US20110119893A1 - Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110119893A1 US20110119893A1 US13/017,572 US201113017572A US2011119893A1 US 20110119893 A1 US20110119893 A1 US 20110119893A1 US 201113017572 A US201113017572 A US 201113017572A US 2011119893 A1 US2011119893 A1 US 2011119893A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- marker
- sensing
- array
- coils
- field sensors
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V15/00—Tags attached to, or associated with, an object, in order to enable detection of the object
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/20—Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/39—Markers, e.g. radio-opaque or breast lesions markers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/90—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags
- A61B90/98—Identification means for patients or instruments, e.g. tags using electromagnetic means, e.g. transponders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B34/00—Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
- A61B34/20—Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
- A61B2034/2046—Tracking techniques
- A61B2034/2051—Electromagnetic tracking systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
- Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Embodiments of the invention relate to systems for sensing miniature markers, such as systems for sensing resonating miniature marker assemblies in tissue for use in healthcare applications.
- Systems have been developed to activate and detect remote activatable marker assemblies positioned, for example, in or on a selected object or body. The markers generate a signal used to detect the presence of the marker. Many of the activatable markers are hard-wired to a power source or other equipment external from the object. Other systems have been developed that utilize resonating leadless or “wireless” markers. These wireless markers are typically activated or energized by a remote excitation source that wirelessly transmits a strong continuous or pulsed excitation signal. In response to the excitation signal, the wireless markers wirelessly transmit a detectable marker signal that must be distinguished from the strong excitation signal and then analyzed in an effort to try to accurately determine the location of the target. The process of distinguishing a weak marker signal from the strong excitation signal to consistently and accurately determine the location of the marker has proven to be very difficult.
- One example is U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,873 to Hirschi et al., which teaches a system that detects the general position of an object within a body of tissue. The detection system includes a three-axis resonant-circuit target attached to the object and a separate hand-held detection probe having a pair of parallel and coaxially aligned transmitter/sensing coils. A current is induced in the transmitter/sensing coils that determines whether a return signal strength of the target is sufficient to be counted as a valid signal. The hand-held detection probe also has a pair of receiver coils positioned within the transmitter coils and connected in a series-opposed fashion. The receiver coils allow for the creation of a null circuit condition when the target is equidistant from each of the receiver coils. The detection probe also has a visual display coupled to the receiver coils and configured to indicate the direction (e.g., left/right/up/down) in which the probe should be moved to center the detection probe over the object for achieving the null circuit condition.
- Further details regarding prior systems may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/027,675 entitled “System For Excitation Of A Leadless Miniature Marker” filed Dec. 20, 2001 (Attorney Docket No. 34114-8006.US00), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/044,056 entitled “System For Excitation Of A Leadless Miniature Marker” filed Jan. 11, 2002 (Attorney Docket No. 34114-8006.US01), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,980 entitled “System For Spatially Adjustable Excitation Of Leadless Miniature Marker” filed Aug. 7, 2002 (Attorney Docket No. 34114-8006.US02).
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of a system for estimating the location of wireless implantable markers. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components of the system ofFIG. 1 including a sensing subsystem. -
FIG. 3A is an exploded isometric view showing individual components of a sensing subsystem in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 3B is a top plan view of an example of a sensing assembly of a sensing subsystem. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a suitable preamplifier for use with the sensing subsystem ofFIG. 3 . - Sizes of various depicted elements are not necessarily drawn to scale, and these various elements may be arbitrarily enlarged to improve legibility. Also, the headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
- Embodiments of the invention are directed to an apparatus for use in a system that senses an excitable wireless marker capable of being implanted in a body or tissue. The apparatus includes multiple electromagnetic field sensors arranged in a locally planar array (e.g., an array in a common plane), and multiple sense signal output paths coupled to the sensors. The sensors and the corresponding output paths are configured to provide an output signal representing at least a portion of an electromagnetic field emitted by the marker; the output signal from a specific sensor is proportional to the component of the field that is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the sensor integrated over its aperture. Various other configurations regarding this apparatus, as well as the overall system and methods of exciting and receiving signals from wireless markers, are also disclosed.
- The invention will now be described with respect to various embodiments. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, these embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of asystem 100 for energizing and locating one or more wireless markers in three-dimensional space. The system includes an excitation source andsensor array 102 supported by amovable arm 104. Thearm 104 is secured to abase unit 106 that includes various components, such as a power supply, computer (such as an industrial personal computer), and input and output devices, such as adisplay 108. Many of these components are described in detail below. - The
system 100 may be used with guided radiation therapy to accurately locate and track a target in a body to which guided radiation therapy is delivered. Further details on use of the system with such therapy may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/877,498, entitled “Guided Radiation Therapy System,” filed Jun. 8, 2001 (Attorney Docket No. 34114-8004US00), which is herein incorporated by reference. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of certain components of thesystem 100. In particular, the excitation source andsensor array 102 includes anexcitation subsystem 202 and asensing subsystem 204. Theexcitation system 202 outputs electromagnetic energy to excite at least onewireless marker 206, and thesensing system 204 receives electromagnetic energy from the marker. Further details regarding theexcitation subsystem 202 may be found in U.S. patent applications noted above. Details regarding thesensing subsystem 204 are provided below. - A
signal processing subsystem 208 provides signals to theexcitation subsystem 202 to generate the excitation signals. In the embodiment depicted herein, excitation signals in the range of 300 to 500 kilohertz may be used. Thesignal processing subsystem 208 also receives signals from thesensing subsystem 204. Thesignal processing subsystem 208 filters, amplifies and correlates the signals received from thesensing subsystem 204 for use in acomputer 210. - The
computer 210 may be any suitable computer, such as an industrial personal computer suitable for medical applications or environments. One ormore input devices 212 are coupled to the computer and receive user input. Examples ofsuch input devices 212 include keyboards, microphones, mice/track balls, joy sticks, etc. The computer generates output signals provided to output devices 214. Examples of such output devices include thedisplay device 108, as well as speakers, printers, and network interfaces or subsystems to connect the computer with other systems or devices. - Unless described otherwise herein, several aspects of the invention may be practiced with conventional systems. Thus, the construction and operation of certain blocks shown in
FIG. 2 may be of conventional design, and such blocks need not be described in further detail to make and use the invention because they will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art. -
FIG. 3A is an exploded isometric view showing several components of thesensing subsystem 204. Thesubsystem 204 includes asensing assembly 301 having a plurality ofcoils 302 formed on or carried by apanel 304. Thecoils 302 can be field sensors or magnetic flux sensors arranged in asensor array 305. Thepanel 304 may be a substantially non-conductive sheet, such as KAPTON® produced by DuPont. KAPTON® is particularly useful when an extremely stable, tough, and thin film is required (such as to avoid radiation beam contamination), but thepanel 304 may be made from other materials. For example, FR4 (epoxy-glass substrates), GETEK and other Teflon-based substrates, and other commercially available materials can be used for thepanel 304. Additionally, although thepanel 304 may be a flat, highly planar structure, in other embodiments, the panel may be curved along at least one axis. In either embodiment, the field sensors (e.g., coils) are arranged in a locally planar array in which the plane of one field sensor is at least substantially coplanar with the planes of adjacent field sensors. For example, the angle between the plane defined by one coil relative to the planes defined by adjacent coils can be from approximately 0° to 10°, and more generally is less than 5°. In some circumstances, however, one or more of the coils may be at an angle greater than 10° relative to other coils in the array. - The
sensing subsystem 204 shown inFIG. 3A can further include a low-density foam spacer orcore 320 laminated to thepanel 304. Thefoam core 320 can be a closed-cell Rohacell foam. Thefoam core 320 is preferably a stable layer that has a low coefficient of thermal expansion so that the shape of thesensing subsystem 204 and the relative orientation between thecoils 302 remains within a defined range over an operating temperature range. - The
sensing subsystem 204 can further include a first exterior cover 330 a on one side of the sensing subsystem and a secondexterior cover 330 b on an opposing side. The first and second exterior covers 330 a-b can be thin, thermally stable layers, such as Kevlar or Thermount films. Each of the first and second exterior covers 330 a-b can includeelectric shielding 332 to block undesirable external electric fields from reaching thecoils 302. The electric shielding, for example, prevents or minimizes the presence of eddy currents caused by thecoils 302 or external magnetic fields. The electric shielding can be a plurality of parallel legs of gold-plated, copper strips to define a comb-shaped shield in a configuration commonly called a Faraday shield. It will be appreciated that the shielding can be formed from other materials that are suitable for shielding. The electric shielding can be formed on the first and second exterior covers using printed circuit board manufacturing technology or other techniques. - The
panel 304 with thecoils 302 is laminated to thefoam core 320 using a pressure sensitive adhesive or another type of adhesive. The first and second exterior covers 330 a-b are similarly laminated to the assembly of thepanel 304 and thefoam core 320. The laminated assembly forms a rigid, lightweight structure that fixedly retains the arrangement of thecoils 302 in a defined configuration over a large operating temperature range. As such, thesensing subsystem 204 does not substantially deflect across its surface during operation. Thesensing subsystem 204, for example, can retain the array ofcoils 302 in the fixed position with a deflection of no greater than ±0.5 mm, and in some cases no more than ±0.3 mm. The stiffness of thesensing subsystem 204 provides very accurate and repeatable monitoring of the precise location of leadless markers in real time. - The
sensing subsystem 204 can also have a low mass per unit area in the plane of the sensor coils 302. The “mass-density” is defined by the mass in a square centimeter column through the thickness of thesensing subsystem 204 orthogonal to thepanel 304. In several embodiments, thesensing subsystem 204 has a low-density in the region of thecoils 302 to allow at least a portion of thesensing subsystem 204 to dwell in a radiation beam of a linear accelerator used for radiation oncology. For example, the portion of thesensing subsystem 204 including thecoils 302 can have a mass density in the range of approximately 1.0 gram/cm2 or less. In general, the portion of the sensing subsystem that is to reside in the beam of a linear accelerator has a mass-density between approximately 0.1 grams/cm2 and 0.5 grams/cm2, and often with an average mass-density of approximately 0.3 grams/cm2. Thesensing subsystem 204 can accordingly reside in a radiation beam of a linear accelerator without unduly attenuating or contaminating the beam. In one embodiment, thesensing subsystem 204 is configured to attenuate a radiation beam by approximately only 0.5% or less, and/or increase the skin dose in a patient by approximately 80%. In other embodiments, the panel assembly can increase the skin dose by approximately 50%. Several embodiments of thesensing subsystem 204 can accordingly dwell in a radiation beam of a linear accelerator without unduly affecting the patient or producing large artifacts in x-ray films. - In still another embodiment, the
sensing subsystem 204 can further include a plurality of source coils that are a component of theexcitation subsystem 202. One suitable array combining thesensing subsystem 204 with source coils is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/334,700, entitled PANEL-TYPE SENSOR/SOURCE ARRAY ASSEMBLY, filed on Dec. 30, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference. -
FIG. 3B further illustrates an embodiment of thesensing assembly 301. - In this embodiment, the
sensing assembly 301 includes 32 sense coils 302; eachcoil 302 is associated with a separate channel 306 (shown individually as channels “Ch 0 throughCh 31”). The overall dimension of thepanel 304 can be approximately 40 cm by 54 cm, but thearray 305 has a first dimension D1 of approximately 40 cm and a second dimension D2 of approximately 40 cm. Thecoil array 305 can have other sizes or other configurations (e.g., circular) in alternative embodiments. Additionally, thecoil array 305 can have more or fewer coils, such as 8-64 coils; the number of coils may moreover be a power of 2. - The
coils 302 may be conductive traces or depositions of copper or another suitably conductive metal formed on the KAPTON® sheet. Eachcoil 302 has a trace with a width of approximately 0.15 mm and a spacing between adjacent turns within each coil of approximately 0.13 mm. Thecoils 302 can have approximately 15 to 90 turns, and in specific applications each coil has approximately 40 turns. Coils with less than 15 turns may not be sensitive enough for some applications, and coils with more than 90 turns may lead to excessive voltage from the source signal during excitation and excessive settling times resulting from the coil's lower self-resonant frequency. In other applications, however, thecoils 302 can have less than 15 turns or more than 90 turns. - As shown in
FIG. 3B , thecoils 302 are arranged as square spirals, although other configurations may be employed, such as arrays of circles, interlocking hexagons, triangles, etc. Such square spirals utilize a large percentage of the surface area to improve the signal to noise ratio. Square coils also simplify design layout and modeling of the array compared to circular coils; for example, circular coils could waste surface area for linking magnetic flux from thewireless markers 206. Thecoils 302 have an inner dimension of approximately 40 mm, and an outer dimension of approximately 62 mm, although other dimensions are possible depending upon applications. Sensitivity may be improved with an inner dimension as close to an outer dimension as possible given manufacturing tolerances. In several embodiments, the coils 32 are identical to each other or at least configured substantially similarly. - The pitch of the
coils 302 in thecoil array 305 is a function of, at least in part, the minimum distance between the marker and the coil array. In one embodiment, the coils are arranged at a pitch of approximately 67 mm. This specific arrangement is particularly suitable when thewireless markers 206 are positioned approximately 7-27 cm from thesensing subsystem 204. If the wireless markers are closer than 7 cm, then the sensing subsystem may include sense coils arranged at a smaller pitch. In general, a smaller pitch is desirable when wireless markers are to be sensed at a relatively short distance from the array of coils. The pitch of thecoils 302, for example, is approximately 50%-200% of the minimum distance between the marker and the array. - In general, the size and configuration of the
coil array 305 and thecoils 302 in thearray 305 depend on the frequency range in which they are to operate, the distance from thewireless markers 206 to the array, the signal strength of the markers, and several other factors. Those skilled in the relevant art will readily recognize that other dimensions and configurations may be employed depending, at least in part, on a desired frequency range and distance from the markers to the coils. - The
coil array 305 is sized to provide a large aperture to measure the magnetic field emitted by the markers. It can be particularly challenging to accurately measure the signal emitted by an implantable marker that wirelessly transmits a marker signal in response to a wirelessly transmitted energy source because the marker signal is much smaller than the source signal and other magnetic fields in a room (e.g., magnetic fields from CRTs, etc.). The size of thecoil array 305 can be selected to preferentially measure the near field of the marker while mitigating interference from far field sources. In one embodiment, thecoil array 305 is sized to have a maximum dimension D1 or D2 across the surface of the area occupied by the coils that is approximately 100% to 300% of a predetermined maximum sensing distance that the markers are to be spaced from the plane of the coils. Thus, the size of thecoil array 305 is determined by identifying the distance that the marker is to be spaced apart from the array to accurately measure the marker signal, and then arrange the coils so that the maximum dimension of the array is approximately 100%-300% of that distance. The maximum dimension of thecoil array 305, for example, can be approximately 200% of the sensing distance at which a marker is to be placed from thearray 305. In one specific embodiment, themarker 206 has a sensing distance of 20 cm and the maximum dimension of the array ofcoils 302 is between 20 cm and 60 cm, and more specifically 40 cm. - A coil array with a maximum dimension as set forth above is particularly useful because it inherently provides a filter that mitigates interference from far field sources. As such, one aspect of several embodiments of the invention is to size the array based upon the signal from the marker so that the array preferentially measures near field sources (i.e., the field generated by the marker) and filters interference from far field sources.
- For example, consider a circular array of radius r in the plane z=0 with the center of the array at the origin and a marker located over the array at {0, 0, zb}. Assume the array is comprised of sensors that are (a) responsive to the normal component of an incident field and (b) placed with sufficient density that the sensed signals from a dipolar source can be modeled as spatially continuous across the array. In the limit of r→∞, the available energy of a dipolar field (i.e., the integral over the plane of the array of the squared normal field) is
-
- where μ0 is the permeability of free space (or the permeability of the media of interest if a free space model is inappropriate), m is the magnitude of the magnetic moment of the source, and φ is the angle of the dipole axis from the z axis. The available energy thus drops at 12 dB/octave, i.e., for every doubling of distance, the energy drops by a factor of sixteen. For finite r, let ξ=zb/r, in which case the integrated energy is
-
- For small ξ the available energy over a finite array is essentially the same as that over an infinite array, and, as the distance to the source increases, this holds true until
ξ≈ 1. For sources at greater distances, equation (2) asymptotically approaches −6 dB/octave when φ=0, or −12 dB/octave when φ=πr/2. Hence an array can be configured to preferentially receive signals from markers which are in its near field (i.e., within approximately 50% of the maximum dimension of the array) compared to sources beyond its near field, which may consist of interfering sources of energy. Specifically, energy from a near field source decreases proportionally to the fourth power of distance from the array, while energy from a far field source decreases asymptotically as the sixth or eighth power of distance from the array. - Thus, when the
wireless marker 206 is positioned approximately 20 cm from thesensing subsystem 204, and a radius or maximum dimension of the sensing subsystem is approximately 40 cm, energy from the wireless marker drops off as the fourth power of the distance from the sensing subsystem while environmental noise drops off as the sixth or eighth power of the distance. The environmental noise is thus filtered by thesensing subassembly 204, by virtue of its geometry, to provide better signals to thesignal processing subsystem 208. - The size or extent of the array may be limited by several factors. For example, the size of the
sensing assembly 301 should not be so large as to mechanically interfere with the movable arm 104 (FIG. 1 ), the base unit 106 (FIG. 1 ), or other components, such as a patient couch, rotating gantry of a radiation therapy machine, etc. (not shown inFIG. 1 ). Also, the size of the array may be limited by manufacturing considerations, such as a size ofavailable panels 304. Further, making a dimension or width of thecoil array 305 larger than twice the distance to thewireless marker 206 may yield little performance improvement, but increase manufacturing costs and increase sensitivity to interference. - The
coils 302 are electromagnetic field sensors that receive magnetic flux produced by thewireless marker 206 and in turn produce a current signal representing or proportional to an amount or magnitude of a component of the magnetic field through an inner portion or area of each coil. The field component is also perpendicular to the plane of eachcoil 302. Importantly, each coil represents a separate channel, and thus each coil outputs signals to one of 32output ports 306. A preamplifier, described below, may be provided at eachoutput port 306. Placing preamplifiers (or impedance buffers) close to the coils minimizes capacitive loading on the coils, as described herein. Although not shown, thesensing assembly 301 also includes conductive traces or conductive paths routing signals from eachcoil 302 to itscorresponding output port 306 to thereby define a separate channel. The ports in turn are coupled to aconnector 308 formed on thepanel 304 to which an appropriately configured plug and associated cable may be attached. - The
sensing assembly 301 may also include an onboard memory or other circuitry, such as shown by electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) 310. TheEEPROM 310 may store manufacturing information such as a serial number, revision number, date of manufacture, and the like. TheEEPROM 310 may also store per-channel calibration data, as well as a record of run-time. The run-time will give an indication of the total radiation dose to which the array has been exposed, which can alert the system when a replacement sensing subsystem is required. - While shown in only one plane, additional coils or electromagnetic field sensors may be arranged perpendicular to the
panel 304 to help determine a three-dimensional location of thewireless markers 206. Adding coils or sensors in other dimensions could increase the total energy received from thewireless markers 206, but the complexity of such an array would increase disproportionately. The inventors have found that three-dimensional coordinates of thewireless markers 206 may be found using the planar array shown inFIG. 3B . - Implementing the
sensing subsystem 204 may involve several considerations. First, thecoils 302 may not be presented with an ideal open circuit. Instead, they may well be loaded by parasitic capacitance due largely to traces or conductive paths connecting the coils to the preamplifiers, as well as a damping network (described below) and an input impedance of the preamplifiers (although a low input impedance is preferred). These combined loads result in current flow when thecoils 302 link with a changing magnetic flux. Any onesense coil 302, then, links magnetic flux not only from thewireless marker 206, but also from all the other sense coils as well. These current flows should be accounted for in downstream signal processing. - A second consideration is the capacitive loading on the
coils 302. In general, it is desirable to minimize the capacitive loading on thecoils 302. Capacitive loading forms a resonant circuit with the coils themselves, which leads to excessive voltage overshoot when theexcitation subsystem 202 is energized. Such a voltage overshoot should be limited or attenuated with a damping or “snubbing” network across thecoils 302. A greater capacitive loading requires a lower impedance damping network, which can result in substantial power dissipation and heating in the damping network. - Another consideration is to employ preamplifiers that are low noise. The preamplification can also be radiation tolerant because one application for the
sensing subsystem 204 is with radiation therapy systems that use linear accelerators (LINAC). As a result, PNP bipolar transistors and discrete elements may be preferred. Further, a DC coupled circuit may be preferred if good settling times cannot be achieved with an AC circuit or output, particularly if analog to digital converters are unable to handle wide swings in an AC output signal. -
FIG. 4 , for example, illustrates an embodiment of asnubbing network 402 having adifferential amplifier 404. Thesnubbing network 402 includes two pairs of series coupled resistors and a capacitor bridging therebetween. A biasingcircuit 406 allows for adjustment of the differential amplifier, while acalibration input 408 allows both input legs of the differential amplifier to be balanced. Thesensor coil 302 is coupled to an input of thedifferential amplifier 404, followed by a pair of highvoltage protection diodes 410. DC offset may be adjusted by a pair of resistors coupled to bases of the input transistors for the differential amplifier 404 (shown as having a zero value). Additional protection circuitry is provided, such asESD protection diodes 412 at the output, as well as filtering capacitors (shown as having a 10 nF value). - Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number, respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the claims use the word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
- The above detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, an array of hexagonally shaped sense coils may be formed on a planar array curved along at least one line to form a concave structure. Alternatively, the arrangement of coils on the panel may form patterns besides the “cross” pattern shown in
FIGS. 3A and 3B . The coils may be arranged on two or more panels or substrates, rather than the single panel described herein. The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system employing wireless, implantable resonating targets described in detail herein. These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the detailed description. - The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the above U.S. patents and applications and other references are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further embodiments of the invention.
- These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above detailed description explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses the disclosed embodiments and all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.
- While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as embodied in a means plus function claim, other aspects may likewise be embodied in a means plus function claim. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/017,572 US20110119893A1 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2011-01-31 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US43749002P | 2002-12-31 | 2002-12-31 | |
US10/382,123 US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2003-03-04 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
US13/017,572 US20110119893A1 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2011-01-31 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/382,123 Division US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-03-04 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20110119893A1 true US20110119893A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
Family
ID=32658901
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/382,123 Active 2029-04-05 US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-03-04 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
US13/017,572 Abandoned US20110119893A1 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2011-01-31 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/382,123 Active 2029-04-05 US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2003-03-04 | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7926491B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1578291A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006523823A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003299845A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2512092A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004060177A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020193685A1 (en) | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-19 | Calypso Medical, Inc. | Guided Radiation Therapy System |
US8244330B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2012-08-14 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Integrated radiation therapy systems and methods for treating a target in a patient |
US7912529B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2011-03-22 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Panel-type sensor/source array assembly |
US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2011-04-19 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
US10195464B2 (en) | 2004-06-24 | 2019-02-05 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for treating a lung of a patient using guided radiation therapy or surgery |
JP5714210B2 (en) | 2005-09-01 | 2015-05-07 | プロテウス デジタル ヘルス, インコーポレイテッド | Implantable wireless communication system |
WO2007035798A2 (en) | 2005-09-19 | 2007-03-29 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus and methods for implanting objects, such as bronchoscopically implanting markers in the lung of patients |
US8172762B2 (en) * | 2006-09-01 | 2012-05-08 | Proteus Biomedical, Inc. | Simultaneous blood flow and hematocrit sensor |
US7986227B2 (en) * | 2007-09-20 | 2011-07-26 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | System and method for position matching of a patient for medical imaging |
WO2009149409A1 (en) | 2008-06-05 | 2009-12-10 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Motion compensation for medical imaging and associated systems and methods |
JP6160000B2 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2017-07-12 | ヴァリアン メディカル システムズ インコーポレイテッド | Delivery catheter for delivering grafts, for example for bronchoscopic implantation of markers in the lung |
US8723640B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 | 2014-05-13 | Elwha Llc | Distillation of status data relating to regimen compliance responsive to the presence and absence of wireless signals relating to one or more threshold frequencies |
US20160166173A9 (en) * | 2012-11-16 | 2016-06-16 | Integrated Medical Technologies, Inc. | Device For The Detection Of Metallic Surgical Articles And Harmonic And RFID Tagging Markers |
US11344382B2 (en) | 2014-01-24 | 2022-05-31 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Systems and methods comprising localization agents |
US10043284B2 (en) | 2014-05-07 | 2018-08-07 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for real-time tumor tracking |
US9919165B2 (en) | 2014-05-07 | 2018-03-20 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Systems and methods for fiducial to plan association |
WO2017059228A1 (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2017-04-06 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Signal tag detection components, devices, and systems |
US9730764B2 (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2017-08-15 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Signal tag detection components, devices, and systems |
EP4302720A3 (en) * | 2015-10-02 | 2024-03-20 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Signal tag detection systems |
WO2018031826A1 (en) | 2016-08-12 | 2018-02-15 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Surgical device guidance and monitoring devices, systems, and methods |
US10278779B1 (en) | 2018-06-05 | 2019-05-07 | Elucent Medical, Inc. | Exciter assemblies |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020193685A1 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-19 | Calypso Medical, Inc. | Guided Radiation Therapy System |
Family Cites Families (152)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3349242A (en) | 1964-08-07 | 1967-10-24 | Carl B Braestrup | Apparatus for radiation therapy of diseased tissues with minimum exposure to healthy tissues |
US3577160A (en) | 1968-01-10 | 1971-05-04 | James E White | X-ray gauging apparatus with x-ray opaque markers in the x-ray path to indicate alignment of x-ray tube, subject and film |
US3967161A (en) | 1972-06-14 | 1976-06-29 | Lichtblau G J | A multi-frequency resonant tag circuit for use with an electronic security system having improved noise discrimination |
US3969629A (en) | 1975-03-14 | 1976-07-13 | Varian Associates | X-ray treatment machine having means for reducing secondary electron skin dose |
GB1543155A (en) | 1975-05-02 | 1979-03-28 | Nat Res Dev | Transponders |
US4023167A (en) | 1975-06-16 | 1977-05-10 | Wahlstrom Sven E | Radio frequency detection system and method for passive resonance circuits |
NL7702946A (en) | 1976-04-03 | 1977-10-05 | Bizerba Werke Kraut Kg Wilh | METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF OBJECTS IN A PARTICULAR CONTROL AREA, IN PARTICULAR FOR PREVENTION OF SHOP THEFT. |
US4127110A (en) | 1976-05-24 | 1978-11-28 | Huntington Institute Of Applied Medical Research | Implantable pressure transducer |
US4114601A (en) | 1976-08-09 | 1978-09-19 | Micro Tec Instrumentation, Inc. | Medical and surgical implement detection system |
US4222374A (en) | 1978-06-16 | 1980-09-16 | Metal Bellows Corporation | Septum locating apparatus |
US4260990A (en) | 1979-11-08 | 1981-04-07 | Lichtblau G J | Asymmetrical antennas for use in electronic security systems |
US4393872A (en) | 1980-05-27 | 1983-07-19 | Eder Instrument Co., Inc. | Aspirating surgical forceps |
US4618822A (en) | 1984-04-18 | 1986-10-21 | Position Orientation Systems, Ltd. | Displacement sensing device utilizing adjustable tuned circuit |
US4642786A (en) | 1984-05-25 | 1987-02-10 | Position Orientation Systems, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for position and orientation measurement using a magnetic field and retransmission |
US4634975A (en) | 1984-09-17 | 1987-01-06 | Progressive Dynamics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for producing electromagnetic surveillance fields |
DE3565767D1 (en) | 1984-10-24 | 1988-12-01 | Hakko Electric Machine Works C | Biopsy needle set |
US4633250A (en) | 1985-01-07 | 1986-12-30 | Allied Corporation | Coplanar antenna for proximate surveillance systems |
DE3506721A1 (en) | 1985-02-26 | 1986-08-28 | Hortmann GmbH, 7449 Neckartenzlingen | TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR IMPLANTED HEALTH PROSTHESES |
US4643193A (en) * | 1985-06-04 | 1987-02-17 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | ECG electrode with sensing element having a conductive coating in a pattern thereon |
US4745401A (en) | 1985-09-09 | 1988-05-17 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | RF reactivatable marker for electronic article surveillance system |
US4909789A (en) | 1986-03-28 | 1990-03-20 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Observation assisting forceps |
JPH0779430B2 (en) * | 1986-08-14 | 1995-08-23 | ソニー株式会社 | Sample-hold circuit |
US4799495A (en) | 1987-03-20 | 1989-01-24 | National Standard Company | Localization needle assembly |
US4787098A (en) | 1987-04-10 | 1988-11-22 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Method for obtaining calibrated tomographic image data to correct for collimator width differences |
US4799496A (en) * | 1987-06-03 | 1989-01-24 | Lake Region Manufacturing Company, Inc. | Guide wire handle |
DE3735668A1 (en) * | 1987-10-22 | 1989-05-03 | Philips Patentverwaltung | DEVICE FOR MULTI-CHANNEL MEASUREMENT OF LOW MAGNETIC FIELDS |
US4936823A (en) | 1988-05-04 | 1990-06-26 | Triangle Research And Development Corp. | Transendoscopic implant capsule |
FR2635259A1 (en) | 1988-08-11 | 1990-02-16 | Marthan Erick | Apparatus for locating the position of a metal piece in a human or animal body |
JPH0214315A (en) * | 1988-12-12 | 1990-01-18 | Wacom Co Ltd | Electronic blackboard marker |
JPH02228582A (en) * | 1989-03-01 | 1990-09-11 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Discriminating apparatus of article |
EP0392031A1 (en) | 1989-04-10 | 1990-10-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Radiation therapy apparatus with mobile shielding plates |
CN1049287A (en) | 1989-05-24 | 1991-02-20 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | The treatment conduit |
JPH0341387A (en) * | 1989-07-07 | 1991-02-21 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Detection coil of article discrimination instrument |
US4994079A (en) | 1989-07-28 | 1991-02-19 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | Grasping forceps |
US5057095A (en) | 1989-11-16 | 1991-10-15 | Fabian Carl E | Surgical implement detector utilizing a resonant marker |
US5107862A (en) | 1991-05-06 | 1992-04-28 | Fabian Carl E | Surgical implement detector utilizing a powered marker |
US6088613A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 2000-07-11 | Imarx Pharmaceutical Corp. | Method of magnetic resonance focused surgical and therapeutic ultrasound |
JPH0748164B2 (en) * | 1989-12-28 | 1995-05-24 | 工業技術院長 | Method and device for automatically raising and lowering a sensor in an automatic vehicle steering system |
US5031634A (en) | 1990-01-19 | 1991-07-16 | Beth Israel Hospital Assoc., Inc. | Adjustable biopsy needle-guide device |
US5345927A (en) | 1990-03-02 | 1994-09-13 | Bonutti Peter M | Arthroscopic retractors |
JPH04215737A (en) * | 1990-12-12 | 1992-08-06 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Endoscope position detecting device |
US5170055A (en) | 1990-07-25 | 1992-12-08 | Care Wise Medical Products Corporation | Radiation detecting biopsy probe |
US5099545A (en) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-03-31 | Black & Decker Inc. | Vacuum cleaner including a squeegee |
JPH04112281A (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1992-04-14 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Signal processing method for article discriminating device |
US5095224A (en) | 1990-08-31 | 1992-03-10 | Siemens-Pacesetter, Inc. | Interrupted resonance energy transfer system |
US5353804A (en) | 1990-09-18 | 1994-10-11 | Peb Biopsy Corporation | Method and device for percutaneous exisional breast biopsy |
US5062847A (en) | 1990-12-31 | 1991-11-05 | Barnes William E | Laparoscopic retractor |
US6405072B1 (en) | 1991-01-28 | 2002-06-11 | Sherwood Services Ag | Apparatus and method for determining a location of an anatomical target with reference to a medical apparatus |
US5107562A (en) * | 1991-06-12 | 1992-04-28 | Dunn Gary D | Disposable finger-mounted toothbrush with holding means |
US5142292A (en) | 1991-08-05 | 1992-08-25 | Checkpoint Systems, Inc. | Coplanar multiple loop antenna for electronic article surveillance systems |
EP0531081A1 (en) | 1991-09-03 | 1993-03-10 | General Electric Company | Tracking system to follow the position and orientation of a device with radiofrequency fields |
US5425367A (en) | 1991-09-04 | 1995-06-20 | Navion Biomedical Corporation | Catheter depth, position and orientation location system |
US5189690A (en) | 1991-09-09 | 1993-02-23 | Ronald Samuel | Fluoroscopy orientation device |
DE4143540C2 (en) | 1991-10-24 | 1996-08-08 | Siemens Ag | Therapeutic assembly for treatment by acoustic irradiation |
US5233990A (en) | 1992-01-13 | 1993-08-10 | Gideon Barnea | Method and apparatus for diagnostic imaging in radiation therapy |
FR2686499A1 (en) | 1992-01-28 | 1993-07-30 | Technomed Int Sa | APPARATUS FOR TREATING A TARGET, SUCH AS A DAMAGE WITHIN THE BODY OF A MAMMAL, PARTICULARLY A HUMAN BEING, USING A MARKING ELEMENT IMPLANTED IN OR IN THE VICINITY OF THE TARGET TO CONTROL THERAPY OF THE SAME TARGET. |
US5509900A (en) | 1992-03-02 | 1996-04-23 | Kirkman; Thomas R. | Apparatus and method for retaining a catheter in a blood vessel in a fixed position |
US5216255A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1993-06-01 | Siemens Medical Laboratories | Beam profile generator for photon radiation |
US5707362A (en) | 1992-04-15 | 1998-01-13 | Yoon; Inbae | Penetrating instrument having an expandable anchoring portion for triggering protrusion of a safety member and/or retraction of a penetrating member |
JPH05340709A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-12-21 | Sony Corp | Three-dimensional shape measuring instrument |
US5325873A (en) | 1992-07-23 | 1994-07-05 | Abbott Laboratories | Tube placement verifier system |
US6757557B1 (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 2004-06-29 | British Telecommunications | Position location system |
JP3468372B2 (en) | 1992-09-07 | 2003-11-17 | 株式会社日立メディコ | Stereotactic radiotherapy device |
US5664582A (en) | 1992-11-17 | 1997-09-09 | Szymaitis; Dennis W. | Method for detecting, distinguishing and counting objects |
US5456718A (en) | 1992-11-17 | 1995-10-10 | Szymaitis; Dennis W. | Apparatus for detecting surgical objects within the human body |
US5423334A (en) | 1993-02-01 | 1995-06-13 | C. R. Bard, Inc. | Implantable medical device characterization system |
US5386191A (en) | 1993-03-01 | 1995-01-31 | The Regents Of The University Of California | RF coil providing reduced obstruction access to image volume in transverse magnet MRI system |
JP3020376B2 (en) | 1993-03-26 | 2000-03-15 | サージミヤワキ株式会社 | Internal body identification device for animals |
AU6818694A (en) | 1993-04-26 | 1994-11-21 | St. Louis University | Indicating the position of a surgical probe |
US5409004A (en) | 1993-06-11 | 1995-04-25 | Cook Incorporated | Localization device with radiopaque markings |
US5425382A (en) | 1993-09-14 | 1995-06-20 | University Of Washington | Apparatus and method for locating a medical tube in the body of a patient |
JPH08107875A (en) * | 1994-08-18 | 1996-04-30 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Endoscope shape detector |
US5424341A (en) * | 1993-10-20 | 1995-06-13 | The Dow Chemical Company | Blends of polycarbonate and chlorinated polyethylene |
US5400787A (en) | 1993-11-24 | 1995-03-28 | Magna-Lab, Inc. | Inflatable magnetic resonance imaging sensing coil assembly positioning and retaining device and method for using the same |
US5396905A (en) | 1994-03-29 | 1995-03-14 | General Electric Company | Surgical drape with integral MRI coil |
US5528651A (en) | 1994-06-09 | 1996-06-18 | Elekta Instrument Ab | Positioning device and method for radiation treatment |
JP2596714B2 (en) | 1994-07-01 | 1997-04-02 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Gradient magnetic field generator |
US5638651A (en) * | 1994-08-25 | 1997-06-17 | Ford; Vern M. | Interlocking panel building system |
US6059734A (en) | 1995-01-06 | 2000-05-09 | Yoon; Inbae | Methods of collecting tissue at obstructed anatomical sites |
FR2731343B1 (en) | 1995-03-08 | 1997-08-22 | De La Joliniere Jean H Bouquet | DEVICE FOR LOCATING SUSPECTED BREAST INJURIES AND APPARATUS FOR PLACING SAME |
US5868673A (en) | 1995-03-28 | 1999-02-09 | Sonometrics Corporation | System for carrying out surgery, biopsy and ablation of a tumor or other physical anomaly |
US6122541A (en) | 1995-05-04 | 2000-09-19 | Radionics, Inc. | Head band for frameless stereotactic registration |
CN1185865A (en) | 1995-05-30 | 1998-06-24 | 传感电子公司 | EAS system antenna configuration for providing improved interrogation field distribution |
US5764052A (en) | 1995-06-16 | 1998-06-09 | Pacesetter, Inc. | Coil return energy measurement magnetic field sensor and method thereof |
US5621779A (en) | 1995-07-20 | 1997-04-15 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Apparatus and method for delivering radiation to an object and for displaying delivered radiation |
US5840148A (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1998-11-24 | Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc. | Method of assembly of implantable transponder |
JPH11509323A (en) | 1995-07-17 | 1999-08-17 | フライング・ナル・リミテッド | Improvements on magnetic tags or markers |
JP3713307B2 (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 2005-11-09 | オリンパス株式会社 | Endoscope shape detection device |
JPH0928660A (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 1997-02-04 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Endscope shape sensing system |
GB9514877D0 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 1995-09-20 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Magnetic resonance methods and apparatus |
US5638819A (en) | 1995-08-29 | 1997-06-17 | Manwaring; Kim H. | Method and apparatus for guiding an instrument to a target |
DE19532676C1 (en) | 1995-09-05 | 1997-05-07 | Inst Physikalische Hochtech Ev | Arrangement for determining the position of a marker in a cavity within the organism of a living being |
US5769861A (en) | 1995-09-28 | 1998-06-23 | Brainlab Med. Computersysteme Gmbh | Method and devices for localizing an instrument |
US5680106A (en) | 1995-10-27 | 1997-10-21 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multibit tag with stepwise variable frequencies |
JPH09189506A (en) * | 1996-01-10 | 1997-07-22 | Tokimec Inc | Position detection device |
US5727552A (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1998-03-17 | Medtronic, Inc. | Catheter and electrical lead location system |
US5815076A (en) | 1996-01-16 | 1998-09-29 | Sensormatic Electronics Corporation | Pulsed-signal magnetomechanical electronic article surveillance system with improved damping of transmitting antenna |
IL125761A (en) * | 1996-02-15 | 2005-05-17 | Biosense Inc | Independently positionable transducers for location system |
IL125758A (en) | 1996-02-15 | 2003-07-06 | Biosense Inc | Medical probes with field transducers |
US5731996A (en) | 1996-03-05 | 1998-03-24 | Hughes Electronics | Dipole moment detector and localizer |
US5810851A (en) | 1996-03-05 | 1998-09-22 | Yoon; Inbae | Suture spring device |
US5928137A (en) | 1996-05-03 | 1999-07-27 | Green; Philip S. | System and method for endoscopic imaging and endosurgery |
US6965792B2 (en) | 1996-06-25 | 2005-11-15 | Mednovus, Inc. | Susceptometers for foreign body detection |
US5745545A (en) | 1996-08-16 | 1998-04-28 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Alignment system and method for intra-operative radiation therapy |
GB9619693D0 (en) | 1996-09-20 | 1996-11-06 | Johnson & Johnson Medical | Apparatus and method for non-invasive measurement of a substance |
JPH10198494A (en) * | 1997-01-01 | 1998-07-31 | Wacom Co Ltd | Data tablet |
US6380732B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2002-04-30 | Super Dimension Ltd. | Six-degree of freedom tracking system having a passive transponder on the object being tracked |
US6164284A (en) | 1997-02-26 | 2000-12-26 | Schulman; Joseph H. | System of implantable devices for monitoring and/or affecting body parameters |
US5879297A (en) | 1997-05-08 | 1999-03-09 | Lucent Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method to determine the location and orientation of an indwelling medical device |
US6129668A (en) | 1997-05-08 | 2000-10-10 | Lucent Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method to determine the location and orientation of an indwelling medical device |
AUPO747097A0 (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1997-07-10 | Nelson-White, Ian David | Security apparatus |
JPH1183421A (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 1999-03-26 | Dainippon Ink & Chem Inc | Measuring method for depth of underground buried object |
US6067465A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 2000-05-23 | General Electric Company | System and method for detecting and tracking reference position changes with linear phase shift in magnetic resonance imaging |
US6061644A (en) | 1997-12-05 | 2000-05-09 | Northern Digital Incorporated | System for determining the spatial position and orientation of a body |
US5910144A (en) | 1998-01-09 | 1999-06-08 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Prosthesis gripping system and method |
US6026818A (en) | 1998-03-02 | 2000-02-22 | Blair Port Ltd. | Tag and detection device |
US6363940B1 (en) | 1998-05-14 | 2002-04-02 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | System and method for bracketing and removing tissue |
US6167114A (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2000-12-26 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for calculating scatter radiation including a collimator thickness |
JP3746617B2 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2006-02-15 | オリンパス株式会社 | Position estimation device |
CA2343404C (en) * | 1998-09-11 | 2002-11-12 | Key-Trak, Inc. | Object tracking system with non-contact object detection and identification |
JP3420085B2 (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2003-06-23 | オリンパス光学工業株式会社 | Endoscope shape detector |
IL143909A0 (en) | 1998-12-23 | 2002-04-21 | Jakab Peter D | Magnetic resonance scanner with electromagnetic position and orientation tracking device |
JP4612194B2 (en) | 1998-12-23 | 2011-01-12 | イメージ・ガイディッド・テクノロジーズ・インコーポレイテッド | Hybrid 3D probe tracked by multiple sensors |
US6230038B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2001-05-08 | International Business Machines Corporation | Imaging of internal structures of living bodies by sensing implanted magnetic devices |
US6498477B1 (en) * | 1999-03-19 | 2002-12-24 | Biosense, Inc. | Mutual crosstalk elimination in medical systems using radiator coils and magnetic fields |
DE19914455B4 (en) | 1999-03-30 | 2005-07-14 | Siemens Ag | Method for determining the movement of an organ or therapeutic area of a patient and a system suitable for this purpose |
JP2000292430A (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2000-10-20 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Method and system for detection of vehicle speed |
US6416520B1 (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2002-07-09 | Sherwood Services Ag | Microdrive for probes |
US6165135A (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-12-26 | Neff; Samuel R. | System and method of interrogating implanted passive resonant-circuit devices |
US6298271B1 (en) * | 1999-07-19 | 2001-10-02 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical system having improved telemetry |
US6307473B1 (en) | 1999-08-24 | 2001-10-23 | Sensormatic Electronics Corporation | Electronic article surveillance transmitter control using target range |
US6474341B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2002-11-05 | Surgical Navigation Technologies, Inc. | Surgical communication and power system |
US6701179B1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2004-03-02 | Michael A. Martinelli | Coil structures and methods for generating magnetic fields |
US6497655B1 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2002-12-24 | Medtronic, Inc. | Virtual remote monitor, alert, diagnostics and programming for implantable medical device systems |
US6300918B1 (en) * | 1999-12-22 | 2001-10-09 | Trw Inc. | Conformal, low RCS, wideband, phased array antenna for satellite communications applications |
DE10033063A1 (en) | 2000-07-07 | 2002-01-24 | Brainlab Ag | Respiration compensated radiation treatment tracks target volume using markers and switches beam |
ATE456332T1 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2010-02-15 | Calypso Medical Inc | SYSTEM FOR LOCALIZING AND DEFINING A TARGET POSITION IN A HUMAN BODY |
JP2002272695A (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2002-09-24 | Ryuzo Ueda | Versatile high-sensitivity magnetic detection device |
EP1249206A1 (en) | 2001-04-14 | 2002-10-16 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) | Measurement of patient data requiring operator and patient identification |
US6813337B2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2004-11-02 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc | Removable electron multileaf collimator |
US7135978B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2006-11-14 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Miniature resonating marker assembly |
EP1450717A2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2004-09-01 | FABIAN, Carl E. | Surgical implement detection system |
US7587234B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2009-09-08 | Abbott Cardiovascular Systems Inc. | Method and apparatus for computer modified magnetic resonance imaging |
AU2002357056A1 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2003-06-17 | Philip M. Anderson Iii | Portable surgical implement detector |
US6812842B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-11-02 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | System for excitation of a leadless miniature marker |
US6822570B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2004-11-23 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | System for spatially adjustable excitation of leadless miniature marker |
US6838990B2 (en) | 2001-12-20 | 2005-01-04 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | System for excitation leadless miniature marker |
DE60208495T2 (en) | 2002-07-09 | 2006-08-03 | Agfa-Gevaert | A contrast phantom |
US7912529B2 (en) | 2002-12-30 | 2011-03-22 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Panel-type sensor/source array assembly |
US7926491B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2011-04-19 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker |
US7026927B2 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2006-04-11 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Receiver used in marker localization sensing system and having dithering in excitation pulses |
US6977504B2 (en) | 2003-12-31 | 2005-12-20 | Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. | Receiver used in marker localization sensing system using coherent detection |
-
2003
- 2003-03-04 US US10/382,123 patent/US7926491B2/en active Active
- 2003-12-23 WO PCT/US2003/041082 patent/WO2004060177A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-12-23 EP EP03800119A patent/EP1578291A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-12-23 AU AU2003299845A patent/AU2003299845A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-23 CA CA002512092A patent/CA2512092A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-23 JP JP2005508605A patent/JP2006523823A/en active Pending
-
2011
- 2011-01-31 US US13/017,572 patent/US20110119893A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020193685A1 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-19 | Calypso Medical, Inc. | Guided Radiation Therapy System |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040123871A1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
WO2004060177A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
CA2512092A1 (en) | 2004-07-22 |
US7926491B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 |
EP1578291A1 (en) | 2005-09-28 |
EP1578291A4 (en) | 2009-09-30 |
AU2003299845A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
JP2006523823A (en) | 2006-10-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20110119893A1 (en) | Method and apparatus for sensing field strength signals to estimate location of a wireless implantable marker | |
US8095203B2 (en) | Data processing for real-time tracking of a target in radiation therapy | |
US7907701B2 (en) | Electromagnetic coil array integrated into antiscatter grid | |
US6528991B2 (en) | Magnetic position measurement system with field containment means | |
CN101103919B (en) | Probe for assessment of metal distortion | |
US7321228B2 (en) | Detection of metal disturbance in a magnetic tracking system | |
US8354837B2 (en) | System and method for electromagnetic tracking operable with multiple coil architectures | |
US6246231B1 (en) | Magnetic field permeable barrier for magnetic position measurement system | |
US5842986A (en) | Ferromagnetic foreign body screening method and apparatus | |
US20180206758A1 (en) | Hand held devices for magnetic induction tomography | |
EP3925562B1 (en) | Systems and methods for detecting magnetic markers for surgical guidance | |
US7912529B2 (en) | Panel-type sensor/source array assembly | |
US7471202B2 (en) | Conformal coil array for a medical tracking system | |
CN105473074B (en) | Pipe alignment function for mobile radiographic system | |
JP2007519432A (en) | System and method for distortion reduction in an electromagnetic tracker | |
O’Donoghue et al. | Catheter position tracking system using planar magnetics and closed loop current control | |
JP2006523823A5 (en) | ||
US20050154284A1 (en) | Method and system for calibration of a marker localization sensing array | |
WO2023168332A1 (en) | Electromagnetic field generator for electromagnetic tracking |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CALYPSO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., WASHINGTON Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WRIGHT, J. NELSON;NEWELL, LAURENCE J.;REEL/FRAME:026574/0778 Effective date: 20030328 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: VARIAN MEDICAL SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CALYPSO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:027237/0627 Effective date: 20111115 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |