPV in stocks.

Traders can generate any number of different reports for display, including:

- Lists of stocks and bonds being traded (see above);
- index of total Hollywood stocks (HSXI) expressed as a number, with 1000 defined as the aggregate total stock price value on opening day, wherein HSXI=(today's gross stock-value)/(opening day gross stock-value);
- index of total Hollywood bonds (HBXI) expressed as a number, with 1000 defined as the aggregate total bond price value on opening day, wherein HBXI=((today's gross bond-value)/(opening day gross bond-value));
- index of total Hollywood Stock Exchange (HMXI) comprised of all stocks and bonds, and expressed as a number, with 1000 as the aggregate total stock price value on opening, wherein HMXI=((today's gross market-value)/(opening day gross market-value));
- lists of the top market performers, e.g., the top 10 traders in percentage portfolio growth calculated as net portfolio value−change=(% change of cash)+(% change of stocks)+(% change of bonds), and for each of the categories: yesterday (midnight to midnight), last week (7 days, ending midnight, each Thursday), last month (closes at midnight last calendar day of month), last quarter (closes at midnight on last day of last month/quarter), year-to-date (running daily total of percentage value changes)/(days for year-to-date), and annually (closes at midnight on December 31 each year);
- overall market condition report, including a list of stopped issues with:
  - name;
  - last trading price;
  - time that stop-trade condition occurred;
  - percentage the issue actually moved on-the-day before the stop-trade;
  - number of total shares and/or bonds traded today;
  - dollar value of total trades today;
  - number of buy and sell trades today; and
  - number of buy and sell trades this month.

Use of the above information guides traders in making future buy and sell orders:
With reference to FIG. 1, a block diagram illustrates an exemplary hardware environment for one embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, a typical distributed computer. system is illustrated, which uses the Internet 10 to connect client computers 12 executing for example, Web browsers, to server computers 14 executing a computer program embodying the present invention. A typical combination of resources may include client computers 12 that are personal computers or work stations connected via the Internet 10 to server computers 14 that are personal computers, work stations, minicomputers, or mainframes.
Generally, both the client computers 12 and the server computers 14 are comprised of one or more CPUs 16, various amounts of RAM storing computer programs 20 and other data, and other components typically found in computers. In addition, both the client computers 12 and the server computers 14 may include one or more monitors, and fixed or removable data storage devices 20 such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and/or CD-ROM drives. Also, input devices, such as mouse pointing devices and keyboards, may be included.
Both the client computers 12 and the server computers 14 operate under the control of an operating system, such as Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, etc. Further, both the client computers 12 and the server computers 14 each execute one or more computer programs 18 under the control of their respective operating systems. The present invention is preferably implemented as one or more computer programs 18 executed by the server computer 14, although in alternative embodiments these computer programs 18 may also be executed on the client computer 12.
Generally, the computer programs 18 implementing the present invention are tangibly embodied in a computer-readable medium, e.g., one or more of the fixed and/or removable data storage devices 20 attached to the computer. Under control of the operating system, the computer programs 18 may be loaded from the data storage devices 20 into the RAM of the computer for subsequent execution by the CPU 16. The computer programs 18 comprise instructions which, when read and executed by the computer; causes the computer to perform the steps necessary to execute the steps or elements of the present invention.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environment illustrated in FIG. 1 is not intended to limit the present invention. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that other alternative hardware environments may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 2, a flowchart illustrates the general logic of one embodiment of the present invention. Block 200 represents the server computer 14 waiting for the next event to occur. Once the event occurs, control is transferred to blocks 202-224 to identify the event and respond accordingly.
Block 202 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether it received a request to display data from the client computer 12. If so, block 204 represents the server computer 14 transmitting data to the client computer 12 for subsequent display. The data transmitted for display preferably includes at least three types of data: the current list of trading derivative financial instruments, the trader's portfolio, and other reports generated by the server computer 14.
Block 206 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether it received a request to submit a buy order from the client computer 12 for a particular derivative financial instrument, e.g., stock or bond. If so, block 208 represents the server computer 14 processing the buy order by placing it in a queue in the memory of the server computer 14. The buy order is a data structure comprising:

- trader's account number;
- trader's name;
- the time and date of the order;
- the stock or bond to buy;
- the cash balance in the trader's account; and
- a text-field where the trader may enter the total number to buy (generally in multiples of 100).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the buy order waits in the queue for the expiration of a predetermined “sweep pricing cycle.” The sweep pricing cycle occurs periodically, such as every 15 minutes, or during another specified time interval. The market price the trader actually pays for the derivative financial instrument is determined by the aggregate supply/demand for the derivative financial instrument at the end of the sweep pricing cycle during which the order was placed.
The market price is set by the pricing/trading program executed by the server computer, which is described below in FIG. 3. The trader's account is then charged the market price for the derivative financial instrument. If the purchase uses up all available cash in the trader's account, the trader is “loaned” enough money to pay for the purchase, and their account is charged interest at a predetermined rate, e.g., 18% a year compounded daily, on the negative account balance. The interest is charged against the trader's account until they accumulate more cash to zero out the balance, either by selling stocks or buying dollars.
Block 210 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether it received a request to submit a sell order from the client computer 12. If so, block 212 represents the server computer 14 processing the sell order by placing it in queue in the memory of the server computer 14. The sell order is a data structure comprising:

- trader's account number;
  - trader's name;
  - the time and date of the order;
  - the stock or bond to sell;
  - the amount of the stock or bond in the trader's account; and
  - a text-field where the trader may enter the total number to sell (generally in multiples of 100).

Like the buy order, the sell order waits in the queue for the expiration of the predetermined sweep pricing cycle. The market price at which the trader actually sells the derivative financial instrument is determined by the aggregate supply/demand for the derivative financial instrument at the end of the sweep pricing cycle during which the order was placed. The market price is set by the pricing/trading program executed by the server computer, which is described below in FIG. 3. The trader's account is then credited with the market price for the derivative financial instrument.
The sell order can be either produced by a trader or generated by the server computer 14, as will be explained in more detail below. For a sell order produced by a trader, he views his list of stocks or bonds on a monitor attached to the client computer and chooses to sell a quantity at the market price.
When the trader requests to view the list of stocks, the server computer 14 transmits certain information to the client computer 12 for display, including, for each stock owned, the last trading price (LTP), the quantity of stocks, the purchase price, and the date purchased, Similarly, when viewing the list of bonds, the server computer 14 transmits certain information to the client computer 12 for display, including, for each bond owned, the last trading price (LTP), the interest rate being earned for each kind of bond, the quantity of bonds, the purchase price, and the date purchased.
Block 214 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether an internal timer for the sweep pricing cycle has expired. If so, block 216 represents the server computer 14 executing a pricing/trading program as described in FIG. 3.
Block 218 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether it received a request to change the discount rate. If so, block 220 represents the server computer 14 executing a discount rate program. In order to add or subtract liquidity, the server computer 14 occasionally steps in to act as a virtual reserve bank program and adjust the discount rate. The discount rate is adjusted based on the performance of the specific industry of the market. For the Hollywood Stock Exchange, the discount rate is adjusted to add or subtract liquidity to affect the growth of the entertainment industry. When the server computer 14 lowers the discount, all the bonds seem to be a better deal, because the bonds are paying a fixed rate interest that never changes. This encourages traders to buy more bonds, and such surge in buying demand causes a correlated increase in bond prices as described above. The same thing happens to stocks, because traders are making less money on the interest being paid on the cash balance in their trading account. When the server computer 14 raises the discount rate, the bonds seem to be a worse deal, since their advantage over the discount is smaller. Thus, the server computer 14 relaxes the buying pressures or demands for bonds, which should result in additional sell orders, or at least slow the buying of bonds, thus decreasing their prices as they trade in the market. Likewise, stocks seem less attractive, since traders could make more money by keeping cash in their accounts and getting interest on it.
Block 222 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether it received a request to revise the derivative list. If so, block 224 represents the server computer 14 executing a listing program. The server computer 14 determines whether the list of derivatives trading in the system should be revised. The list could be revised to reflect new derivative offerings, expired derivatives, and delisted derivatives.
When a new derivative is offered, the price is based on the derivative's potential value. For example, for a new stock offering, which represents a movie on the Hollywood Stock Exchange, the initial price of the stock could be based on the movie's potential box office revenue. For a bond offering, which represents talent on the Hollywood Bond Exchange, the price of the bond could be based on the Hollywood Reporter's Star Power Index. A bond representing a talent with a low Star Power Index of 15 would be issued with a higher yield than a bond representing a talent with a high Star Power Index rating.
A warrant with a strike price is attached to the new derivative when it is offered. When the derivative and warrant are first issued, the warrant is of no value until the strike price is reached. For a stock, the strike price could be reached after the movie has grossed a certain level of revenue. When a derivative is delisted from the exchange, a stock due to the movie ending its production run or a talent due to retirement or death, for example, the warrants are called and the traders are paid the value of the warrants, thus providing off-balance sheet financing for studios.
With reference to FIG. 3, a flowchart illustrating the logic of the pricing/trading program of the present invention is shown. Block 300 represents the server computer 14 retrieving the buy and sell orders that have accumulated in the queue during the period since the prior sweep pricing cycle. Block 302 represents the server computer 14 matching the buy orders with the sell orders, although it is likely than an identical number of buy and sell orders would not have accumulated in the queue during the period. Block 304 represents the server computer 14 executing the generate market price program described in FIG. 4 to determine the market price for the derivative financial instruments. After the market price is determined, block 306 represents the server computer 14 updating the traders' portfolios to reflect the buy and sell orders in the queue being processed at the market price. Block 308 represents the end of the pricing/trading program.
With reference to FIG. 4, a flowchart illustrating the logic of the generate market price program of the present invention is shown. One purpose of the generate market price logic is to generate a market price for a derivative financial instrument that reflects the demand or lack of demand for the derivative financial instrument in the market. Block 400 represents the server computer 14 measuring the imbalance between the buy and sell orders during the period since the prior sweep pricing cycle. Block 402 represents the server computer 14 determining the price movement of a derivative financial instrument caused by the imbalance in buy and sell orders. Block 404 represents the server computer 14 executing a virtual specialist program as described in FIG. 5 to provide stability and liquidity to the market. Block 406 represents the server computer 14 executing the stop trade program, as described in FIG. 6, to stop trading in a derivative financial instrument if the projected price movement is excessive during the trading day and threatens the integrity of the market for that instrument. Block 408 represents the server computer 14 setting the market price, which becomes the price the pricing/trading program uses to update the traders' portfolios. Block 410 represents the end of the generate market price program.
In measuring the imbalance between buy and sell orders, as represented by block 400, the absolute difference between the number of sells and the number of buys is defined as the net movement in sweep (NMS). A sweep increment variable (SIV) is defined as the increase or decrease in price caused by an incremental imbalance in the number of buy orders and sell orders. A lot movement variable (LMV) represents the incremental lot size that will result in a price increase or decrease of one SIV. The projected price movement (PM) can be expressed as: PM=(NMS/LMV)*SIV.
For example, with 42,000 buy orders and 30,000 sell orders for a particular stock, the NMS=(42,000-30,000)=12,000. With SIV=$0.25 and LMV=5000, the price movement of the particular stock will be (12,000/5,000)*0.25=$0.50. Thus, the market price of the particular stock will be $0.50 greater than the last trading price.
With such pricing scheme, there is the potential for great volatility in the price of a derivative financial instrument and the eventual loss of investor confidence in the market mechanism. In exchanges such as the Hollywood Stock Exchange, it would be possible for one or more individuals to pursue trading strategies that would purposely cause drastic price fluctuations.
In order to encourage growth and stability in the capital market regulated by the trading system of the present invention, a virtual specialist program is executed by the server computer, as represented by block 404 in FIG. 4. In executing the virtual specialist program, the server computer 14 regulates the trading by actively trading in the market out of a virtual specialist portfolio (VSP). In one embodiment of the present invention, the virtual specialist program portfolio initially contains half of all the issued shares of each derivative financial instrument.
With reference to FIG. 5, a flow diagram illustrating the logic of the virtual specialist program of the present invention is shown. Block 500 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether the price movement during the sweep pricing cycle is greater or equal to an adjusted price movement threshold (APT). The APT is a constant in the memory of the server computer 14. If the APT is greater than the price movement, then the server computer 14 does not trade in the market. If the price movement is greater than or equal to the APT, then the server computer 14 trades out of a virtual specialist program portfolio. The level of trading by the server computer 14 is determined by the amount that the price movement exceeded the APT. The greater the price movement, the more shares the server computer 14 trades to offset the price movement.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the ATP=1.25 and the server computer 14 performs the following steps: if PM=APT then the server computer 14 matches 10% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+0.25 then the server computer 14 matches 20% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+0.50 then the server computer 14 matches 30% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+0.75 then the server computer 14 matches 40% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+1.0 then the server computer 14 matches 50% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+1.25 then the server computer 14 matches 60% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+1.50 then the server computer 14 matches 70% of unmatched shares; if PM=APT+1.75 then the server computer 14 matches 80% of unmatched shares.
Block 502 represents the server computer 14 generating a buy or a sell order to offset the price movement. The buy or sell order generated by the server computer 14 is placed in the queue with the trader buy and sell orders to be processed during the next sweep cycle.
In one embodiment of the present invention, since the virtual specialist program portfolio initially includes half of all the securities traded, the server computer 14 could eventually deplete the virtual specialist program portfolio or cause the virtual specialist program portfolio to own all the shares of a stock. In order to maintain a balanced virtual specialist program portfolio, and provide some liquidity to the market, the server computer 14 generates additional buy and sell orders to offset orders generated in response to the price movement exceeding the APT. Block 504 represents the server computer 14 generating timed buy and sell orders. In one embodiment of the invention, the server computer 14 assesses each stock and each bond in the virtual specialist program portfolio. The server computer 14 determines the deficit or surplus in the item, and then places 1/288^thof the deficit as a “timed recovery order” into each successive 15 minute segment for the next 3 days. When the pricing/trading program 255 matches buy and sell orders as represented by block 320, the pricing/trading program 255 includes any “timed recovery orders” outstanding for the last 3 days in the sweep. These orders are matched with the traders' buy and sell orders. Block 506 represents the end of the virtual specialist program.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the logic of the stop trading program of the present invention. Block 600 represents the server computer 14 determining the price movement of a stock caused by the imbalance in buy and sell orders. Block 602 represents the server computer 14 measuring the price movement on the day, not just during the sweep cycle period. Block 604 is a decision block that represents the server computer 14 determining whether the net price movement (NPM) within one “trading day” (i.e., midnight-midnight) is greater than 50% up or down. As represented by block 606, the buy and sell orders are removed from the queue if the net price movement is greater than 50% for a stock trading above $20. At that point, the trading in that issue is stopped within the 15 minute period until further notice. All orders (buy and sell) for that stock during this sweep are unfilled. The trading has stopped due to “excessive order imbalance”.
For example, let it be assumed that the Last Trading Price (LTP) for “Rambo-17” is $67 (+7.5 on-the-day). During one 15-minute sweep pricing cycle, the server computer 24 receives buy orders for 655,000 shares of “Rambo-17”. In addition, the server computer 14 receives sell orders for 35,000 shares of “Rambo-17” during the same sweep pricing cycle. The server computer 14 evaluates the price movement for the sweep pricing cycle, and tests it to see if the net projected price movement “on-the-day” is greater than 50%. If it would be greater than 50%, it stops trading in that instrument only. In this example, there is a net order-imbalance of 620,000 shares, which would create an up movement in price of (+620,000/5000)*$0.25=+$31.00. Since the total movement on the day would be the $7.50 so far plus the additional $31.00, the net projected price movement on the day would be $31.00+$7.50=$38.50. If the opening price that day was $59.50, the percentage projected price movement for the day is $38.50/$59.50=64%. Since the projected net price movement would be greater than 50%, the trading is stopped for that instrument. If the projected price movement was less than 50%, the price of the instrument would be adjusted accordingly and trade in that stock continued. Block 608 represents the STOP TRADE order that issues regarding the particular stock. Traders who issued a buy or sell order for the stock are notified that the order has not been filled due to excessive order imbalance during the trading day. Finally, block 610 represents the end of the stop trading program.
While the invention has been described and illustrated in connection with preferred embodiments, many variations and modifications as will be evident to those skilled in this art may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and the invention is thus not to be limited to the precise details of methodology or construction set forth above as such variations and modification are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method comprising:

displaying by one or more servers to users a list of names associated with a plurality of real persons, wherein each person has related thereto a plurality of instruments that can be traded for a price;

receiving by the one or more servers from a first user a buy order to buy at least one instrument related to a first of the plurality of persons, wherein the buy order includes a number of instruments to buy;

receiving by the one or more servers from a second user a sell order to sell at least one instrument of the first person, wherein the sell order includes a number of instruments to sell;

matching by the one or more servers the buy order with the sell order;

responsive to the matching:

reducing by the one or more servers an account value of the first user;

increasing by the one or more servers an account value of the second user;

displaying by the one or more servers to the first user a portfolio of persons for which the first user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person; and

displaying by the one or more servers to the second user a portfolio of persons for which the second user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the account value of the first user and the account value of the second user each represents virtual currency.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the account value of the first user and the account value of the second user each represents real currency.

4. An apparatus comprising,

one or more processors; and

a tangible computer readable medium having one or more programs stored thereon that when executed by the one or more processors direct the one or more processors to:

display to users a list of names associated with a plurality of real persons, wherein each person has related thereto a plurality of instruments that can be traded for a price;

receive from a first user a buy order to buy at least one instrument related to a first of the plurality of persons, wherein the buy order includes a number of instruments to buy;

receive from a second user a sell order to sell at least one instrument of the first person, wherein the sell order includes a number of instruments to sell;

match the buy order with the sell order;

responsive to the matching:

reduce an account value of the first user;

increase an account value of the second user;

display to the first user a portfolio of one or more persons for which the first user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person; and

display to the second user a portfolio of one or more persons for which the second user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the account value of the first user and the account value of the second user each represents virtual currency.

6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the account value of the first user and the account value of the second user each represents real currency.

7. A method comprising:

displaying by one or more servers to a user names associated with a plurality of real persons, wherein each person has related thereto a plurality of instruments that can be traded for a price;

receiving by the one or more servers from the user an order to buy or sell at least one instrument related to a first of the plurality of persons, wherein the order to buy or sell includes a number of instruments to buy or sell; and

displaying by the one or more servers to the user one or more names of one or more persons for which the user has purchased instruments.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

responsive to the order to buy or sell, adjusting an account value of the user.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the account value represents virtual currency.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the account value represents real currency.

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

receiving from another user an order to buy or sell at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons; and

matching the order to buy or sell from the user with the order to buy or sell from the another user.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising:

responsive to the matching:

adjusting an account value of the user; and

adjusting an account value of the another user.

13. The method of claim 7, further comprising displaying to the user one or more names of one or more persons for which the user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person.

14. The method of claim 7, further comprising displaying to the user a total value of all instruments owned by the user.

15. The method of claim 7, further comprising displaying to the user for at least instruments owned by the user a price at which the user purchased the instrument.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising displaying to the user for the at least instruments owned by the user a last trading price for the instrument.

17. The method of claim 7, further comprising offering to the user through an initial offering an ability to buy at least one instrument related to a real person.

18. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more servers determine, at least in part, a price at which the at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons is bought or sold.

19. The method of claim 7, wherein a price at which the at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons is bought or sold is based at least in part on data about the person.

20. An apparatus comprising:

one or more processors; and

display to a user names associated with a plurality of real persons, wherein each person has related thereto a plurality of instruments that can be traded for a price;

receive from the user an order to buy or sell at least one instrument related to a first of the plurality of persons, wherein the order to buy or sell includes a number of instruments to buy or sell; and

display to the user one or more names of one or more persons for which the user has purchased instruments.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to:

responsive to the order to buy or sell, adjust an account value of the user.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the account value represents virtual currency.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the account value represents real currency.

24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to:

receive from another user an order to buy or sell at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons; and

match the order to buy or sell from the user with the order to buy or sell from the another user.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to:

responsive to the matching:

adjust an account value of the user; and

adjust an account value of the another user.

26. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to display to the user one or more names of one or more persons for which the user has purchased instruments, including the number of instruments purchased for each person.

27. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to display to the user a total value of all instruments owned by the user.

28. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to display to the user for instruments owned by the user a price at which the user purchased the instrument.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to display to the user for the at least instruments owned by the user a last trading price for the instrument.

30. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more programs, when executed by the one or more processors, further direct the one or more processors to offer to the user through an initial offering an ability to buy at least one instrument related to a real person.

31. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the one or more servers determine, at least in part, a price at which the at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons is bought or sold.

32. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein a price at which the at least one instrument related to the first of the plurality of persons is bought or sold is based at least in part on data about the person.