US20130073034A1 - Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves - Google Patents
Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130073034A1 US20130073034A1 US13/673,886 US201213673886A US2013073034A1 US 20130073034 A1 US20130073034 A1 US 20130073034A1 US 201213673886 A US201213673886 A US 201213673886A US 2013073034 A1 US2013073034 A1 US 2013073034A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- support
- downstream
- leaflet
- valve leaflet
- upstream
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
- A61F2/2454—Means for preventing inversion of the valve leaflets, e.g. chordae tendineae prostheses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
- A61F2/2436—Deployment by retracting a sheath
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2442—Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
- A61F2/2463—Implants forming part of the valve leaflets
Definitions
- Blood vessel valves include flexible tissue leaflets that passively alternate between open and closed positions as the forces of a blood stream act upon them. As blood flows in a first direction, the leaflets are urged apart from each other, and allow the blood to pass. Between pulses, as the blood attempts to flow in a reverse direction, the blood acts upon upstream surfaces of the individual leaflets, causing the leaflets to move inwardly. As the leaflets move inwardly, the edges of the individual leaflets (two, in the case of bicuspid valves, and three in the case of tricuspid valves) abut against each other, effectively blocking the blood flow in the reverse direction.
- FIGS. 1 through 3 demonstrate the mechanics of a regurgitant valve with leaflet prolapse.
- FIGS. 1 a and 1 b show a healthy tricuspid valve 1 in the open position.
- the direction of blood flow is indicated by arrow 2 .
- the valve 1 includes three leaflets 3 growing into the lumen of a blood vessel 4 . It can be seen that when the blood is flowing in the direction shown by arrow 2 of FIG. 1 a, the flexible valve leaflets 3 naturally fold themselves against the interior walls of the blood vessel 4 , thereby minimizing their impact on blood flow in that direction.
- valve leaflets 3 when blood attempts to flow in the reverse direction, between cardiac pulses, these valve leaflets 3 move inward, toward each other. As best shown in FIG. 2 b , when the leaflets 3 abut, they form a seal 5 , effectively preventing fluid flow in the direction of arrows 2 from FIG. 2 a .
- the seal 5 can only be formed if all three valve leaflets 3 are structurally sound.
- leaflet 3 a When a valve, such as valve 1 of FIG. 3 , has a prolapsed leaflet 3 a, the seal 5 cannot be effectively formed.
- Leaflet 3 a lacks the structural integrity of the healthy leaflets 3 .
- the healthy leaflets 3 balloon inwardly.
- the prolapsed leaflet 3 a falls away from the seal 5 , leaving a significant gap 6 in the seal 5 . Blood passes through the gap 6 , resulting in a loss of systolic pressure, as well as a reduction in the pumping efficacy of the heart.
- a method for repairing a prolapsed valve that involves reinforcing the prolapsed leaflet or leaflets to reestablish the structural integrity thereof.
- the method involves attaching a support to one or both sides of the valve.
- the support is constructed and arranged to allow the leaflet to open when blood is flowing through the valve in the natural direction. When the flow is reversed during a diastole, the support resists, preventing the leaflet from prolapsing.
- a support is provided that is attachable to the downstream side of a prolapsed valve leaflet.
- the support includes an attachment mechanism, preferably barbs, staples, or similar suitable tissue-grabbing means.
- the support may be bifurcated with one or more hinge, allowing one side of the support to pivot relative to the second side.
- the hinge is constructed and arranged with a stop, so that the hinge prevents pivoting past a sealing point.
- the hinge is constructed to avoid pinching the leaflet tissue with the stop is reached.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides a support that is attachable to the upstream side of a prolapsed valve leaflet.
- the construction of the upstream support is very similar to that of the downstream support.
- the upstream support also includes an attachment mechanism, preferably barbs, staples, or similar suitable tissue-grabbing means.
- the support may be bifurcated with one or more hinge, allowing one side of the support to pivot relative to the other side.
- the hinge is also constructed and arranged with a stop, so that the hinge prevents pivoting past a sealing point. Placing the support on the upstream side of the valve may be advantageous because the stress encountered during diastole, when the support is preventing the leaflet from prolapsing due to the pressure of the blood, acts in conjunction with the attachment mechanism, rather than against it. Thus, the support is less likely to become separated from the leaflet.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a support that includes both upstream and downstream members. These members are similar in construction to the upstream and downstream members. However, the attachment mechanism used in this aspect takes advantage of the additional structure provided by the opposing support.
- the opposing supports lock together, through the prolapsed leaflet, sandwiching the leaflet therebetween.
- one member includes male connectors, while the other member includes corresponding female connectors.
- each side includes one or more male and one or more female connectors, and the other member includes corresponding mating connectors.
- the downstream member may provide a single hinge
- the upstream member may provide a double or triple hinge, constructed and arranged to allow the upstream member to move with the downstream member, without changing the relative position between the two members. Providing such an arrangement avoids the occurrence of locked hinges and/or tearing the leaflet tissue between the two members.
- one or both supports may be hingeless.
- Still another aspect of the present invention provides a support with a more complex, multi-member structure, flexible in one direction but rigid in another direction. This structure obviates the necessity of hinges.
- the support members form a frame with either an open or covered interior.
- a further aspect of the present invention includes a woven, pressed, laminar or similar substrate-like hingeless support.
- This support operates on the principle that strength is achieved in an otherwise flimsy substrate when the substrate is curved.
- This principle is easily demonstrated by holding a piece of paper while imparting a curve onto the paper with one's fingers.
- the paper can be made to easily support itself or even to hold other objects on the concave side, without supporting opposite sides of the paper.
- placing pressure on the convex side of the curved paper causes the paper to quickly bend.
- Steel tape measures operate on this principle. The tape measures are curved and can be bent easily in one direction but are relatively rigid in the opposite direction.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a method of attaching a support to a prolapsed valve leaflet.
- the method involves passing a wire from the aorta through the prolapsed valve.
- a catheter is then guided over the wire that contains the support mechanism.
- the support mechanism includes a biasing means that allows the support to be pre-loaded in the catheter such that, when released from the catheter sheath, the support mechanism attaches itself to the prolapsed valve leaflet.
- a positioning means is provided so the support members do not require pre-loading in the catheter unit. The positioning means would allow manual manipulation of the support members during placement.
- the support is preferably removably attached to the leaflet, thereby allowing removal and reattachment if necessary.
- FIG. 1 a is a sectional view of a healthy native tricuspid valve in an open position
- FIG. 1 b is a sectional view of the valve of FIG. 1 a taken along lines 1 b - 1 b;
- FIG. 2 a is a sectional view of a healthy tricuspid valve in a closed position
- FIG. 2 b is a sectional view of the valve of FIG. 2 a taken along lines 2 b - 2 b;
- FIG. 3 a is a sectional view of a native prolapsed valve
- FIG. 3 b is a sectional view of the valve of FIG. 3 a taken along lines 3 b - 3 b;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an unhinged downstream embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a hinged downstream embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is an end view of the embodiment of FIG. 5 attached to a valve leaflet
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a downstream hinge of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an unhinged upstream embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a hinged upstream embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a side elevation of a hinged embodiment of the present invention having members on both the upstream and downstream sides of a prolapsed leaflet;
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a substrate embodiment of the present invention in a closed position
- FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a substrate embodiment of the present invention in an open position
- FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a multi-member structure embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 14 a - d are a series of drawings depicting a preferred method of attaching a support to a prolapsed leaflet
- FIG. 15 is an elevation of a preferred delivery device of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a preferred delivery device of the present invention.
- Support 10 includes a support member 12 , which is curved to approximately match the curve of a healthy valve leaflet in a closed position.
- the curve defines a convex side 14 and a concave side 16 of the support member 12 .
- a plurality of barbs 18 extend from the support member 12 , and are constructed and arranged to penetrate and catch the tissue of a prolapsed leaflet, securing the support member 12 thereto. That the barbs 18 extend from the convex side indicates that the support 10 of FIG. 4 is constructed and arranged for attachment to the downstream side of a prolapsed leaflet.
- the support 10 is a biocompatible material.
- Acceptable biocompatible metals that could be used to construct the support 10 include, but are not limited to, Nitonol, stainless steel, titanium, and other appropriate metals.
- Acceptable non-metal biocompatible materials include, but are not limited to, PTFE, pyrolytic carbon, or any appropriate polymer.
- FIG. 5 shows a hinged embodiment of a support 10 .
- the support 10 is bifurcated into a first part 20 and a second part 22 .
- the first part 20 and the second part 22 are connected with a hinge 24 , which allows the second part 22 to rotate relative to the first part 20 .
- the support 10 of FIG. 5 uses a plurality of staples 26 as an attachment mechanism.
- FIG. 6 shows the staples 26 attaching the support 10 to a valve leaflet 3 .
- the staples 26 are shown with a hinged embodiment 10 but there is no association between the staples 26 and the hinge 24 .
- the barbs 18 of FIG. 4 could be used with a hinged embodiment of support 10 , and vice versa.
- the hinge 24 is preferably designed to prevent pinching the valve leaflet 3 during operation.
- FIG. 7 provides a detailed view of the hinge 24 . It can be seen that the hinge 24 includes a first part component 28 , integral with the first part 20 and a second part component 30 integral with the second part 22 . The components 28 and 30 are constructed and arranged to form an interfering stop 32 on a side opposite of the valve leaflet 3 .
- FIG. 8 shows a support 10 constructed and arranged for attachment to an upstream side of a valve leaflet.
- the support member 12 has a convex side 14 and a concave side 16 .
- the attachment mechanism shown as barbs 18 , protrudes from the concave side 16 , placing the support member 12 on the upstream, convex side of the leaflet.
- FIG. 9 shows a hinged support 10 constructed and arranged for attachment to an upstream side of a valve leaflet. Again, the attachment mechanism, a plurality of barbs 18 , protrudes from the concave side 16 .
- the hinge 24 of the upstream, hinged embodiment includes a stop on the upstream side, so as to prevent pinching the leaflet tissue.
- FIG. 10 shows a support 10 that provides additional support and is less reliant on the structural integrity of the leaflet tissue for attachment purposes than the aforementioned embodiments.
- the support 10 includes an upstream member 32 and a downstream member 34 .
- the upstream member 32 is attached to the downstream member 34 through the valve leaflet 3 with an attachment mechanism 36 .
- the attachment mechanism 36 shown includes a plurality of male posts 38 that extend through and engage corresponding apertures 40 through the downstream member 34 .
- a variety of alternatives may be effectively used as attachment mechanism 36 .
- the male posts could extend from the downstream member 34 into the upstream member 32 .
- Each support 32 and 34 could include both posts and apertures for engaging a corresponding pattern in the opposing support. The apertures do not have to extend through to the opposite side of the defining support.
- one or both supports could employ magnets that cause the two supports 32 and 34 to be attracted to each other across the leaflet tissue 3 .
- the support 10 of FIG. 10 also includes a hinge assembly 42 , however an unhinged two-sided support is also considered within the scope of the present invention.
- the hinge assembly 42 includes a single hinge 24 on the downstream member 34 , which may be similar to the hinge shown in FIG. 7 .
- the upstream member 32 includes two, or preferably three hinges 44 interconnected with connecting members 46 .
- the connecting members 46 add length to the hinge assembly 42 such that, when the support 10 bends to an open position, the upstream and downstream members 32 and 34 do not move relative to each other.
- FIG. 11 shows an alternative design for a support 10 that incorporates a substrate 48 .
- the substrate 48 is preferably a flexible, biocompatible fabric that is at least somewhat resistant to stretching and compressing.
- the substrate is curved around a longitudinal axis 50 to form a concave side 52 and a convex side 54 .
- the curve is imparted to the substrate 48 using a heat, mechanical, or chemical forming process.
- a curved brace 56 is included at one end of the support 10 that is to be placed near the base of the valve leaflet, proximal the arterial wall.
- Imparting a curve around the longitudinal axis 50 provides a directional strength to the support 10 that lends itself to the application of supporting a prolapsed valve leaflet.
- FIG. 12 when blood flows in a systolic direction, the blood pushes on the convex side 54 of the support 10 and causes the support to buckle, allowing the blood to pass through the valve.
- the curve does not add significant strength to the support 10 in this direction.
- the support 10 snaps back into the closed position shown in FIG. 11 .
- the support 10 of FIGS. 11 and 12 is versatile enough to be placed on either or both sides of a prolapsed valve. Attachment mechanisms such as staples, permanent sutures, adhesives, magnets, or the like could be used to secure the support 10 to the valve leaflet.
- FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of a support 10 attached to a prolapsed valve leaflet 3 .
- the support 10 includes a network 58 of interconnected structures 60 .
- the structures 60 are constructed and arranged to allow the support 10 to bend in a downstream direction to an open position, yet provides resistance to bending in an upstream direction during a diastole.
- the support 10 may include a covering over the network 58 or the network 58 may remain open.
- FIGS. 14 a - d A method of securing a support 10 to a prolapsed valve leaflet 3 is illustrated in FIGS. 14 a - d.
- a guide wire 62 is threaded through a blood vessel 4 to the site where the support 10 is to be installed.
- a catheter sheath 64 containing the support 10 , is then fed along the guide wire 62 until the valve 1 is reached and the support 10 is adjacent the target leaflet 3 .
- the sheath 64 is then carefully retracted until the support 10 is exposed and free to rotate.
- the support 10 is attached at one end to a delivery mechanism 66 , best shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 .
- the delivery mechanism 66 is used to rotate the support 10 into place after the sheath 64 is removed. Rotation is achieved by manually pulling on activation strings 68 .
- the delivery arms 70 rotate around axles 72 in the directions shown by arrows 74 ( FIG. 14 d ).
- the support 10 being temporarily attached to the delivery arms 70 , rotate therewith. It may be necessary to hold a carrier 76 , on which the arms 70 are pivotally mounted, when pulling the strings 68 , in order to maintain the position of the delivery mechanism 66 .
- the attachment mechanism of the support penetrates the leaflet, or otherwise fixes the support 10 to the leaflet, and allows the delivery arms 70 to be dislodged from the support 10 .
- the delivery mechanism 66 and guide wire 62 are then retracted into the sheath 64 and the sheath 64 is removed from the patient.
- the delivery mechanism 66 is shown in FIG. 15 as delivering a support 10 that includes both an upstream member 32 and a downstream member 34 .
- the same delivery mechanism 66 having two delivery arms 70 , could also be used to deliver supports having only one support member, either upstream or downstream.
- the unused arm 70 provides a surface against which the other arm acts to secure the support to the leaflet.
- the unused arm also provides a surface against which staples, if used as an attachment mechanism, can be folded into an attached arrangement.
Abstract
A support, and a method for attaching said support, for providing additional strength to existing regurgitant or prolapsed valve leaflets. The support restores an otherwise non-functioning, or poorly functioning, native valve to a functioning condition, obviating the need for a complete valve removal or replacement. The support may also be applied to a functioning valve leaflet as a prophylactic measure against future failure. The delivery method includes a delivery mechanism for attaching the support to the native valve leaflet.
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/613,121 filed Jul. 3, 2003 entitled Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/393,794, filed Jul. 3, 2002, the contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
- Blood vessel valves include flexible tissue leaflets that passively alternate between open and closed positions as the forces of a blood stream act upon them. As blood flows in a first direction, the leaflets are urged apart from each other, and allow the blood to pass. Between pulses, as the blood attempts to flow in a reverse direction, the blood acts upon upstream surfaces of the individual leaflets, causing the leaflets to move inwardly. As the leaflets move inwardly, the edges of the individual leaflets (two, in the case of bicuspid valves, and three in the case of tricuspid valves) abut against each other, effectively blocking the blood flow in the reverse direction.
- If the individual leaflets suffer degradation in structural integrity, such as degeneration, a prolapse condition may result.
FIGS. 1 through 3 demonstrate the mechanics of a regurgitant valve with leaflet prolapse.FIGS. 1 a and 1 b show ahealthy tricuspid valve 1 in the open position. The direction of blood flow is indicated byarrow 2. Thevalve 1 includes threeleaflets 3 growing into the lumen of ablood vessel 4. It can be seen that when the blood is flowing in the direction shown byarrow 2 ofFIG. 1 a, theflexible valve leaflets 3 naturally fold themselves against the interior walls of theblood vessel 4, thereby minimizing their impact on blood flow in that direction. - As depicted in
FIG. 2 a, when blood attempts to flow in the reverse direction, between cardiac pulses, thesevalve leaflets 3 move inward, toward each other. As best shown inFIG. 2 b, when theleaflets 3 abut, they form aseal 5, effectively preventing fluid flow in the direction ofarrows 2 fromFIG. 2 a. Theseal 5 can only be formed if all threevalve leaflets 3 are structurally sound. - When a valve, such as
valve 1 ofFIG. 3 , has a prolapsedleaflet 3 a, theseal 5 cannot be effectively formed.Leaflet 3 a lacks the structural integrity of thehealthy leaflets 3. When the flow is reversed, as indicated byarrow 2, thehealthy leaflets 3 balloon inwardly. However, the prolapsedleaflet 3 a falls away from theseal 5, leaving asignificant gap 6 in theseal 5. Blood passes through thegap 6, resulting in a loss of systolic pressure, as well as a reduction in the pumping efficacy of the heart. - Current methods of repairing prolapsed valves involve replacing the valve entirely with a prosthetic valve. The structurally sound leaflets are not preserved. It would be advantageous to provide a method of repairing a prolapsed valve, leaving as much of the native valve as possible intact, thereby minimizing the risk of rejection, and preserving the healthy leaflets. Percutaneous treatment would obviate the risks associated with open heart surgery.
- In one aspect of the present invention, there is a method for repairing a prolapsed valve that involves reinforcing the prolapsed leaflet or leaflets to reestablish the structural integrity thereof. The method involves attaching a support to one or both sides of the valve. The support is constructed and arranged to allow the leaflet to open when blood is flowing through the valve in the natural direction. When the flow is reversed during a diastole, the support resists, preventing the leaflet from prolapsing.
- In another aspect of the present invention, a support is provided that is attachable to the downstream side of a prolapsed valve leaflet. The support includes an attachment mechanism, preferably barbs, staples, or similar suitable tissue-grabbing means. The support may be bifurcated with one or more hinge, allowing one side of the support to pivot relative to the second side. The hinge is constructed and arranged with a stop, so that the hinge prevents pivoting past a sealing point. Preferably, the hinge is constructed to avoid pinching the leaflet tissue with the stop is reached.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides a support that is attachable to the upstream side of a prolapsed valve leaflet. The construction of the upstream support is very similar to that of the downstream support. The upstream support also includes an attachment mechanism, preferably barbs, staples, or similar suitable tissue-grabbing means. Again, the support may be bifurcated with one or more hinge, allowing one side of the support to pivot relative to the other side. The hinge is also constructed and arranged with a stop, so that the hinge prevents pivoting past a sealing point. Placing the support on the upstream side of the valve may be advantageous because the stress encountered during diastole, when the support is preventing the leaflet from prolapsing due to the pressure of the blood, acts in conjunction with the attachment mechanism, rather than against it. Thus, the support is less likely to become separated from the leaflet.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a support that includes both upstream and downstream members. These members are similar in construction to the upstream and downstream members. However, the attachment mechanism used in this aspect takes advantage of the additional structure provided by the opposing support. The opposing supports lock together, through the prolapsed leaflet, sandwiching the leaflet therebetween. Preferably, one member includes male connectors, while the other member includes corresponding female connectors. Alternatively, each side includes one or more male and one or more female connectors, and the other member includes corresponding mating connectors. Whereas the downstream member may provide a single hinge, the upstream member may provide a double or triple hinge, constructed and arranged to allow the upstream member to move with the downstream member, without changing the relative position between the two members. Providing such an arrangement avoids the occurrence of locked hinges and/or tearing the leaflet tissue between the two members. Alternatively, one or both supports may be hingeless.
- Still another aspect of the present invention provides a support with a more complex, multi-member structure, flexible in one direction but rigid in another direction. This structure obviates the necessity of hinges. The support members form a frame with either an open or covered interior.
- A further aspect of the present invention includes a woven, pressed, laminar or similar substrate-like hingeless support. This support operates on the principle that strength is achieved in an otherwise flimsy substrate when the substrate is curved. This principle is easily demonstrated by holding a piece of paper while imparting a curve onto the paper with one's fingers. The paper can be made to easily support itself or even to hold other objects on the concave side, without supporting opposite sides of the paper. However, placing pressure on the convex side of the curved paper causes the paper to quickly bend. Steel tape measures operate on this principle. The tape measures are curved and can be bent easily in one direction but are relatively rigid in the opposite direction.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a method of attaching a support to a prolapsed valve leaflet. The method involves passing a wire from the aorta through the prolapsed valve. A catheter is then guided over the wire that contains the support mechanism. Preferably, the support mechanism includes a biasing means that allows the support to be pre-loaded in the catheter such that, when released from the catheter sheath, the support mechanism attaches itself to the prolapsed valve leaflet. Alternatively, a positioning means is provided so the support members do not require pre-loading in the catheter unit. The positioning means would allow manual manipulation of the support members during placement. The support is preferably removably attached to the leaflet, thereby allowing removal and reattachment if necessary.
-
FIG. 1 a is a sectional view of a healthy native tricuspid valve in an open position; -
FIG. 1 b is a sectional view of the valve ofFIG. 1 a taken alonglines 1 b-1 b; -
FIG. 2 a is a sectional view of a healthy tricuspid valve in a closed position; -
FIG. 2 b is a sectional view of the valve ofFIG. 2 a taken alonglines 2 b-2 b; -
FIG. 3 a is a sectional view of a native prolapsed valve; -
FIG. 3 b is a sectional view of the valve ofFIG. 3 a taken alonglines 3 b-3 b; -
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an unhinged downstream embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a hinged downstream embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 6 is an end view of the embodiment ofFIG. 5 attached to a valve leaflet; -
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a downstream hinge of the present invention; -
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an unhinged upstream embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a hinged upstream embodiment of the present invention; -
FIG. 10 is a side elevation of a hinged embodiment of the present invention having members on both the upstream and downstream sides of a prolapsed leaflet; -
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a substrate embodiment of the present invention in a closed position; -
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a substrate embodiment of the present invention in an open position; -
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a multi-member structure embodiment of the present invention; -
FIGS. 14 a-d are a series of drawings depicting a preferred method of attaching a support to a prolapsed leaflet; -
FIG. 15 is an elevation of a preferred delivery device of the present invention; and, -
FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a preferred delivery device of the present invention. - Referring now to the Figures, and first to
FIG. 4 , there is shown unhinged embodiment of asupport 10 of the present invention.Support 10 includes asupport member 12, which is curved to approximately match the curve of a healthy valve leaflet in a closed position. The curve defines aconvex side 14 and aconcave side 16 of thesupport member 12. A plurality ofbarbs 18 extend from thesupport member 12, and are constructed and arranged to penetrate and catch the tissue of a prolapsed leaflet, securing thesupport member 12 thereto. That thebarbs 18 extend from the convex side indicates that thesupport 10 ofFIG. 4 is constructed and arranged for attachment to the downstream side of a prolapsed leaflet. - The
support 10 is a biocompatible material. Acceptable biocompatible metals that could be used to construct thesupport 10 include, but are not limited to, Nitonol, stainless steel, titanium, and other appropriate metals. Acceptable non-metal biocompatible materials include, but are not limited to, PTFE, pyrolytic carbon, or any appropriate polymer. -
FIG. 5 shows a hinged embodiment of asupport 10. Thesupport 10 is bifurcated into afirst part 20 and asecond part 22. Thefirst part 20 and thesecond part 22 are connected with ahinge 24, which allows thesecond part 22 to rotate relative to thefirst part 20. Rather than thebarbs 18 shown inFIG. 4 , thesupport 10 ofFIG. 5 uses a plurality ofstaples 26 as an attachment mechanism.FIG. 6 shows thestaples 26 attaching thesupport 10 to avalve leaflet 3. Thestaples 26 are shown with a hingedembodiment 10 but there is no association between thestaples 26 and thehinge 24. Thebarbs 18 ofFIG. 4 could be used with a hinged embodiment ofsupport 10, and vice versa. - The
hinge 24 is preferably designed to prevent pinching thevalve leaflet 3 during operation.FIG. 7 provides a detailed view of thehinge 24. It can be seen that thehinge 24 includes afirst part component 28, integral with thefirst part 20 and asecond part component 30 integral with thesecond part 22. Thecomponents stop 32 on a side opposite of thevalve leaflet 3. -
FIG. 8 shows asupport 10 constructed and arranged for attachment to an upstream side of a valve leaflet. Again, thesupport member 12 has aconvex side 14 and aconcave side 16. However, the attachment mechanism, shown asbarbs 18, protrudes from theconcave side 16, placing thesupport member 12 on the upstream, convex side of the leaflet. -
FIG. 9 shows a hingedsupport 10 constructed and arranged for attachment to an upstream side of a valve leaflet. Again, the attachment mechanism, a plurality ofbarbs 18, protrudes from theconcave side 16. Thehinge 24 of the upstream, hinged embodiment includes a stop on the upstream side, so as to prevent pinching the leaflet tissue. -
FIG. 10 shows asupport 10 that provides additional support and is less reliant on the structural integrity of the leaflet tissue for attachment purposes than the aforementioned embodiments. Thesupport 10 includes anupstream member 32 and adownstream member 34. Theupstream member 32 is attached to thedownstream member 34 through thevalve leaflet 3 with anattachment mechanism 36. Theattachment mechanism 36 shown includes a plurality ofmale posts 38 that extend through and engagecorresponding apertures 40 through thedownstream member 34. A variety of alternatives may be effectively used asattachment mechanism 36. For example, the male posts could extend from thedownstream member 34 into theupstream member 32. Eachsupport supports leaflet tissue 3. - The
support 10 ofFIG. 10 also includes a hinge assembly 42, however an unhinged two-sided support is also considered within the scope of the present invention. The hinge assembly 42 includes asingle hinge 24 on thedownstream member 34, which may be similar to the hinge shown inFIG. 7 . Theupstream member 32 includes two, or preferably three hinges 44 interconnected with connectingmembers 46. The connectingmembers 46 add length to the hinge assembly 42 such that, when thesupport 10 bends to an open position, the upstream anddownstream members -
FIG. 11 shows an alternative design for asupport 10 that incorporates asubstrate 48. Thesubstrate 48 is preferably a flexible, biocompatible fabric that is at least somewhat resistant to stretching and compressing. The substrate is curved around alongitudinal axis 50 to form aconcave side 52 and aconvex side 54. The curve is imparted to thesubstrate 48 using a heat, mechanical, or chemical forming process. Alternatively, or additionally, acurved brace 56 is included at one end of thesupport 10 that is to be placed near the base of the valve leaflet, proximal the arterial wall. - Imparting a curve around the
longitudinal axis 50 provides a directional strength to thesupport 10 that lends itself to the application of supporting a prolapsed valve leaflet. As seen inFIG. 12 , when blood flows in a systolic direction, the blood pushes on theconvex side 54 of thesupport 10 and causes the support to buckle, allowing the blood to pass through the valve. The curve does not add significant strength to thesupport 10 in this direction. However, when the pressure reverses, such as during diastole, thesupport 10 snaps back into the closed position shown inFIG. 11 . - Pressure against the
concave side 52 is met with the resistance imparted to thesupport 10 by the curve, preventing thesupport 10 from buckling toward theconvex side 54. - The
support 10 ofFIGS. 11 and 12 is versatile enough to be placed on either or both sides of a prolapsed valve. Attachment mechanisms such as staples, permanent sutures, adhesives, magnets, or the like could be used to secure thesupport 10 to the valve leaflet. -
FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of asupport 10 attached to a prolapsedvalve leaflet 3. Thesupport 10 includes anetwork 58 ofinterconnected structures 60. Thestructures 60 are constructed and arranged to allow thesupport 10 to bend in a downstream direction to an open position, yet provides resistance to bending in an upstream direction during a diastole. Thesupport 10 may include a covering over thenetwork 58 or thenetwork 58 may remain open. - A method of securing a
support 10 to a prolapsedvalve leaflet 3 is illustrated inFIGS. 14 a-d. Aguide wire 62 is threaded through ablood vessel 4 to the site where thesupport 10 is to be installed. Acatheter sheath 64, containing thesupport 10, is then fed along theguide wire 62 until thevalve 1 is reached and thesupport 10 is adjacent thetarget leaflet 3. Thesheath 64 is then carefully retracted until thesupport 10 is exposed and free to rotate. - The
support 10 is attached at one end to adelivery mechanism 66, best shown inFIGS. 15 and 16 . Thedelivery mechanism 66 is used to rotate thesupport 10 into place after thesheath 64 is removed. Rotation is achieved by manually pulling on activation strings 68. When thestrings 68 are pulled, thedelivery arms 70 rotate aroundaxles 72 in the directions shown by arrows 74 (FIG. 14 d). Thesupport 10, being temporarily attached to thedelivery arms 70, rotate therewith. It may be necessary to hold acarrier 76, on which thearms 70 are pivotally mounted, when pulling thestrings 68, in order to maintain the position of thedelivery mechanism 66. Once in place, the attachment mechanism of the support penetrates the leaflet, or otherwise fixes thesupport 10 to the leaflet, and allows thedelivery arms 70 to be dislodged from thesupport 10. Thedelivery mechanism 66 andguide wire 62 are then retracted into thesheath 64 and thesheath 64 is removed from the patient. - The
delivery mechanism 66 is shown inFIG. 15 as delivering asupport 10 that includes both anupstream member 32 and adownstream member 34. However, thesame delivery mechanism 66, having twodelivery arms 70, could also be used to deliver supports having only one support member, either upstream or downstream. Theunused arm 70 provides a surface against which the other arm acts to secure the support to the leaflet. The unused arm also provides a surface against which staples, if used as an attachment mechanism, can be folded into an attached arrangement. - The foregoing description addresses embodiments encompassing the principles of the present invention. The embodiments may be changed, modified and/or implemented using various types of arrangements. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made to the invention without strictly following the exemplary embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
Claims (21)
1. A device useable to attach a support to a valve leaflet comprising:
a sheath;
a delivery mechanism slideably disposed within the sheath, said delivery mechanism constructed and arranged to carry at least one support, whereby when said sheath is retracted to expose said delivery mechanism, said delivery mechanism is moveable such that the support is pressed against the valve leaflet.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said delivery mechanism comprises at least one delivery arm pivotally attached to a carrier.
3. The device of claim 2 further comprising at least one activation string operably connected to said at least one delivery arm such that pulling said at least one activation string causes said at least one delivery arm to pivot.
4. A device useable to support a prolapsed valve leaflet, comprising:
a support;
an attachment mechanism, operably attached to the support member, and useable to attach the support member to a prolapsed valve leaflet.
5. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises a first part pivotally connected to a second part.
6. The device of claim 5 further comprising a hinge pivotally connecting said first and second parts.
7. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises at least one elongate beam.
8. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises Nitonol.
9. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises an open network of support members.
10. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises a covered network of support members.
11. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises a substrate.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein said substrate is curved, forming a concave side and a convex side, the concave side facing a downstream direction when the device is attached to a prolapsed valve leaflet.
13. The device of claim 11 wherein said substrate is attachable to an upstream side of a prolapsed valve.
14. The device of claim 11 wherein said substrate is attachable to a downstream side of a prolapsed valve.
15. The device of claim 4 wherein said attachment mechanism comprises barbs.
16. The device of claim 4 wherein said attachment mechanism comprises staples.
17. The device of claim 4 wherein said attachment mechanism protrudes from an upstream side of said support.
18. The device of claim 4 wherein said attachment mechanism protrudes from a downstream side of said support.
19. The device of claim 4 wherein said support comprises an upstream member constructed and arranged for placement on an upstream side of a prolapsed valve leaflet, and a downstream member constructed and arranged for placement on a downstream side of the prolapsed valve leaflet.
20. The device of claim 19 wherein said attachment mechanism operably connects the upstream member to the downstream member, such that the prolapsed valve leaflet is sandwiched between the upstream member and the downstream member.
21. The device of claim 19 wherein said attachment mechanism comprises a magnetic field operably connecting the upstream member to the downstream member.
Priority Applications (1)
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US13/673,886 US20130073034A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 | 2012-11-09 | Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/613,121 US8348963B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2003-07-03 | Leaflet reinforcement for regurgitant valves |
US13/673,886 US20130073034A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 | 2012-11-09 | Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/613,121 Division US8348963B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2003-07-03 | Leaflet reinforcement for regurgitant valves |
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US10/613,121 Active 2025-09-06 US8348963B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2003-07-03 | Leaflet reinforcement for regurgitant valves |
US13/673,886 Abandoned US20130073034A1 (en) | 2003-07-03 | 2012-11-09 | Leaflet Reinforcement For Regurgitant Valves |
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US10/613,121 Active 2025-09-06 US8348963B2 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2003-07-03 | Leaflet reinforcement for regurgitant valves |
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WO2021097124A1 (en) * | 2019-11-14 | 2021-05-20 | Evalve, Inc. | Catheter assembly with coaptation aid and methods for valve repair |
US11969346B2 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2024-04-30 | Edwards Lifesciences Corporation | Heart valve coaptation device |
Also Published As
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US20040106989A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
US8348963B2 (en) | 2013-01-08 |
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